Porous media has two specifications: First its dissipation area is greater than the conventional fins that enhance heat convection. Second the irregular motion of the fluid flow around the individual beads mixes the fluid more effectively. Nanofluids are mixtures of base fluid with a very small amount of nanoparticles having dimensions from 1 to 100 nm, with very high thermal conductivities, so it would be the best convection heat transfer by using porous media and nanofluids. Thus studies need to be conducted involving nanofluids in porous media. For that, the purpose of this article is to summarize the published subjects respect to the enhancement of convective heat transfer using porous media and nanofluids and identifies opportunities for future research.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to the book "Introduction to Transport Phenomena - Momentum, Heat and Mass" by Bodh Raj. The book covers momentum transfer, heat transfer, and mass transfer phenomena across four main sections. It is intended as an introductory text for undergraduate students and includes solved examples and problems for each chapter.
This presentation discusses circulation and vorticity in fluid dynamics. It defines circulation and vorticity, describes their mathematical representations, and how vorticity forms. It examines forced and free vortices, and classifies vortices according to their effects. The presentation also explores how vortices impact hydraulic structures like dams and how to suppress vortices, and includes MATLAB code examples and videos to demonstrate circulation and vorticity concepts.
This document discusses boundary layer development. It begins by defining boundary layers and describing the velocity profile near a surface. As distance from the leading edge increases, the boundary layer thickness grows due to viscous forces slowing fluid particles. The boundary layer then transitions from laminar to turbulent. Turbulent boundary layers have a logarithmic velocity profile and thicker boundary layer compared to laminar. Pressure gradients and surface roughness also impact boundary layer development and transition.
A fluid is a state of matter in which its molecules move freely and do not bear a constant relationship in space to other molecules.
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving.
Fluids are :-
Liquid : blood, i.v. infusions)
Gas : O2 , N2O)
Vapour (transition from liquid to gas) : N2O (under compression in cylinder), volatile inhalational agents (halothane, isoflurane, etc)
Sublimate (transition from solid to gas bypassing liquid state) : Dry ice (solid CO2), iodine
The forth lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics.
Fluid flow in porous media covers the basic streamline and turbulent flow models for pressure drop as a function of flow rate within the media. The Modified Reynolds number determines the degree of turbulence in the fluid. The industrial processes of deep bed (sand) filtration and fluidisation are included.
Heat can be transferred between two systems in three modes: conduction, convection, and radiation. In a heat exchanger, heat is transferred when two fluids at different temperatures flow through the exchanger. The rate of heat transfer depends on the overall heat transfer coefficient, which takes into account the resistances to heat transfer through the solid wall and boundary layers of each fluid. Common types of heat exchangers include shell-and-tube, plate, compact, regenerative, and cross-flow exchangers. The selection of a heat exchanger depends on factors like the fluids used, temperatures, pressures, and space requirements.
In fluid dynamics, laminar flow is characterized by fluid particles following smooth paths in layers, with each layer moving smoothly past the adjacent layers with little or no mixing. At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to the book "Introduction to Transport Phenomena - Momentum, Heat and Mass" by Bodh Raj. The book covers momentum transfer, heat transfer, and mass transfer phenomena across four main sections. It is intended as an introductory text for undergraduate students and includes solved examples and problems for each chapter.
This presentation discusses circulation and vorticity in fluid dynamics. It defines circulation and vorticity, describes their mathematical representations, and how vorticity forms. It examines forced and free vortices, and classifies vortices according to their effects. The presentation also explores how vortices impact hydraulic structures like dams and how to suppress vortices, and includes MATLAB code examples and videos to demonstrate circulation and vorticity concepts.
This document discusses boundary layer development. It begins by defining boundary layers and describing the velocity profile near a surface. As distance from the leading edge increases, the boundary layer thickness grows due to viscous forces slowing fluid particles. The boundary layer then transitions from laminar to turbulent. Turbulent boundary layers have a logarithmic velocity profile and thicker boundary layer compared to laminar. Pressure gradients and surface roughness also impact boundary layer development and transition.
A fluid is a state of matter in which its molecules move freely and do not bear a constant relationship in space to other molecules.
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving.
Fluids are :-
Liquid : blood, i.v. infusions)
Gas : O2 , N2O)
Vapour (transition from liquid to gas) : N2O (under compression in cylinder), volatile inhalational agents (halothane, isoflurane, etc)
Sublimate (transition from solid to gas bypassing liquid state) : Dry ice (solid CO2), iodine
The forth lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics.
Fluid flow in porous media covers the basic streamline and turbulent flow models for pressure drop as a function of flow rate within the media. The Modified Reynolds number determines the degree of turbulence in the fluid. The industrial processes of deep bed (sand) filtration and fluidisation are included.
Heat can be transferred between two systems in three modes: conduction, convection, and radiation. In a heat exchanger, heat is transferred when two fluids at different temperatures flow through the exchanger. The rate of heat transfer depends on the overall heat transfer coefficient, which takes into account the resistances to heat transfer through the solid wall and boundary layers of each fluid. Common types of heat exchangers include shell-and-tube, plate, compact, regenerative, and cross-flow exchangers. The selection of a heat exchanger depends on factors like the fluids used, temperatures, pressures, and space requirements.
In fluid dynamics, laminar flow is characterized by fluid particles following smooth paths in layers, with each layer moving smoothly past the adjacent layers with little or no mixing. At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards.
This chapter discusses steady heat conduction through various geometries. It introduces thermal resistance networks to model conduction through multilayer walls. It also covers cylindrical and spherical conduction, the effect of insulation thickness, heat transfer from fins, and using conduction shape factors to solve two-dimensional problems. Thermal contact resistance at interfaces and improving contact conductance are also discussed.
