The document provides information on pond construction and preparation for fish farming. It discusses factors to consider for pond location and design such as soil type, water availability, and dimensions. It also outlines best practices for pond preparation including liming, fertilization, and stocking fish species. Water quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, pH, hardness, and nutrients are monitored during the growth period and harvesting occurs once fish reach the desired size. Record keeping of production data is also emphasized.

1. Pond Construction Management
And Preparation
BABASAHEB BHIMRAO AMBEDKAR CENTRAL
UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW
𝑷𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑬𝑫𝑩𝒀:𝑹𝑶𝑯𝑰𝑻 𝑲𝑼𝑴𝑨𝑹
𝑩.𝑽𝒐𝒄𝑳𝑷𝑴

2. INTRODUCTION
 Pond is an earthen embankment.
 Pond is used for (growing fish, rearing fish, Spawning, Breeding).
 Ponds are very small and shallow of quiet standing water with slight wave action and
may be naturally created or manmade.
 For construction you need to consider due following factors; soil type, quality and
quantity of the water available and the requirements for filling and drainage of the
pond.
 The natural fish food production in the pond can be increased by applying fertilizer to
the pond.
 Fertilizers which can be used include animal manures, compost or chemical fertilizers.
 Fish stocking normally takes place after pond preparation, liming and fertilization, and
is the means of introducing an adequate number of selected fish species of proper size
into the ponds for culture.

3.  The basic concept were focused on the study of good manner management The Pond
Culture, which is being discussed, these practices will be treated under Pond
preparation and maintenance, Fertilization, Liming, Feeding, Stocking of Cultivable
Species, Water Quality maintenance, Aquatic Weed and Predator Control, Harvesting,
and Record-keeping.

4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
 Study of area: The Lucknow region lies at the heart of India located below the Indo-
Gangetic plain The Study area a Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University campus
under Department of applied science it has under construction pond. Saturated pond
location on the Latitude of 26.7704. The Longitude of 80.9412. 26.7704 Latitude and
80.9412 Longitude can be mapped to closest address of BBAU, Vidya Vihar,
Raibareilly Road, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh, India.
 Pond preparation and maintenance: Before the culturing of fish, the pond should be
conditioned. A layer of lime (calcium hydroxide) is spread over the bottom, for two
weeks. It removes the acidity of the soil, facilitates desirable geochemical cycles and
kills unwanted soil organisms. Soil with enough clay content to hold water. Clay and
silty clays are excellent soils for holding water because they stop water from steeping
through. Take soil samples at frequent intervals and have them analyzed to determine
suitability.

5. Hydrometer Method for Soils
Materials:
Weeing machine
 Hotplate
 H202 (30%) – This is painful to touch, so care should be taken
 1L Beaker (at least this large)
 Watch glass
 Oven
 Gloves/goggles
Procedure:
1. Separate out all course fragments of your soil sample using a 2mm size.
2. Weigh out 50g of your fine-textured material, and add to 1L beaker
3. Add 50mL of water.
4. Donning gloves and goggles, add 50mL of H2O2 in 10mL increments. Adding slowly
will help prevent excessive foaming.

6. 5. Stir and place watch glass over beaker, then move the beaker under a fume hood.
6. Put the beaker on a hot plate and heat to 80°C (using thermometer to gauge temperature).
Keeping a consistent temperature requires continual adjustments at first, but maintaining a stable
80°C can be accomplished after a few minutes.
7. Monitor in help of Scale.

7.  Size- Will determine what fish species to stock-
Depth- Pond depth should be between 6 to 8 feet, with maximum depth not greater
than 10 to 12 feet. Digging in help of JCB and Other Masonry.
Inlet-Water recharge is an important feature of a fishing pond. It saturate in 1 to
2.5 fit depth.
Out let- Draining, repairs, manage the fish populations, and control aquatic plants.
The Outlet system in bottom in refer to a pond size.

