Learning Theory and its Application
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This document provides an overview of different learning theories: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, social learning, and cognitive learning. Classical conditioning involves associating an unrelated stimulus with a stimulus that naturally produces a response. Operant conditioning uses voluntary behaviors and consequences to shape behavior. Social learning involves observing and imitating others. Cognitive learning assumes people learn based on assigning meaning and evaluating consequences of stimuli and behavior. The document discusses examples of applications for each theory, such as treating phobias, behavior modification, observational learning in organizations, and cognitive evaluation of choices.
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Thorndike Learning Theory
- Edward Thorndike introduced the theory of connectionism in 1889, which emphasized that learning strengthens stimulus-response connections through experience.
- Thorndike conducted experiments with cats in a puzzle box, observing that they escaped faster each time as they learned to associate manipulating a mechanism with escaping.
- Thorndike concluded that the connection between a response and stimulus is strengthened when the response results in a satisfying outcome, in accordance with his "law of effect."
Reinforcement theory of Motivation
Reinforcement theory of motivation proposes that an individual's behavior is determined by the consequences of their actions. According to the theory, behaviors that are positively reinforced through rewards tend to be repeated, while behaviors that result in negative consequences tend not to be repeated. The theory focuses on external factors and consequences rather than internal drives or feelings. Managers can use positive and negative reinforcement, as well as punishment and extinction, to control and motivate employee behavior. The implications are that reinforcement theory explains how learning occurs through consequences, and managers must provide feedback to employees on correct and incorrect behaviors in order to achieve positive reinforcement.
Self efficacy
Self-efficacy theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, holds that an individual's belief in their own ability to complete tasks and reach goals (self-efficacy) influences their motivation and behavior. Higher self-efficacy leads to greater effort and persistence when facing challenges. Self-efficacy can be increased through enactive mastery experiences, vicarious learning by observing others, verbal persuasion, and managing arousal states. Training programs aim to boost self-efficacy through hands-on experiences. The Pygmalion and Galatea effects show that higher expectations lead to better performance outcomes.
Drive reduction theory rep.
Clark Hull developed drive reduction theory in the early 20th century as the first theory of motivation. The theory proposes that physiological needs create a state of tension or "drive" that motivates an organism to satisfy that need and reduce the drive. Primary drives are innate, like hunger, while secondary drives are learned. The goal is to reduce the drive through an activity that fulfills the need, restoring homeostasis in the body. Hull later modified his theory to focus on reducing drive stimuli rather than the drive itself to better explain how learning occurs.
Skinner’s operant conditioning theory
Skinner's operant conditioning theory posits that behavior is shaped by its consequences rather than driven by internal processes or stimuli. Through experiments using a Skinner box, he found that rats would learn to press a lever when rewarded with food pellets. Their behavior was conditioned and reinforced through positive reinforcement. Operant conditioning is a process of learning whereby behaviors are strengthened if followed by rewarding consequences or weakened if followed by unpleasant consequences, with the goal of increasing or decreasing certain behaviors.
Skinner operant conditioning
This document provides an overview of B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning. It defines operant conditioning as changing behavior through reinforcement or punishment. There are three types of operants: neutral, reinforcers, and punishers. Reinforcers increase behavior and punishers decrease it. Schedules of reinforcement like continuous, fixed ratio, and variable interval are also discussed. The document contrasts operant conditioning with classical conditioning and explains how shaping is used to successively reinforce closer approximations of a desired behavior through reinforcement.
Classical conditioning
power point presentation on classical conditioning theory-theory of classical conditioning-Pavlov's classical conditioning
BF Skinner- Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning based on Edward Thorndike's law of effect. Operant conditioning is a learning process where voluntary behaviors are strengthened if followed by reinforcement or weakened if followed by punishment. Skinner used operant chambers to study how animals learn through consequences. Different reinforcement schedules, like continuous or partial reinforcement, produce different learning and performance rates. Accidental reinforcement can also cause superstitious behaviors. Punishment should only be used under certain circumstances. Operant conditioning principles can be applied to areas like education, work, and parenting.
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Thorndike Learning Theory
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- Thorndike conducted experiments with cats in a puzzle box, observing that they escaped faster each time as they learned to associate manipulating a mechanism with escaping.
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Reinforcement theory of Motivation
Reinforcement theory of motivation proposes that an individual's behavior is determined by the consequences of their actions. According to the theory, behaviors that are positively reinforced through rewards tend to be repeated, while behaviors that result in negative consequences tend not to be repeated. The theory focuses on external factors and consequences rather than internal drives or feelings. Managers can use positive and negative reinforcement, as well as punishment and extinction, to control and motivate employee behavior. The implications are that reinforcement theory explains how learning occurs through consequences, and managers must provide feedback to employees on correct and incorrect behaviors in order to achieve positive reinforcement.