This document discusses fluid dynamics and Bernoulli's equation. It begins by defining different forms of energy in a flowing liquid, including kinetic energy, potential energy, pressure energy, and internal energy. It then derives Bernoulli's equation, which states that the total head of a fluid particle remains constant during steady, incompressible flow. The derivation considers forces acting on a fluid particle and uses conservation of energy. Finally, the document presents the general energy equation for steady fluid flow and the specific equation for incompressible fluids using the concepts of total head, head loss, and hydraulic grade line.
The document discusses internal forced convection in circular pipes. It covers topics like laminar and turbulent flow, hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths, constant surface temperature and constant surface heat flux conditions, and the fully developed region. It provides equations for average velocity, Reynolds number, Nusselt number, and logarithmic mean temperature difference. Analytic relations are given for velocity profile, pressure drop, and heat transfer coefficients in fully developed laminar flow.
This document discusses laminar and turbulent flow, boundary layer theory, and the Moody chart. It defines laminar and turbulent flow and describes Reynold's experiment. It introduces boundary layer theory, defining boundary layer thickness using nominal, displacement, momentum, and energy thicknesses. It describes how the boundary layer develops over a flat plate from laminar to turbulent. The Moody chart is introduced as relating friction factor, Reynolds number, and surface roughness to predict pressure drop in pipe flow.
This master's thesis models thermophoresis in multiphase flows. It analyzes the behavior of thermophoresis on microparticles and nanoparticles in multiphase fluids with and without the presence of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Numerical simulations are conducted of particles in fluids within a cubic cavity subjected to temperature gradients. The results show the fluid temperature and velocity are unaffected by Brownian motion, while the position of particles and heat flux are also unchanged with the inclusion of Brownian motion.
1. Bernoulli's principle states that within a horizontal flow of fluid, the highest fluid pressure occurs where the flow speed is lowest, and lowest pressure where flow speed is highest.
2. Bernoulli's principle explains how the difference in pressure above and below a wing produces an upward force, allowing for flight. It is also applied to explain how air flows over mountains.
3. Bernoulli's equation expresses the conservation of energy for flowing fluids, relating pressure, flow velocity, and elevation. It states that the total mechanical energy per unit volume remains constant within a streamline.
Understand the physical mechanism of convection and its classification.
Visualize the development of velocity and thermal boundary layers during flow over surfaces.
Gain a working knowledge of the dimensionless Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt numbers.
Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flows, and gain an understanding of the mechanisms of momentum and heat transfer in turbulent flow.
Derive the differential equations that govern convection on the basis of mass, momentum, and energy balances, and solve these equations for some simple cases such as laminar flow over a flat plate.
Non dimensionalize the convection equations and obtain the functional forms of friction and heat transfer coefficients.
Use analogies between momentum and heat transfer, and determine heat transfer coefficient from knowledge of friction coefficient.
The document provides an introduction to fluid dynamics and fluid mechanics. It defines key fluid properties like density, viscosity, pressure and discusses the continuum hypothesis. It also introduces important concepts like the Navier-Stokes equations, Bernoulli's equation, Reynolds number, and divergence. Applications of fluid mechanics in various engineering fields are also highlighted.
This document discusses boundary layer concepts and control methods. It defines boundary layer thickness as the region near a surface where velocity increases from zero to the free stream velocity. It then defines and derives equations for various boundary layer thicknesses including nominal thickness, displacement thickness, momentum thickness, and energy thickness. It describes boundary layer separation occurring when pressure gradients cause the layer to separate from the surface. Finally, it lists several methods to control the boundary layer such as streamlining, boundary layer tripping, suction, injection, slots, and swirl generation.
This document discusses compressible flow through nozzles. It introduces concepts like stagnation properties, Mach number, and speed of sound. It then derives relationships for isentropic flow of ideal gases through converging and converging-diverging nozzles. The effects of area changes and back pressure on properties like pressure, temperature, density and mass flow rate are examined for both subsonic and supersonic flow regimes. Nozzle design considerations like shapes needed to achieve desired exit velocities are also covered.
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics. It begins with definitions of mechanics, statics, dynamics, and fluid mechanics. It then discusses different categories of fluid mechanics including fluid statics, fluid kinematics, fluid dynamics, hydrodynamics, hydraulics, gas dynamics, and aerodynamics. The document also defines what a fluid is, discusses the properties of fluids including density, specific weight, specific volume, and specific gravity. It concludes by explaining viscosity, kinematic viscosity, and Newton's law of viscosity.
This document discusses the working principle and components of a venturimeter, which is a device used to measure fluid flow rate based on Bernoulli's principle. The main parts of a venturimeter are the converging section, throat, and diverging section. As fluid flows through the converging section into the throat, where the cross-sectional area is smallest, its velocity increases and pressure decreases. The pressure difference between two points in the venturimeter, such as at the inlet and throat, can be measured with a manometer and used to calculate flow rate according to Bernoulli's equation. The actual discharge rate is slightly less than the theoretical value due to losses and is determined using a discharge coefficient.
This chapter discusses heat transfer through porous media. It begins by presenting the basic energy equations for a simple case where the solid and fluid phases are in local thermal equilibrium and heat conduction occurs in parallel through the phases. It then discusses extensions to more complex situations, including how the overall thermal conductivity depends on the geometry and properties of the solid and fluid, and the effects of pressure changes and viscous dissipation. The overall thermal conductivity can be estimated using weighted arithmetic, harmonic, or geometric means of the solid and fluid conductivities. More complex models have also been developed to account for factors like anisotropy, Knudsen effects, and material microstructure.
