Learning introduction Characteristic Determinants Theories of learning Influences

1. INDIVIDUAL LEARNING AND
BEHAVIOUR
PRESENTED BY-RASHMI
14
GIRISH 18
SAJID 01
AJINKYA 12
FORGET THE MIND……

2. LEARNING
 Any relatively permanent change in behavior
that occurs as a result of experience
 Learning which is temporary is not
considered as actual.
 We connect event that occurs in sequence
HOW DO WE LEARN ASSOCIATION

3. CHARACTERISTICS
 Involves change
 Is relatively permanent
 Some form of experience is required for
learning
 It is life long process

4. DETERMINANTS
MOTIVE
Generaliza
tion
Retention
Rein-enforcement

6. THEORIES
 Classical Conditioning
 Operant Conditioning
 Social learning

7. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
 Given by Russian psychologist “Ivan Pavlov”
 Process of relating two stimuli
 It was experimented on dog by a him
Lightening
Thunder

8.  Unconditioned Response
 Unconditioned Stimulus
 Conditioned Response
 Conditioned Stimulus
Ivan Pavlov

9. OPERANT CONDITIONING
 Given by Harvard Psychologist “B.F. Skinner”
 Based on notion that behavior is function of its
consequences, which may be POSITIVE OR
NEGATIVE
 It is the process of modifying behavior through
the use of POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
consequences following specific behaviors
Pulling candy machine lever
Delivery of candy bar

10. B. F. Skinner
(1904-1990)
Skinner elaborated on Thorndike’s
“Rewarded behavior is likely
E. L. Thorndike
Law of Effect
to reoccur”
External influences,
not internal thoughts
& feelings, govern
behavior.

11. Using Operant
Conditioning,
individuals are more likely
to repeat
rewarded behaviors

12. PUNISHMENT
 Punishment is a term used in operant
conditioning
 It refers to any change that occurs after a
behavior that reduces the likelihood that,
that behavior will occur again in future
 While positive & negative rein-enforcement
are used to increase behaviors, punishment is
focused on reducing or eliminating unwanted
behavior

13. Problems With Punishment
• Behavior is not forgotten - merely suppressed
(may reappear in other situations)
• P does not guide toward acceptable behavior
(doesn’t tell you what you should do)

14. SOCIAL LEARNING
 It is acquired by observing the model whom
we admire
 Parents
 Teachers
 Peers
 Superiors

15. 4 PROCESSES OF INFLUENCE
Attention
process
Retention
process
Motor
reproduction
process
Rein-enforcement
process

16. Thank
You