The document discusses techniques for broodstock raising and induced breeding of carp species. It details broodfish care including stocking density, feeding, and separation by sex. Methods are provided for identifying the sex of brooders and administering hormone injections. The breeding process involves forming pairs, releasing them into hapas, and collecting eggs after spawning. Factors to consider for stocking density and economics of fish culture are also summarized.
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous speciesAshish sahu
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous speciesAshish sahu
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
The transfer of fish seed from the hatchery or place of collection to the rearing pond is called transport of fish seed. The seed fish include fry and fingerlings.
Mechanism of hilsa (tenualosa ilisha) migration and its impact to natureihn FreeStyle Corp.
Mechanism of Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) Migration and its Impact to Nature
Tenualosa ilisha (ilish, hilsa, hilsa herring or hilsa shad) is a species of fish in the herring family (Clupeidae), and a popular food fish in South Asia. Five type of ilish can be found worldwide. Yearly ilish caught are 5,000,000 ton. Among them, 50%-60% are caught by Bangladesh, 15%-20% are caught by India, Pakistan and rest 5%-10% are caught by Malaysia, Thailand, China, Vietnam and Sri Lanka. The fish contributes about 12% of the total fish production and about 1% of GDP in Bangladesh.
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
A SEMINAR ON INDUCING AGENTS OF HYPOPHYSATIONKartik Mondal
The precise combination of environmental factors required for maturation, ovulation and spawning.
However, quite often, under farm conditions, the requisite environmental factors are either not available or do not persist for sufficient length of time for spontaneous maturation to occur.
The pioneering discovery of B.A. Houssay (1931) and Von Ihering (1935, 1937, Argentina) that fishes can be induced to spawn by injecting pituitary homogenates has somewhat mitigated the problem.
The principal advantage of this technique, referred to in aquaculture parlance as “Hypophysation.”
The transfer of fish seed from the hatchery or place of collection to the rearing pond is called transport of fish seed. The seed fish include fry and fingerlings.
Mechanism of hilsa (tenualosa ilisha) migration and its impact to natureihn FreeStyle Corp.
Mechanism of Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) Migration and its Impact to Nature
Tenualosa ilisha (ilish, hilsa, hilsa herring or hilsa shad) is a species of fish in the herring family (Clupeidae), and a popular food fish in South Asia. Five type of ilish can be found worldwide. Yearly ilish caught are 5,000,000 ton. Among them, 50%-60% are caught by Bangladesh, 15%-20% are caught by India, Pakistan and rest 5%-10% are caught by Malaysia, Thailand, China, Vietnam and Sri Lanka. The fish contributes about 12% of the total fish production and about 1% of GDP in Bangladesh.
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
A fishing gear is the tool with which aquatic resources are captured, whereas the fishing method is how the gear is used. Gear also includes harvesting organisms.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
A SEMINAR ON INDUCING AGENTS OF HYPOPHYSATIONKartik Mondal
The precise combination of environmental factors required for maturation, ovulation and spawning.
However, quite often, under farm conditions, the requisite environmental factors are either not available or do not persist for sufficient length of time for spontaneous maturation to occur.
The pioneering discovery of B.A. Houssay (1931) and Von Ihering (1935, 1937, Argentina) that fishes can be induced to spawn by injecting pituitary homogenates has somewhat mitigated the problem.
The principal advantage of this technique, referred to in aquaculture parlance as “Hypophysation.”
Induced breeding is a technique whereby ripe fish breeders are stimulated by pituitary hormone or any other synthetic hormone introduction to breed in captive condition. The stimulation promotes timely release of sperms and eggs.
FISH FARMING - ITS INCLUDES Fish Seed Production, Criteria for selection of suitable fish species, Groups of Freshwater Species, CULTIVABLE FISH SPECIES & FISH CUM DUCK FARMING
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Induced breeding is a technique where organism is stimulated by particular hormone or other synthetic hormone or by providing condition, introduced to breed in captive condition.
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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3. Breeding fish with pituitary gland (hypophysis) extract is
termed as Hypophysation.
The credit for developing the technique of hypophysation
in the world goes to the Brazilians, while the pioneers of
hypophysation of Indian major carps are H.L.Chaudhary
and K.H.Alikunhi.
Induced breeding refers to inducing fish to release gametes
through the application of pituitary extract or hormones or
chemicals.
4. Broodfish care:
The recommended stocking density of carp broodfish is 1,000-3,000
kg/ha, depending upon the species.
While Rohu and Mrigal are stocked at a higher rate, Catla is stocked at
a lower rate since it requires more space for proper gonadal
development.
Earlier the carp broodfish was fed with a traditional diet consisting of
rice bran and oil cake (1:1) at a feeding rate of 1-2% body weight daily
Figure: Carp broodstock pond with paddle-wheel with paddle-wheel aerator Figure: Dragging of carp broodstock pond
in progress
5. Grass carp also given tender aquatic weeds/terrestrial grass.
Common carp broodfish – needs seperation from other carp species.