This document discusses two-phase flow models and compares different pressure drop correlation methods. It begins with an introduction to two-phase flow and important variables like liquid holdup, gas void fraction, and slip velocity. It then describes the different flow patterns or regimes that can occur, including dispersed bubble, stratified smooth, wavy, slug, annular, and spray flows. The document outlines factors that affect flow patterns and discusses how patterns vary between horizontal, upward inclined, and downward inclined pipes. It concludes that selecting the most suitable correlation is key to accurately sizing pipelines for different applications.
The boundary layer is the layer of fluid in immediate contact with a bounding surface, where the effects of viscosity are important. Within the boundary layer, the fluid velocity increases from zero at the surface to 99% of the free-stream velocity. The boundary layer equations allow simplifying the full Navier-Stokes equations by dividing flow into viscous and inviscid regions. Laminar and turbulent boundary layers can form, with laminar producing less drag but being prone to separation in adverse pressure gradients. Boundary layer control techniques influence transition and separation.
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4. Differential relations for a fluid flowAddisu Dagne Zegeye
Introduction, Acceleration field, Conservation of mass equation, Linear momentum equation, Energy equation, Boundary condition, Stream function, Vorticity and Irrotationality
It includes details about boundary layer and boundary layer separations like history,causes,results,applications,types,equations, etc.It also includes some real life example of boundary layer.
Using Lattice Boltzmann Method to Investigate the Effects of Porous Media on ...A Behzadmehr
1) The document describes a numerical study using the lattice Boltzmann method to investigate heat transfer from a solid block inside a porous media-filled channel.
2) The effects of porosity and thermal conductivity ratio on fluid flow patterns and temperature fields were examined.
3) Higher porosity and lower thermal conductivity ratio resulted in lower fluid temperatures, as increased porosity reduces the effective thermal conductivity and thus heat transfer between the fluid and solid block.
3 optimum design of heat sink by using differential evolution and simplex me...Purnendra Dixit
This document discusses optimizing the design of a heat sink using differential evolution (DE) and the simplex method. DE was used to minimize the thermal resistance of inline and staggered fin arrangements, finding values of 0.500467 °C/W and 0.4021 °C/W respectively. Parameters like fin diameter, length, number, approach velocity and pitch were varied. Comparisons were made between DE and the simplex method, with DE taking less time to find the minimum thermal resistance for the case study.
This chapter discusses steady heat conduction through various geometries. It introduces thermal resistance networks to model conduction through multilayer walls. It also covers cylindrical and spherical conduction, the effect of insulation thickness, heat transfer from fins, and using conduction shape factors to solve two-dimensional problems. Thermal contact resistance at interfaces and improving contact conductance are also discussed.
This document discusses fluid dynamics and Bernoulli's equation. It begins by defining different forms of energy in a flowing liquid, including kinetic energy, potential energy, pressure energy, and internal energy. It then derives Bernoulli's equation, which states that the total head of a fluid particle remains constant during steady, incompressible flow. The derivation considers forces acting on a fluid particle and uses conservation of energy. Finally, the document presents the general energy equation for steady fluid flow and the specific equation for incompressible fluids using the concepts of total head, head loss, and hydraulic grade line.
The document discusses internal forced convection in circular pipes. It covers topics like laminar and turbulent flow, hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths, constant surface temperature and constant surface heat flux conditions, and the fully developed region. It provides equations for average velocity, Reynolds number, Nusselt number, and logarithmic mean temperature difference. Analytic relations are given for velocity profile, pressure drop, and heat transfer coefficients in fully developed laminar flow.
This document discusses laminar and turbulent flow, boundary layer theory, and the Moody chart. It defines laminar and turbulent flow and describes Reynold's experiment. It introduces boundary layer theory, defining boundary layer thickness using nominal, displacement, momentum, and energy thicknesses. It describes how the boundary layer develops over a flat plate from laminar to turbulent. The Moody chart is introduced as relating friction factor, Reynolds number, and surface roughness to predict pressure drop in pipe flow.
This master's thesis models thermophoresis in multiphase flows. It analyzes the behavior of thermophoresis on microparticles and nanoparticles in multiphase fluids with and without the presence of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Numerical simulations are conducted of particles in fluids within a cubic cavity subjected to temperature gradients. The results show the fluid temperature and velocity are unaffected by Brownian motion, while the position of particles and heat flux are also unchanged with the inclusion of Brownian motion.
1. Bernoulli's principle states that within a horizontal flow of fluid, the highest fluid pressure occurs where the flow speed is lowest, and lowest pressure where flow speed is highest.
2. Bernoulli's principle explains how the difference in pressure above and below a wing produces an upward force, allowing for flight. It is also applied to explain how air flows over mountains.
3. Bernoulli's equation expresses the conservation of energy for flowing fluids, relating pressure, flow velocity, and elevation. It states that the total mechanical energy per unit volume remains constant within a streamline.
Understand the physical mechanism of convection and its classification.
Visualize the development of velocity and thermal boundary layers during flow over surfaces.
Gain a working knowledge of the dimensionless Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt numbers.
Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flows, and gain an understanding of the mechanisms of momentum and heat transfer in turbulent flow.
Derive the differential equations that govern convection on the basis of mass, momentum, and energy balances, and solve these equations for some simple cases such as laminar flow over a flat plate.
Non dimensionalize the convection equations and obtain the functional forms of friction and heat transfer coefficients.
Use analogies between momentum and heat transfer, and determine heat transfer coefficient from knowledge of friction coefficient.
The document provides an introduction to fluid dynamics and fluid mechanics. It defines key fluid properties like density, viscosity, pressure and discusses the continuum hypothesis. It also introduces important concepts like the Navier-Stokes equations, Bernoulli's equation, Reynolds number, and divergence. Applications of fluid mechanics in various engineering fields are also highlighted.