8. Water Quality:
Temperature
Temperature measuring in help of thermometers range on 0 - 40oC.
pH
help of pH stipe 0 – 20
Total Dissolved solid– TDS measuring help of TDS meter model number 036, Mark India
Materials-
1. Burette with Burette stand and porcelain tile
2. Pipettes with elongated tips
3. Conical flask
4. Standard flask
5. Beaker
6. Wash bottle

9. Total hardness
Procedure –
1. Obtain a clean burette and rinse it with a few mL of the 0.0100 M EDTA titrant (TitraVer
Standard Solution). Fill the burette a little above the 0 mL level with the EDTA solution. Drain a
small amount of the solution so it fills the burette tip and leaves the EDTA solution at the 0 mL
mark (or just below it). Record the burette level on the Data & Calculations sheet, to the nearest
0.01 mL.
2. Prepare the water sample for titration.
a. Use a graduated cylinder to measure 50 mL of your water sample into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer
flask.
b. Add 1 mL of Hardness 1 Buffer Solution to the Erlenmeyer flask using the 1 mL calibrated
dropper. Gently swirl the contents of the flask to mix.
c. Pillow to the Erlenmeyer flask. Gently swirl the contents of the flask to mix. The solution
should now be red in color.
3. Titrate the sample you prepared in Step
a. Slowly add 0.01 M EDTA titrant to the sample in the Erlenmeyer flask—start with 1 mL
additions. Swirl the sample after each addition of titrant.
Calculation-
Total water hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L) = (titrant volume) ✕ 20.0

10. Chloride
Procedure –
 Before starting the titration rinse the burette with silver nitrate solution. Fill the burette
with silver nitrate solution of 0.0282 N. Adjust to zero and fix the burette in stand.
 Take 20 mL of the sample in a clean 250mL conical flask
 Add 1 mL of Potassium Chromate indicator to get light yellow color
 Titrate the sample against silver nitrate solution until the color changes from yellow to
brick red. i.e., the end point.
 Note the volume of Silver nitrate added (A).
 The value of titration is 3.3 mL.
 Repeat the procedure for concordant values.

11. Blank Titration
Take 20 mL of the distilled water in a clean 250mL conical flask
Add 1 mL of Potassium Chromate indicator to get light yellow color
Titrate the sample against silver nitrate solution until the color changes from yellow to brick red.
i.e., the end point.
Note the volume of silver nitrate added for distilled water (B). The value of titration is 0.2 mL
Calculation
Chloride’s mg/L = v1- v2 X normality X 35.45 X 1000/volume of sample
Volume of silver nitrate for sample (v1)
Volume of silver nitrate for blank (v2)

12. Carbon dioxide
PROCEDURE
PREPARATION OF REAGENTS
Sodium Hydroxide (0.02 N)
Take 1000 mL standard measuring flask and fill 314th of it with distilled water.
Accurately measure 20 mL of in sulphuric acid solution using a pipette and transfer to 1000 mL
standard flask containing the distilled water. Make up to 1000 mL using distilled water.
Phenolphthalein Indicator
Weigh accurately 1 g of phenolphthalein and dissolve it in 95% ethyl alcohol.
Take 100 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it.
Transfer it to the 100 mL standard flask and make up to 100 mL using 95% ethyl alcohol.

13. Methyl Orange Indicator
Weigh accurately 1 g of methyl and dissolve it in distilled water.
Take 100 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it.
Transfer it to the 100 mL standard flask and make up to 100 mL using distilled water.
Mineral acidity = volume of titrant (v2) X N X 50 X 10
Volume of sample taken

14. Dissolve oxygen
Procedure –
 Take two 300-mL glass stoppered BOD bottle and fill it with sample to be tested. Avoid
any kind of bubbling and trapping of air bubbles. Remember no bubbles!
 Take the sample collected from the field. It should be collected in BOD bottle filled up
to the rim.
 Add 2mL of manganese sulfate to the BOD bottle by inserting the calibrated pipette just
below the surface of the liquid.
 Add 2 mL of alkali-iodide-azide reagent in the same manner.
 Allow it to settle for sufficient time in order to react completely with oxygen.
 Add 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid via a pipette held just above the surface of the
sample. Carefully stopper and invert several times to dissolve the floc.
 Titration needs to be started immediately after the transfer of the contents to conical
flask. Titrate it against sodium thiosulphate using starch as indicator. (Add 3 - 4 drops
of starch indicator solution).