Hence, segregated sex-wise and stocked in separate ponds to prevent
accidental spawning in pond.
Catla, in particular, needs to be separated from the rest of the species
as it shows poor response to hormonal injection when stocked with
other species.
Figure: Floating pelleted feed for carps Figure: Carps being fed with floating
feed
6. Identification of sex of brooders:
A prerequisite to induced spawning of the fish
Fish is sexually dimorphic and sexual dimorphism is
exhibited primarily by gonads and their ducts and this
involves killing of fish
Also on certain morphological/external characteristics
which include size, length, weight, colouration, fin
characteristics, modification in the head in the form of
nuptial dress, genital opening, width of mouth, etc.
Carps are sexually dimorphic i.e. mature male and female
are morphologically different
7. Characteristics Male Female
1. Scale, Operculum and pectoral
fins
Rough to touch, particularly the
dorsal surface of pectoral
Pectoral smooth to slippery
2. Abdomen Round and firm Swollen and soft
Genital opening Elongated slit, white in colour
swollen
Round and pink, not swollen
When pressure applied On
abdomen
milky white fluid oozes through
genital opening
a few ova may ooaze
through genital
Shape of body and size Body linear, swollen stouter, slightly larger
Figure: Male (top) and female (bottom) catla brooders
8. Breeding technique
Induced breeding of carps starts with the onset of south-
west monsoon, June
The male and female brooders are conditioned for a few
hours prior to injection
Sets of brooders are formed, each consisting of 1 : 2
(female : male) ratio
The injected brooders are released in the breeding hapa
9. Breeding hapa :
The upper flap is attached to one side and the other sides are either
tied or bottoned.
The hapa is fixed in a canal or pond or cement cistern.
A Breeding hapa is a box-shaped cloth enclosure made of long cloth,
generally of size 2 x 1 x 1 m with provision to close its top after
releasing brooders.
The four bottom and four top corners are tied to four poles such that
the bottom of the hapa should not touch the ground and one-third of
the hapa remain above the water level
Figure: Nylon breeding hapas
10. Injection of brooders:
1. Intra-muscular injection: It is administered into the muscle on the caudal
peduncle or behind the dorsal fin, but above the lateral line
It is most effective, convenient, simple and less risky
It is widely practised
2. Intra-peritoneal injection : It is give through the soft regions of the body, generally
at the base of the pelvic fin or the pectoral fin.It is risky as it may damage the
goads or liver.
3. Intra-cranial injection : In this method, the injection is given through the cranium
and is also risky as it may damage the brain.
Figure: Collection of brooders for injection Figure: Selection of catla brooder for injection
11. The pituitary extract is administered through a glass or disposable
syringe, 2.0 ml capacity, having 0.1 ml graduation
The size of the needle depends upon the weight of the brooder to be
injected
Needle number 22 is used for fish weighing 1-3 kg, No. 19 for larger fish
and No. 24 for smaller fish
Intra-muscular injection is commonly practiced
The hormone injection (pituitary/ovaprim/ovatide) is given at the
caudal peduncle region in between posterior end of dorsal fin and
base of caudal fin, above the lateral line, avoiding the lateral line
12. Known ammmount of gland is taken by estimatingthe
total quantity of fish to be breed.
Gland is dried in air by using blotting paper.
Gland is taken in tissue homogenizer with little
amount of distilled water .
the dilution rate is 0.2 ml/kg of body weight of the
fish.
The pituitary extract is then centrifuged and only the
supermatant solution is used for injection.
13. Spawning:
Brooders should not be disturbed once they are released to the hapa
After about 6 hours, splashing will commence for breeding and be
involved in courtship which will continue for one hour
At the climax of the courtship, both the partners will be seen in an
embrace with their bodies twisted around each other
This exerts pressure on the abdomen, resulting the extrusion of gametes
The following morning, the spent brooders are removed and then the
eggs are collected and transferred for hatching in a suitable hatching
device.
14. Examination of eggs:
After the eggs are water-hardened, a sample of eggs is taken in a beaker
for assessing quality and quantity
The fertilized (good) eggs are transparent with a clearly visible nucleus
at the centre and look-like pearls
The unfertilized (bad) eggs are opaque white and the nucleus
disintegrate within one hour
Figure: Quantitative assessment of eggs Figure: Fertilized eggs circulating in a circular hatchery
15. Fertilization rate:
It indicates the quality of developing eggs and is estimated
using the formula :
Fertilization rate (%) = No. of fertilized eggs/Total no. eggs x
100
Hatching rate:
It can be estimated by knowing the total volume of spawn
/number of spawn in a known volume
Hatching rate (%) : Total no. of spawn obtained/Total no. of
fertilized eggs x 100
16. Stocking density
Economics of cultutre and market demand of fish
Ceological niche to be filled
Natural food avaibility
Water quality,available of water and aeration
equipment
size of fish stocking
size of desire to harvest
Climate and length of growing season
Energy and labour available for stocking,haresting and
processing