This document discusses boundary layer concepts and control methods. It defines boundary layer thickness as the region near a surface where velocity increases from zero to the free stream velocity. It then defines and derives equations for various boundary layer thicknesses including nominal thickness, displacement thickness, momentum thickness, and energy thickness. It describes boundary layer separation occurring when pressure gradients cause the layer to separate from the surface. Finally, it lists several methods to control the boundary layer such as streamlining, boundary layer tripping, suction, injection, slots, and swirl generation.
This document discusses compressible flow through nozzles. It introduces concepts like stagnation properties, Mach number, and speed of sound. It then derives relationships for isentropic flow of ideal gases through converging and converging-diverging nozzles. The effects of area changes and back pressure on properties like pressure, temperature, density and mass flow rate are examined for both subsonic and supersonic flow regimes. Nozzle design considerations like shapes needed to achieve desired exit velocities are also covered.
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics. It begins with definitions of mechanics, statics, dynamics, and fluid mechanics. It then discusses different categories of fluid mechanics including fluid statics, fluid kinematics, fluid dynamics, hydrodynamics, hydraulics, gas dynamics, and aerodynamics. The document also defines what a fluid is, discusses the properties of fluids including density, specific weight, specific volume, and specific gravity. It concludes by explaining viscosity, kinematic viscosity, and Newton's law of viscosity.
This document discusses the working principle and components of a venturimeter, which is a device used to measure fluid flow rate based on Bernoulli's principle. The main parts of a venturimeter are the converging section, throat, and diverging section. As fluid flows through the converging section into the throat, where the cross-sectional area is smallest, its velocity increases and pressure decreases. The pressure difference between two points in the venturimeter, such as at the inlet and throat, can be measured with a manometer and used to calculate flow rate according to Bernoulli's equation. The actual discharge rate is slightly less than the theoretical value due to losses and is determined using a discharge coefficient.
This chapter discusses heat transfer through porous media. It begins by presenting the basic energy equations for a simple case where the solid and fluid phases are in local thermal equilibrium and heat conduction occurs in parallel through the phases. It then discusses extensions to more complex situations, including how the overall thermal conductivity depends on the geometry and properties of the solid and fluid, and the effects of pressure changes and viscous dissipation. The overall thermal conductivity can be estimated using weighted arithmetic, harmonic, or geometric means of the solid and fluid conductivities. More complex models have also been developed to account for factors like anisotropy, Knudsen effects, and material microstructure.
This document discusses two-phase flow models and compares different pressure drop correlation methods. It begins with an introduction to two-phase flow and important variables like liquid holdup, gas void fraction, and slip velocity. It then describes the different flow patterns or regimes that can occur, including dispersed bubble, stratified smooth, wavy, slug, annular, and spray flows. The document outlines factors that affect flow patterns and discusses how patterns vary between horizontal, upward inclined, and downward inclined pipes. It concludes that selecting the most suitable correlation is key to accurately sizing pipelines for different applications.
The boundary layer is the layer of fluid in immediate contact with a bounding surface, where the effects of viscosity are important. Within the boundary layer, the fluid velocity increases from zero at the surface to 99% of the free-stream velocity. The boundary layer equations allow simplifying the full Navier-Stokes equations by dividing flow into viscous and inviscid regions. Laminar and turbulent boundary layers can form, with laminar producing less drag but being prone to separation in adverse pressure gradients. Boundary layer control techniques influence transition and separation.
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4. Differential relations for a fluid flowAddisu Dagne Zegeye
Introduction, Acceleration field, Conservation of mass equation, Linear momentum equation, Energy equation, Boundary condition, Stream function, Vorticity and Irrotationality
It includes details about boundary layer and boundary layer separations like history,causes,results,applications,types,equations, etc.It also includes some real life example of boundary layer.
Using Lattice Boltzmann Method to Investigate the Effects of Porous Media on ...A Behzadmehr
1) The document describes a numerical study using the lattice Boltzmann method to investigate heat transfer from a solid block inside a porous media-filled channel.
2) The effects of porosity and thermal conductivity ratio on fluid flow patterns and temperature fields were examined.
3) Higher porosity and lower thermal conductivity ratio resulted in lower fluid temperatures, as increased porosity reduces the effective thermal conductivity and thus heat transfer between the fluid and solid block.
3 optimum design of heat sink by using differential evolution and simplex me...Purnendra Dixit
This document discusses optimizing the design of a heat sink using differential evolution (DE) and the simplex method. DE was used to minimize the thermal resistance of inline and staggered fin arrangements, finding values of 0.500467 °C/W and 0.4021 °C/W respectively. Parameters like fin diameter, length, number, approach velocity and pitch were varied. Comparisons were made between DE and the simplex method, with DE taking less time to find the minimum thermal resistance for the case study.
The document describes an experiment to determine the average surface heat transfer coefficient in natural convection. The apparatus consists of a vertically oriented brass tube heated by an electric element inside an enclosure. Thermocouples measure the tube temperature. Natural convection heat transfer from the tube to surrounding air is calculated using Newton's law of cooling. Correlations are used to compare the experimentally obtained heat transfer coefficient. The experiment aims to determine the heat transfer coefficient and compare it to values from correlations.
This document contains instructions and procedures for experiments in a Heat Power Engineering Laboratory. It includes a bona fide certificate, instructions for students, a list of 11 experiments, and procedures and calculations for experiments on heat transfer through natural convection from a vertical cylinder, forced convection inside a horizontal tube, and determining temperature distribution and efficiency of a pin-fin apparatus using forced convection. Diagrams, observation tables, formulas, and sample calculations are provided for each experiment. The goal is to determine heat transfer coefficients and understand heat transfer processes like natural convection, forced convection, and heat transfer through fins.
