1. Live bird markets provide opportunities for avian influenza viruses to spread between birds and to humans due to poor hygiene, cleaning, and biosecurity practices. 2. Vendors in live bird markets are at high risk of contracting and spreading avian influenza due to ergonomic issues with their workstations that cause musculoskeletal problems and fatigue, lowering their biosecurity awareness. 3. A study will assess how improving working conditions through total ergonomic approaches impacts vendors' musculoskeletal issues, fatigue, workload, and biosecurity practices at a market in Bali, Indonesia. Data will be collected before and after the intervention and analyzed using structural equation modeling.

1. Improvement of Working Condition By Total Ergonomic Approach to Enhance Avian Influenza Biosecurity Practices on Live Bird Marketin BERINGKIT MARKET, Bali JokoDaryanto

2. INTRODUCTION

3. Avian influenza/Bird Flu is an infectious disease of birds and Human caused by type A/H5N1 strains of the influenza virus. H5N1 virus has caused of human cases of very severe disease and the greatest number of deaths. H5N1 virus – if given enough opportunities – will develop the characteristics it needs to start another influenza pandemic.

5. Global Situation of Bird Cases of Avian Influenza A/H5N1 Red : Poultry Bird, Yellow : Wild Bird

6. Fatality Rate : World : 0.59, Indonesia : 0.83

7. Yellow : The Cases still happen in 2010

9. when the influenza epidemic, about 25% of the population the number of patients to seek medical attention is considered to be up to 25 million I. Asian influenza and influenza data were popular in the past in Spain Basis, 0,530 million patients - two million - 17 0 000 deaths are estimated to be 640,000 Up to 40 percent of employees are expected to be about the absence.

10. • a large number of patients and deaths Medical Reduced health care • health care workers from infection Low level of public services • (administrative procedures and delays) Life in general • restriction of daily life Bankruptcy restrictions on activities and business owners • Business Food and daily necessities etc. •, public services (electricity and food and water transportation and communications Etc.) or service stopped due to supply shortage of people engaged in the provision of infection Social Economy • huge economic losses

13. Vaccine Biosecurity Culling

14. LatarBelakang

15. The LBM provide major contact points for people andlive animal, making them importantpotential sources of viral amplification andinfection LBMs may serve as a ‘fertile ground’ for virus mutations and emergence of new influenza viruses with increased virulence or ability to infect other species, including humans. Sims (2007) indicated that live bird markets (LBM) are an important in spreading H5N1 virus in Asian poultry market chains.

16. High- risk practices in the wet market : Poor hygiene, cleaning and disinfectionof facility, equipment and personnel attire. Keeping multiple species together and in confined spaces. Stacking of cages on top of one another, without waste trays. Holding of poultry overnight andreturn of unsold birds to farms. Lack of pre-marketing health checks of poultry birds. Lack of food safety awareness of market stall owners. Lack of personal protective equipment for stall owners. Biosecurityconsists of a set of management practices reduces the potential for the transmission /spread AvianInfluenza virus -onto and between sites,animals and humans.

17. Biosecurity in LBM Segregation of species - keeping separate species in differentcages. Ensure all-in, all-out . Avoid returning unsold birds to the farm, as theymay be infected and may carryback the virus. Slaughtering zones - Strictly ensurea separate area for poultryslaughtering. Processing equipment and worksurfaces - Use easily cleanable work surfaces(e.g. chopping boards, work tables).Avoid use of wooden surfaces,wooden knives as they cannot becleaned.

18. Biosecurity in LBM Customer orientation - Do notallow or permit the customersto touch and inspect live poultrybefore purchase; discourageselling live poultry to customers. Compulsory rest days . Having compulsory rest daysperiodically would facilitate emptying,cleaning and disinfecting the entiremarket regularly. This would improvehygiene and prevent build up ofpathogens and H5N1 virus load Cages should bemade of material easy to clean anddisinfect. Hand washing basins withsoap and potable water should beprovided where humans and birdscome into contact. Clean and disinfect premises andequipment.

19. Biosecurity in LBM Personal protective gear – Ensureworkers in slaughtering andselling operations wear clean,light coloured protected clothing,including clean aprons andrubber boots everyday and avoidusing the same clothes and bootsback home. Personal hygiene – Ensure theworkers handle live poultry only after athorough handwash, take a bath atthe market personnel facilities orchange into clean clothes andshoes after washing hands, armsand feet thoroughly with soap andpotable water and drying withclean towel / cloth. Effective management of hazardouswaste – Proper disposal of carcasses,blood and other hazardous waste (liquidand solid) disposal . All dead birds and other contaminatedobjects (for instance: blood, feathers)must be destroyed.

20. Showed that the selling practices of vendors is very risky due to AI and need work condition improvement. vendors as subjects have a most risk to be transmittedthe H5N1 bird-influenza the work station was not fit to body size of vendors and caused awkward postured : Musculoskeletal complaints, and Fatigue It caused less awareness in preventing the spreading of AI.

22. To assess the effect of working condition improvement through total ergonomic to enhance biosecurity practices of vendors. To assess the effect of working condition improvement through total ergonomic approach on the decreasing of musculoskeletal complaints, fatigue, workload and enhance biosecurity practices of vendors.

23. METHODOLOGY

25. will be conducted at Beringkit market, Regency of Badung, Bali, Indonesia. Participant is the vendors will be chosen by census sampling.

26. Design of study is an experimental with treatment by subject. Assessment will be done twice, before and after intervention through total ergonomic approach. Study variables include: (1) independent/exogenous variables performances of biosecurity practices; (2)dependent/endogenous variables: workload, musculoskeletal complaints, fatigue.

29. The data collected before and after intervention will be analysed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).Using Statistical Program SPSS.