15. Dissolved oxygen = volume thiosulphate X 0.2 X 1000
Volume of sample taken

16. Fertilization:
Fertilizer increases pond productivity by stimulating the growth of microscopic plants.
 Liming:
A mud sample should be analyzed to determine the amount of lime needed. Late fall or
early spring is the best time to apply lime. Ponds typically require liming every 2 to 4 years
according Fish manual ICAR-2009
 Stocking:
stocked in the morning hour before the water gets heated up or in the evening hours
when water gets cooled. The buckets with spawn is slowly dipped In the pond so that
the spawns gets acclimatized to the pond water and voluntary comes out of the buckets.

17.  Fish Feeding:
The artificial feeds are given from the second day in a wards of commissioning the pond.
An average Indian major carps spawn powdered 1.4 mg. The following feeding schedule is
more economical and gives Better survival.
First 5 Days: Equal to the initial body wt. of spawn stocked.
Second 5 Days: Double the initial body wt. of the spawn stocked.
Third 5 Days: Thrice the initial body wt. of the spawn stocked. For better utilization half of
the feed is given during the morning hours and half during the evening hours in every day.

18.  Formulated feed-
Aquatic Weed Control: Aquatic plants are essential and beneficial to the pond community
of the fish and wildlife. Aquatic plants provide living areas, shade, food and cover for the
fish and organisms of the pond community. Control is not recommended if the vegetation
covers less than 20-25% of the pond's surface. But when aquatic vegetation does become
overabundant, covering more than 20-25% of the pond, it can cause problems and
something must be done. Here at some important points to remember when treating aquatic
vegetation are:
1. Identify the problem plant and select the appropriate herbicide.
2. Use only registered, approved herbicides.
3. Treat or apply the herbicide to an area larger than needed and apply to 5% formaldehyde
spared.

19.  Harvesting, and Record-keeping:
Harvesting is collection of the fully grown carp fish from the pond (750-1000g).
If the pond can be drained, the fish can be harvested by draining the pond and collecting the
fish with scope nets.
If the pond cannot be drained repeated netting should be used to catch the fish.

20. Characteristics of a Good Culture Pond
Location Select land with a gentle slope and layout ponds to take advantage of existing land contours.
Construction Ponds may be dug into the ground, they may be partly above and partly in the ground, or they may be below original ground
elevation; slopes and bottom should be well packed during construction to prevent erosion and seepage; soil should contain
a minimum of 25% clay. Rocks, grass, branches and other undesirable objects should be eliminated from the dikes.
Pond depth Should be 0.5 1 .O meter at shallow end, sloping 1.5 to
2 meter at the drain end; deeper ponds may be required in northern regions where the threat of winterkill below deep ice
cover exists.
Configuration Best shape for ponds is rectangular or square.
Side slopes Construct ponds with 2:1 or 3:1 slopes on all sides.
Drains Gate valves, baffle boards or tilt-over standpipes should be provided; draining should take no more than 3 days.
Inflow lines Inflow lines should be of sufficient capacity to fill each pond within 3 days; if surface water is used, the incoming water
should be filtered to remove undesirable plants or animals
Dikes Dikes should be sufficiently wide to mow; road dikes should be made of gravel; grass should be planted on all dikes.
Orientation Situate pond properly to take advantage of water mixing by the wind, or in areas where wind causes extensive wave erosion
of dikes, place long sides of pond at right angles to the prevailing wind; use hedge or tree wind breaks when necessary.

21. RESULT

22. Total Constriction area= 20697 square fit
Size of pond=4508 square fit
Shape of pond= 84 square fit
Depth of pond= 6 fit

23. FIGURE: CONSTRUCTED FISH
POND BBAU

28. Sample of Soil= 20 gm
Formula = Sand X 100
Total X 100
 Soil reaction (pH): The present observation shows that the pH value was 6.5. The
suitable for aquaculture
 Soil Texture: The observation find it soil texture in university pond sand was 7.9 cm
and clay was 3.8 cm respectably, the % calculation are faun the clay loom soil. The
observation chart show

29. Fig. Determine Chart the soil texture

30. An ideal pond soil - should not be too sandy to allow leaching of the nutrients or should
not be too clayey to keep all the nutrients absorbed on to it.