Heat transfer by forced convection in turbulent flowRam Jenic
This document discusses methods for calculating the heat transfer coefficient for turbulent flow over a flat plate. It provides five equations that can be used to calculate the local and average Nusselt number depending on the Reynolds number and Prandtl number of the flow. The equations are valid for laminar or turbulent boundary layers, developing or fully developed flow, and account for variations in surface to free stream temperature differences.
Effect of controlling parameters on heat transfer during spray impingement co...BIBHUTI BHUSAN SAMANTARAY
The heat transfer characteristics of air-water spray impingement cooling of stationary steel plate was experimentally investigated. Experiments were conducted on an electrically heated flat stationary steel plate of dimension 120 mm x 120 mm x 4 mm. The controlling parameters taken during the experiments were air-water pressures, water flow rate, nozzle tip to target distance and mass impingement density. The effects of the controlling parameters on the cooling rates were critically examined during spray impingement cooling. Air assisted DM water was used as the quenchant media in the work. The cooling rates were calculated from the time dependent temperature profiles were recorded by NI-cRIO DAS at the desired locations of the bottom surface of the plate embedded with K-type thermocouples. By using MS-EXCEL the effects of these cooling rate parameters were analysed The results obtained in the study confirmed the higher efficiency of the spray cooling system and the cooling strategy was found advantageous over the conventional cooling methods in the present steel industries.
Edward W. Savage is a manufacturing engineer with over 30 years of experience in induction hardening, welding, plastics, stamping, and metal forming. He has a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering technology and an associate degree in mechanical technology. His most recent role was as a laboratory manager from 2003-2009 at Delphi Saginaw Steering, where he supervised technicians and processes for prototype steering components. He has competencies in lean manufacturing, six sigma, geometric tolerancing, and preventative maintenance.
This document defines what a report is and discusses why writing reports is important. It states that a report presents facts in a logical manner to provide a complete picture from a distance. The document also discusses the different types of reports, including information reports, analytical reports, and practical reports. It provides guidance on the key elements and format of effective business report writing, including accuracy, objectivity, and following proper guidelines. The steps for writing reports are also outlined.
1) The presentation discusses the effect of initial surface condition on pool boiling of nanofluids. Recent research has found that nanofluid heat transfer performance is greatly affected by nanoparticles depositing on the heated surface during boiling.
2) The current research uses new precision machining techniques to create consistent surface textures and surfactants to enhance nanofluid stability and prevent nanoparticle deposition. Experimental results show that surfactant addition eliminates deposition and improves heat transfer.
3) Heat transfer is also influenced by surface roughness, with rougher surfaces enhancing boiling. However, when nanoparticle size is larger than surface roughness features, deposition does not occur and heat transfer is improved with or without surfactant addition. The research aims
This technique works by generating ions or electrically
charged atoms using electrodes placed close to one
another on a computer chip. Generated ions are passed
from electrode to electrode, with collisions between ions
and neutral air atoms propelling the air forward in what is
called the corona wind effect – the process that cools.
Heat transfer enhancement through different circular diametrical dimple surfa...eSAT Journals
Abstract The prime objective of present work is to study experimentally the heat transfer enhancement through different circular diametrical dimple surfaces in longitudinal and lateral directions. In this paper horizontal rectangular plates of Stainless Steel and Galvanised Iron with different circular diametrical dimples (like 11mm , 14mm ) for in-line arrangements were studied in forced convection with varying laminar external flow condition. The various parameters considered for study are Reynolds Number, Nusselt number, Prandtl Number, Co-efficient of Friction, Heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate for a constant Prandtl number (0.698) It has been found that the heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate increases for various dimple surfaces as compared to plane surface. It has been also found that the heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate increases along longitudinal direction as compared to lateral direction. And it is seen that heat transfer rate is maximum for larger diameter (14mm) of dimple. For circular dimples, heat transfer enhancements (relative to a flat plate) were observed for Reynolds number range from 350 to 550. Index Terms: Dimple plates, Forced Convection, Heat transfer Enhancement
Types of Reports
What makes a good report?
How to Write Reports
Clarity and Structure
Figures and Tables (floats)
Technical Issues
Sales Proposals
Computer Reports
Anatomy of a Report
Future of Reports
Further reading
Conclusions
This document discusses nanofluids, which are suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids. Nanofluids have been shown to have enhanced thermal conductivity compared to conventional fluids. They have been produced using one-step and two-step methods. Research at Argonne National Laboratory and Northern Illinois University has characterized the thermal properties of various nanofluids and found nonlinear increases in thermal conductivity with nanoparticle concentration and significant increases in critical heat flux compared to conventional fluids. Nanofluids show promise for applications requiring advanced heat transfer such as cooling of electronic devices.
How to Be Confident With Girls - One "Mini-Courage" at a TimeFrankie Cola
If you want to learn how to be more confident with girls, you first have to understand what confidence is... and you have to learn what COURAGE is.
In this presentation you will learn how to be more confident with women, simply by doing courage. It is a bit weird at first that it would seem so easy, but you will realize that men over-complicate confidence... because it is simpler than most men realize.
After I teach you about confidence and courage, I will give you a confidence building exercise that I use to "warm up" with before a night out... a party... or even a date.
The exercise formula is so simple, that you will be able to come up with your OWN confidence building exercises, for you to use to build confidence with women... whenever you want.
7 Ideas to Boost Your Abundance Mentality - Getting Into a "Social Momentum"...Frankie Cola
Here are 7 Ideas of "Rituals" you can upload into your life to boost your abundance mentality... make more friends... and get more women.
If you're living in a Scarcity Mentality in life and with women you have to start moving towards abundance with girls.
I think these 7 ideas will help you build this mindset of abundance, give you more options, and help you achieve the success you want in your life.
