This document discusses individual learning and behavior. It provides an overview of learning theories including classical conditioning proposed by Ivan Pavlov, operant conditioning proposed by B.F. Skinner, and social learning. Classical conditioning involves relating two stimuli through experiments with dogs. Operant conditioning is based on modifying behavior through positive and negative consequences of actions. Social learning occurs through observing admired models such as parents, teachers, peers, and superiors. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.

1. INDIVIDUAL LEARNING AND
BEHAVIOUR
PRESENTED BY-RASHMI
14
GIRISH 18
SAJID 01
AJINKYA 12
FORGET THE MIND……

2. LEARNING
 Any relatively permanent change in behavior
that occurs as a result of experience
 Learning which is temporary is not
considered as actual.
 We connect event that occurs in sequence
HOW DO WE LEARN ASSOCIATION

3. CHARACTERISTICS
 Involves change
 Is relatively permanent
 Some form of experience is required for
learning
 It is life long process

4. DETERMINANTS
MOTIVE
Generaliza
tion
Retention
Rein-enforcement

6. THEORIES
 Classical Conditioning
 Operant Conditioning
 Social learning

7. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
 Given by Russian psychologist “Ivan Pavlov”
 Process of relating two stimuli
 It was experimented on dog by a him
Lightening
Thunder

8.  Unconditioned Response
 Unconditioned Stimulus
 Conditioned Response
 Conditioned Stimulus
Ivan Pavlov

9. OPERANT CONDITIONING
 Given by Harvard Psychologist “B.F. Skinner”
 Based on notion that behavior is function of its
consequences, which may be POSITIVE OR
NEGATIVE
 It is the process of modifying behavior through
the use of POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
consequences following specific behaviors
Pulling candy machine lever
Delivery of candy bar

10. B. F. Skinner
(1904-1990)
Skinner elaborated on Thorndike’s
“Rewarded behavior is likely
E. L. Thorndike
Law of Effect
to reoccur”
External influences,
not internal thoughts
& feelings, govern
behavior.

11. Using Operant
Conditioning,
individuals are more likely
to repeat
rewarded behaviors

12. PUNISHMENT
 Punishment is a term used in operant
conditioning
 It refers to any change that occurs after a
behavior that reduces the likelihood that,
that behavior will occur again in future
 While positive & negative rein-enforcement
are used to increase behaviors, punishment is
focused on reducing or eliminating unwanted
behavior

13. Problems With Punishment
• Behavior is not forgotten - merely suppressed
(may reappear in other situations)
• P does not guide toward acceptable behavior
(doesn’t tell you what you should do)

14. SOCIAL LEARNING
 It is acquired by observing the model whom
we admire
 Parents
 Teachers
 Peers
 Superiors

15. 4 PROCESSES OF INFLUENCE
Attention
process
Retention
process
Motor
reproduction
process
Rein-enforcement
process

16. Thank
You