31. WATER QUALITY CRITERIA IN AQUACULTURE
Influence greatly on the growth and survival of aquatic organism.
 Dissolved oxygen of water
The optimum dissolved oxygen of 5.0 mg/l. An average condition, 3.0 ppm DO or less
regard as hazardous for fish
 Temperature of water
The optimum temperature range for several warm water fishes are 24o-30o C respectively
 BOD5
The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) - the amount of oxygen required to
microorganisms to decompose the organic matter in a water sample under specific
condition of the pond management. BOD5 values in fish ponds varied between 5 – 20 ppm
but the optimum BOD5 value is 10 – 20 ppm for fish ponds

32.  Turbidity of water
Turbidity - due to suspended soil particles, Planktonic organism and humic substances.
The optimum Secchi disc visibility of fish ponds is considered to be 40-60cm.
 pH
Water pH - affects metabolism and physiologyical process of fish.

33.  Total alkalinity
The ideal range of total alkalinity for fresh water fish ponds is 60-300mg/liter as
CaCO3
 Total hardness
Total hardness for fresh water fish ponds should be greater than 40mg/liter as
CaCO3
 Carbon dioxide
Fresh water fish ponds should contain a low concentration of free CO2 below 5 .0
mg/liter but the intensive aquaculture free CO2 level may fluctuate between 5 and
10 ppm with at ill effects on fish

34. Technical details of pond
 The Pond should have perennial fresh water source and water level in the pond is to be
maintained up to depth of 2m.
 The water level should not be allowed to go down below 1m. The university pond has
a 1 m depth.

35. Pre – Stocking requirement:
 Liming & Manuring: Liming is to be done @ 2t/ha if the soil pH is 5 and for alkaline
soil having higher pH, the lime may be reduced accordingly.
 Manuring both organic and inorganic is done after liming.
 Organic manuring is required 3 days after liming while inorganic manuring is done 15
days after organic manuring.
 Organic manuring in the form of Cow dung is applied @ 5t/ha while urea is applied @
330 kg/ha and triple supper phosphate @ 165/ha.
 After stocking, supplementary feed in the form of wheat bran and mustard oil cake may
be fed @ 2.7 t/ha.

36. Pond management
 Before stocking, clear the pond of unwanted weeds and fish either by manual using
fishnets or by using Mahua oil cake.
 Alkaline nature to be maintained by adequately adding lime in the ponds.
 Fertilize the ponds properly to improve the natural availability of phytoplantation.
 Stocking: Ponds will be ready for stocking after 15 days of application of fertilizers.

37. Capacity of university pond
 The pond stocking 1000 x 4 numbers with size in 8 to 10 cm.
 Apart from natural food, fish may be fed by rice bran (or) oil cake.
 The feed may be placed on bamboo tray or it may be sprayed at corner of the ponds.
Organic manuring may be done at monthly intervals @ 100 kg and feeding trail of 2 to
5 % of total mass.
 Growth rate of fish in terms of increase in body weight during culture period was
calculating.
 The higher growth rate of fish with live feed in comparison to artificial feed may be
due to the fact that its nature and dependency on natural feed.
 The increasing trend of weight gain fish was obtained.

38. Harvesting
 Generally done at the end of one year, when fish attain a weight of 750 gms to 1.25 kg.
A production of 4-5 tons is possible in one-hectare pond.

39. Discussion and conclusion
Building a pond can be the most difficult and most expensive part of fish farming. A well-
built pond is a good investment that can be used for many years.
The steps in building a fish pond are:
1. Prepare the site
2. Build a clay core (only necessary for contour ponds)
3. Dig the pond and build the dikes
4. Build the inlet and outlet
5. Protect the pond dikes
6. Fertilizing the pond
7. Fence the pond
8. Fill the pond with water
9. Check for problems before stocking fish

40.  The amount of sand, silt, and clay ultimately makes up the class of the soil.
 To determine the class type of an unknown soil we will have to determine the ratio of
sand, silt, and clay particles in a specific volume of soil.
 Clay soils are often best, due to their capacity to retain water and their high shear
strength.
 Fish from construction is import and to maintain the pond in a good state and monitor
water quality.
 The quality of water used for fish culture is one of the significant factors affecting fish
yield.
 Interactions between the water, fish, soil, and other organisms during the production
cycle changes these water quality parameters and beyond certain tolerance levels this
imposes stress on the fish population.
 It is therefore very important for maintain good water quality for fish culture.