Nike is a major American multinational corporation that designs, develops, manufactures, and sells athletic footwear, apparel, equipment, accessories, and services. Some key details:
- Founded in 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports in Oregon and renamed Nike in 1978
- Known for its "Just Do It" slogan and Nike swoosh logo
- Generates over $18 billion in annual revenue primarily from footwear like running, basketball, and soccer shoes
- Employs over 26,000 people worldwide and is headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon
How to Text Girls to Get Dates Over and Over Again By Using These 7 Expert Te...Frankie Cola
Are you getting numbers from women only to feel disappointed
when they go cold and fizzle out through text?
If you do, then this is the most important slideshow you'll ever
go through.
Here's why:
This slideshow shows you how to text girls to get dates over and over again.
In particular, you'll learn 7 expert texting techniques that attract girls like crazy.
Okay, now go through the slideshow and start getting better "text" responses from women.
ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER IN SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGER USING NANO FLUIDS Vineeth Sundar
The document discusses heat transfer in shell and tube heat exchangers using nanofluids. It describes how baffle geometry, including baffle angle and spacing, affects heat transfer performance. Experiments were conducted using boehmite alumina nanoparticles suspended in a water/ethylene glycol mixture flowing through the tubes, with flue gas on the shell side. The results showed that a baffle angle of 200 provided the highest overall heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate. Cylindrical nanoparticles performed better than other shapes. The minimum entropy generation also occurred for a 200 baffle angle. Overall, the study demonstrated that nanofluids can enhance heat transfer in shell and tube heat exchangers, with performance dependent on baffle design and nanop
How To Write Effective Business Reports - Business Report Writing ServiceContentwritings Ltd
Our business report writers are familiar with the International Standards for writing business reports. Your business report will be complete as per your requirements.
Effect of Radiation on Mixed Convection Flow of a Non-Newtonian Nan fluid ove...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
The results show that, with proper selection of physical parameters, significant heat transfer
enhancements and pressure drop reductions can be achieved simultaneously with porous pin fins and
the overall heat transfer performances in porous pin fin channels are much better than those in
traditional solid pin fin channels. The effects of pore density are significant. As PPI increases, the
pressure drops and heat fluxes in porous pin fin channels increase while the overall heat transfer
efficiencies decrease and the maximal overall heat transfer efficiencies are obtained at PPI 20.
Furthermore, the effects of pin fin form are also remarkable. With the same physical parameters, the
overall heat transfer efficiencies in the long elliptic porous pin fin channels are the highest while they
are the lowest in the short elliptic porous pin fin channels
This document summarizes a numerical study on heat transfer enhancement using porous pin fins in rectangular channels. The study uses ANSYS Fluent to simulate forced convection heat transfer under varying parameters like Reynolds number, pore density, and pin fin shape. Results show that porous pin fins can significantly enhance heat transfer and reduce pressure drop compared to solid pin fins. Higher pore density increases heat flux and pressure drop but lowers overall heat transfer efficiency. Long elliptic pin fins produce the highest efficiencies while short elliptic pins produce the lowest. Gaps in previous studies are identified, such as a lack of investigation into other working fluids like nanofluids and discrete heating of partially porous channels.
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes the stability of a horizontal porous layer saturated with a viscoelastic nanofluid when the boundaries are subjected to periodic temperature modulation. The analysis uses the Darcy-Brinkman-Oldroyd-B fluid model and considers infinitesimal disturbances. Three cases of oscillatory temperature fields are examined: symmetric modulation, asymmetric modulation, and modulation of only the bottom wall. A perturbation solution is obtained and the effect of modulation frequency on stability is shown. The stability is characterized by a correction Rayleigh number calculated as a function of various parameters representing viscoelasticity, concentration, porosity, heat capacity, and modulation frequency. Modulation is found to generally have a destabilizing
Heat Transfer Analysis of a Plate Heat Exchanger with a Combination of Ribs a...ijtsrd
The advancements and improvements in all heat transfer equipment’s are primarily intended to save energy and reduce project capital investment expenses energy or material . A better heat exchanger is one that can transfer a high heat rate while using a low pumping power and at a cheap cost. Passive heat transfer enhancement techniques have various benefits over other heat transfer enhancement techniques, including low cost, ease of fabrication, and installation. Rib turbulators can enhance heat transmission significantly, but they generally come at a considerable cost in terms of pressure loss. Dimple techniques have lately gained popularity because to their ability to promote heat transmission while imposing a minor pressure penalty. When dimple surfaces are mixed with nanofluids, some studies have seen increased heat transmission, but the key concern is an increase in the systems friction factor, which is also regulated within acceptable ranges. The thermal characteristics of a heat exchanger with a combination of dimple ribs were evaluated using a 3 dimensional numerical 3 D simulation. The subject of this study is the handling of air flow velocity through the channel, which was changed from 3.97 to 5.80 m s. The simulation programme ANSYS 19.2 was used to investigate the heat transfer physiognomies of a heat exchanger managing a combination of dimple ribs. The numerical findings revealed that the combination of dimple ribs greatly improved heat transmission over the dimple alone. In comparison, the average Nusselt number of a channel with dimpled Plate is 4.28 percent more than that of a channel with dimpled ribs. Prof. Pushparaj Singh | Navin Kumar "Heat Transfer Analysis of a Plate Heat Exchanger with a Combination of Ribs and Dimples using CFD" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49887.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/49887/heat-transfer-analysis-of-a-plate-heat-exchanger-with-a-combination-of-ribs-and-dimples-using-cfd/prof-pushparaj-singh
Experimental Investigation of a Dimpled Plate by Natural Convection Heat Tran...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes previous research on using dimpled surfaces to enhance heat transfer via natural convection. It begins by defining natural convection and explaining how dimpled surfaces promote turbulence and vortex formation, augmenting heat transfer. The document then reviews several studies that experimentally investigated heat transfer over dimpled plates and tubes. Most found that heat transfer increased with dimple density, depth, and Reynolds number. The objectives of the proposed new study are to analyze heat transfer from vertically heated dimpled plates with variations in dimple shape, size, and arrangement. It is hypothesized that dimpled plates will enhance thermal performance over smooth plates through increased surface area and reduced flow separation.