Self efficacy
Self-efficacy theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, holds that an individual's belief in their own ability to complete tasks and reach goals (self-efficacy) influences their motivation and behavior. Higher self-efficacy leads to greater effort and persistence when facing challenges. Self-efficacy can be increased through enactive mastery experiences, vicarious learning by observing others, verbal persuasion, and managing arousal states. Training programs aim to boost self-efficacy through hands-on experiences. The Pygmalion and Galatea effects show that higher expectations lead to better performance outcomes.
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Skinner’s operant conditioning theory
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Skinner operant conditioning
This document provides an overview of B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning. It defines operant conditioning as changing behavior through reinforcement or punishment. There are three types of operants: neutral, reinforcers, and punishers. Reinforcers increase behavior and punishers decrease it. Schedules of reinforcement like continuous, fixed ratio, and variable interval are also discussed. The document contrasts operant conditioning with classical conditioning and explains how shaping is used to successively reinforce closer approximations of a desired behavior through reinforcement.
Classical conditioning
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BF Skinner- Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning based on Edward Thorndike's law of effect. Operant conditioning is a learning process where voluntary behaviors are strengthened if followed by reinforcement or weakened if followed by punishment. Skinner used operant chambers to study how animals learn through consequences. Different reinforcement schedules, like continuous or partial reinforcement, produce different learning and performance rates. Accidental reinforcement can also cause superstitious behaviors. Punishment should only be used under certain circumstances. Operant conditioning principles can be applied to areas like education, work, and parenting.
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Tolman theory of learning
Edward Tolman was an American psychologist who developed the theory of purposive behaviorism. According to Tolman's theory, organisms learn by pursuing signs or cues that lead to a goal, rather than just responding to stimuli. Tolman believed that learning involves acquiring meaningful behaviors through navigation of the environment to achieve goals. He conducted experiments on reward expectancy and place learning in rats to understand how they acquire and use information about their surroundings.
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2) Clinical applications of these theories include the development of fears through classical conditioning, using reinforcement schedules in token economies for behavior modification, and making diagnoses through selectively encoding, comparing, and combining information.
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1. The document discusses different learning theories including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory.
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1. There are three main types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
2. Classical conditioning involves forming an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, as discovered by Ivan Pavlov in his experiments with dogs.
3. Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behaviors are modified by reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease the likelihood of those behaviors reoccurring, as proposed by B.F. Skinner.
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This document summarizes several behaviorist theories of learning. It describes behaviorism as focusing on observable behaviors that are acquired through conditioning and can be studied scientifically without considering inner mental states. Key theorists discussed include Pavlov, who discovered classical conditioning; Thorndike, who proposed the law of effect and law of exercise; Skinner, who studied operant conditioning; and Watson, an early behaviorist. Classical and operant conditioning procedures are defined. Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs and food is summarized.
Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist, discovered classical conditioning while studying the digestive system of dogs. He found that dogs deprived of food would salivate when his assistant entered the room. Through further investigation, Pavlov established that a stimulus that initially produces no response can acquire the ability to produce a response through repeated pairing with another stimulus that does elicit a response. Classical conditioning involves an unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.
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4 chapter learning & con_cla,obs,cog & ope
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Learning Theory and its Application
- 1. Learning Theory and its Applications Anand Vigneshwaar Ketki Jerrin Ishan Vipul
- 2. INTRODUCTION WHAT IS LEARNING ?? Change in behaviour, attitude due to education and training, practice and experience. Permanent change in behaviour due to direct and indirect experience.
- 3. Learning Theories Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Social Learning Cognitive Learning
- 4. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936) Russian Physiologist “A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response”
- 5. Application of Classical Conditioning Treating Phobia Counterconditioning Systematic Desensitization Flooding Alcoholism rehab
- 6. Operant Conditioning B.F Skinner (1904 – 1990) Devised Skinner Box experiment using Rat “A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment”
- 7. Application of Operant Conditioning Behavior Modification Treating eating disorder Anorexia nervosa Treating Delinquency, Obesity, Aggression Animals trained to assist physically disabled individual Help slow or unmotivated students
- 8. Social Learning Albert Bandura (1925 – Present) “The view that people can learn through observation and direct experience” “This refers to the ability of individual to learn by observing others. Others generally include teachers, peers, media, and motion pictures”- also called observational learning
- 9. Application of Social Learning In Organization By modelling behaviour for employs Behaviour Imitation Reward Observing the Employee Consequences for Behaviour Deviation
- 10. Cognitive Learning Theory Cognitive theory of learning assumes that people learn exhibit responses depending on meaning assigned to the stimuli. Steps in Cognitive Learning- People draw from past experiences People make choice about their behavior Recognize consequences for their behavior Finally they evaluate consequences and add them to prior learning for future choices
- 11. Thank You