41.  The recommendations are made for the maintenance of good water quality.
 Maintain pond water at green color (too deep green color should be avoided).
 the pond should be limed (using Agricultural lime) to bring to the desirable PH level
of6.5 - 9.0. Contact your facilitator and extension agent for assistance.
 Symptoms include when fish come up to the water surface to gasp for air, when the
water has offensive color and presence of scum over surface water.
 If symptoms of low dissolved oxygen are detected take immediate action (i.e. stop
fertilization, decrease feeding rate, renew water completely or replace with fresh
oxygenated water, etc.).
 Maintain pond water level especially during the hot, dry season. Deplete and replenish
water in pond by adding new fresh water to influence the water temperature

42. 1. Stock healthy and disease-free fingerlings, preferably obtained from fish-
Hatcheries and not the wild.
2. Avoid overcrowding, and stock correct number of fingerlings per unit area
3. Maintain good water level- and quality always.
4. Watch out for fish enemies and eliminate or control undesirable and unwanted organisms
inside and around the pond area.
5. Feed fish regularly twice daily, at same times (usually 9-1 Oat and 5pm in the morning and
evening) from the same feeding spot, by gradual broadcast.
6. Avoid excessive feeding in order to prevent pond fouling and pollution
7. Maintain normal pond water green color. Replenish water if color is too deep
8. Green or when the fish begins to gather at the surface to gulp for air.
9. Watch fish behavior for abnormalities and immediately remove diseased, dead or dying fish
(or any other dead animal found in the pond area).
10. Maintain pond structures. Routinely check for blockages and damages and repair
11. Pond walls, pond bottom, screens, inlet and outlet water supply structures
12. Keep accurate records of fish farming activities

43.  Green color of water indicates good production of fish food organisms (plankton).
 Clear water indicates lack of enough fish food. By dipping your hand in the water, seeing it
half-way to the elbow indicates lack of enough fish food. In such cases, increase
fertilization.
 Generally supplemental feeds are usually obtained from agricultural by-products (e.g. oil
cakes, brans), industrial residue (e.g. brewers waste), animal by-products (e.g. blood meal),
and wastes (e.g. Chicken droppings).
 The most commonly practiced feed supplementation locally is the dispensation of ground
feedstuffs such as cereal barns and domestic left-over/kitchen waste to feed fish.

44.  Fishes fed on incomplete feeds will suffer deficiency diseases or symptoms attributable
to the lacking ingredient.
 Balanced/complete diets are formulated by the combination of different essential
nutrients in different proportions (Protein, Carbon hydrates, Lipids, Vitamins, and
Minerals).
 Besides complementing natural pond food organisms and supporting high stocking
density, it enables the fish culture to observe the behavior, healthy status, feeding level
and size changes during feeding.
 In conclusion, it is recommended that further studies should be attempted to expand
research on enhancement of indigenous fish species by adopting habitat restoration and
species rehabilitation at local scale.
 Fish culture has attracted the attention of the people all over the world and now it has
become a global issue among scientists and researchers working in this area.

45. REFRENCE
 APHA ;( 2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. American Public Health Association Washington
D.C.
 BIS. ;( 1982). Bureau of Indian Standards. Tolerance limit for inland surface water subject to pollution, IS: 2296-1982.New Delhi.
 EPA ;( 2002). http/www.epa.gob

 EPA ;( 2001).Fish as indicators http/www.epa.gob/calsuvebi/cells home/atlas/ bio indicators /fishesindicatav.html.

 FAO. World Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture Part 1 2010. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e01.pdf. 3 June 2014

 FAO.2000, World Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e01.pdf.

 WHO/FAO. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standard Programmed Codex Alimentarius Commission 13th Session. Report of the Thirty
Eight Session of the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene, Houston, United States of America, ALINORM 07/ 30/13. 2007.

 WHO (2011) Guidelines for drinking water quality, 4th edh. WHO press, 2011, pp 564

 Singh AK, Srivastava SC, Ansari A, Kumar D, Singh R. Environmental Monitoring and Health Risk Assessment of African
Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Cultured in Rural Ponds, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 2012; 89:1142–1147.

46. THANK YOU