Thermal Energy on Water and Oil placed Squeezed Carreau Nanofluids FlowMOHAMMED FAYYADH
this research work is focused on the numerical study regarding Carreau nanofluids’ squeezed flow via a permeable sensor surface. The nanofluids’ thermal conductivity is considered to be dependent on temperature. A convenient transformation is employed to reorganize governing equations into ordinary differential equations. The Runge–Kutta method and shooting technique are employed to accurately solve the boundary layer momentum as well as heat equations. Graphical and tabular aids are used to evaluate the solutions of applicable parameter with regards to temperature as well as the rate of heat transfer. In this work, a comparison is done from three nanofluids, i.e. copper, oxide aluminum and SWCNTs (nanoparticles) based fluids (water, crude oil and ethylene glycol) to improve heat transfer. It is found that the temperature dimensionless was dropped and dominated with the squeezed flow parameter and nanoparticle volume fraction parameter. That is for all nanomaterials. When compared with water and ethylene glycol, crude oil is cooler and a thinner thermal boundary layer is presented. For the rate of heat transfer (Nusselt number) was higher in: Ethylene glycol- SWCNT with high permeable velocity parameter 0.2, Ethylene glycol- SWCNT with low squeeze flow parameter 0.1 and Ethylene glycol- oxide aluminum with low nanoparticle volume fraction 0.05
IRJET- Thermal Analysis of Corrugated Plate Heat Exchanger by using Ansys...IRJET Journal
This document discusses thermal analysis of a corrugated plate heat exchanger using ANSYS software through finite element analysis. It summarizes previous research on using nanofluids like Al2O3 in water to improve heat transfer in these types of heat exchangers. The document then outlines the methodology that will be used, which involves studying the corrugated plate heat exchanger with counterflow configuration and varying parameters like volume flow rate and corrugation angle to determine the optimal heat transfer results.
CFD Analysis to Analyze Thermal Characteristics of a Heat Exchanger Handling ...ijtsrd
It takes a lot of energy to have a good life. For living and working, humans nowadays rely on an abundant and constant source of power. Because energy is depleting at such a rapid rate, it has become important to use heat more efficiently, which necessitates that we preserve. As a result of the global energy crisis, many researchers have worked to improve the efficiency of thermal systems and reduce the size and thus energy consumption rates, which is one of the most critical problems due to the large and continuing increase in consumption, the increasing scarcity of energy resources, and the high cost. A 3 dimensional numerical 3 D simulation was used to evaluate the thermal properties of a heat exchanger managing a combination of dimple ribs. Handling air flow velocity through the channel was varied from 3.97 to 5.80 m s. is the subject of this study. The heat transfer physiognomies of a heat exchanger managing a combination of dimple ribs were studied using the simulation tool ANSYS 19.2. The numerical results showed that the combination of dimple ribs enhanced heat transfer significantly more than the dimple. In comparison, the average Nusselt number of a combination of dimple ribs is 4.28 percent higher than that of a channel with dimpled Plate. Abhishek Singh | Prof. Rohit Soni "CFD Analysis to Analyze Thermal Characteristics of a Heat Exchanger Handling Combination of Dimple Ribs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47712.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/47712/cfd-analysis-to-analyze-thermal-characteristics-of-a-heat-exchanger-handling-combination-of-dimple-ribs/abhishek-singh
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Results were compared with both analytical and experimental data and observed good concordance with
previous studies available in the literature. Influences of Brinkman and Reynolds number on thermal and
hydrodynamic indexes have been investigated. For a given nanofluid, no change in efficiency (heat dissipation
to pumping power) was observed with an increasing in Reynolds number. It was shown that the pressure was
decrease with an increase in Brinkman number. Dependency of Nu increment changes with substrate material.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FROM CIRCULAR CYL...IAEME Publication
In the present work, the enhancement of natural convection heat transfer utilizing nanofluids as working fluid from horizontal circular cylinder situated in a square enclosure is investigated numerically. The type of the nanofluid is the water-based copper Cu. A model is developed to analyze heat transfer performance of nanofluids inside an enclosure taking into account the solid particle dispersionrs on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The study uses different Raylieh
numbers (104 , 105 , and 106 ), different enclosure width to cylinder diameter ratios W/D (1.667, 2.5 and 5) and volume fraction of nanoparticles between 0 to 0.2. The work included the solution of the governing equations in the vorticity-stream function formulation which were transformed into body fitted coordinate system
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT BY POROUS...IAEME Publication
Pin fins have a variety of applications in industry due to their excellent heat transfer performance, e.g., in cooling of electronic components, in cooling of gas turbine blades, and
recently, in hot water boilers of central heating systems. The forced convective heat transfer in three dimensional porous pin fin channels is numerically studied using ANSYS Fluent. Geometric modelling is done using Design Modeller and CFD Meshing is carried out using ANSYS Meshing Preprocessor. The effects of Reynolds number (Re), pore density (PPI) and pin fin form are studied in detail.
Effect of Biot Number on Convective Heat Transfer of Darcy- Forchheimer Nanof...MOHAMMED FAYYADH
This work examined magneto-hydrodynamics flow of aluminum oxide– water based
saturated in porous media that characterized by the Darcy-Forchheimer model. Heat
transfer mechanism was analyzed in the presence of convective heating process and
zero mass flux condition. Tiwari-Das model is employed to study the characteristics of
nanofluid. A uniform magnetic field was imposed and a linear stretching surface was
used to generate the flow. Application of appropriate transformation yields nonlinear
ordinary differential equation through nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations and solved
by Runge–Kutta Fehlberg shooting technique. Importance of influential variables such
as velocity, temperature and concentration were elaborated graphically. Biot number,
porosity, Forchheimer number and nanoparticle volume fraction parameters under
various magnetic field and local Nusselt number were calculated numerically and
interpreted. The results indicate that the effect of magnetic field is dominant on
boundary layer thickness with respect to Biot number, porosity and nanoparticle
volume fraction effect on temperature and nanoparticle concentration profile. An
increase in Biot number, improvement in temperature distribution and nanoparticle concentration. The velocity distribution is decreased when there is an increase in the
Forchheimer number and porosity parameters.
This document summarizes a study that investigates the effect of thermophoresis on unsteady free convective heat and mass transfer in a viscoelastic fluid past a semi-infinite vertical plate. The study uses the Walters-B fluid model to simulate rheological fluids. The dimensionless governing equations are solved using an implicit finite difference scheme. Results show that increasing the thermophoretic parameter decreases velocity and concentration but increases temperature within the boundary layer. Thermophoresis is found to significantly increase the surface mass flux.
This document summarizes a study that investigates the effect of thermophoresis on unsteady free convective heat and mass transfer in a viscoelastic fluid past a semi-infinite vertical plate. The study uses the Walters-B fluid model to simulate rheological fluids. The dimensionless governing equations are solved using an implicit finite difference scheme. Results show that increasing the thermophoretic parameter decreases velocity and concentration but increases temperature within the boundary layer. Thermophoresis is found to significantly increase the surface mass flux.
This document summarizes a numerical study of heat transfer characteristics inside a bottom-heated square enclosure. Simulations were conducted for air and Al2O3-water nanofluid inside the enclosure as the conducting medium. Results showed that heat transfer rate, as measured by Nusselt number, increased with increasing hot wall temperature. For air, heat transfer occurred through bulk fluid motion, while for nanofluid it occurred through local interactions. However, nanofluids also exhibited bulk motion at higher temperatures. Isotherm and streamline patterns revealed higher heat transfer and more organized flow for nanofluids compared to air.
IRJET- Numerical Investigation on the Heat Transfer Characteristics of Alumin...IRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical investigation of heat transfer characteristics of a double pipe heat exchanger using alumina-water nanofluid. The study examines the effects of nanoparticle concentration and volume flow rate on heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, pressure drop, and friction factor. It was found that adding nanoparticles significantly improved the thermal performance of the heat exchanger. The average heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number of the base fluid increased by 26% and 12.5% respectively with a 4% nanoparticle volume concentration. Nanoparticle addition also enhanced pressure drop by around 10.11%. Heat exchanger effectiveness could be improved by approximately 16% using a 4% alumina nanoparticle concentration in the base fluid.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Review Paper on Fin Efficiency Enhancementijtsrd
From the previous couple of decades no of endeavours have made by scientists to upgrade the rate of heat transfer with the utilization of fins by differing number of parameters. The parameters like fin geometries, fin spacing, temperature dissemination, height, length have been explored in this paper. The paper gives some short audits about the methods for improving the rate of heat transfer by use of fins. Principle thought process of the paper is to give some concise information about the efficiency enhancements that can be made in fins to improve heat transfer rate. Naveen Kumar | Udit Singhal "A Review Paper on Fin Efficiency Enhancement" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29543.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29543/a-review-paper-on-fin-efficiency-enhancement/naveen-kumar
Heat transfer studies were carried out in a laboratory scale gas-solid fluidized bed with 0.1m
ID x 1 m length column, using three sizes of local sand particles of 301, 454, and 560 µm. the bed
region was heated bya horizontal heat transfer probe. It was made of copper rod (15 mm ODx50 mm
long) and insulated at the ends by Teflon. A hole was drilled at the center of the rod to accommodate
a cartridge heater 200 W (6.5 mm OD x 42 mm long). Three bed inventories of sand 1.5 kg, 2.0 kg,
and 2.5 kg, four superficial air velocities of 1.0 m/s, 1.25 m/s, 1.5 m/s, 1.75 m/s were used. Three
heat fluxes of 1698.9, 2928.4, 4675.7 W m-2 were employed. The data obtained showed how the heat
transfer coefficient effected by the above operating parameters. The heat transfer coefficient is
directly proportional with air superficial velocity as well as the bed inventory and heat fluxes but
inversely proportional with sand particles size.
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Date: May 29, 2024
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Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Improvement of Convection Heat Transfer by Using Porous Media and Nanofluid: Review
1. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 2 Issue 8, August 2013
www.ijsr.net
Improvement of Convection Heat Transfer by
Using Porous Media and Nanofluid: Review
Raed Abed Mahdi1, 3
, H A. Mohammed 2
, K. M. Munisamy3
1
Department of Mechanical Maintenance, Doura Power Station, Ministry of Electricity,
10022 Al-doura quarter, Almahdia place , Baghdad, Iraq,
2
Department of Thermo fluids, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia,
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional,
Jalan Ikram-Uniten, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstract: Porous media has two specifications: First its dissipation area is greater than the conventional fins that enhance heat
convection. Second the irregular motion of the fluid flow around the individual beads mixes the fluid more effectively. Nanofluids are
mixtures of base fluid with a very small amount of nanoparticles having dimensions from 1 to 100 nm, with very high thermal
conductivities, so it would be the best convection heat transfer by using porous media and nanofluids. Thus studies need to be
conducted involving nanofluids in porous media. For that, the purpose of this article is to summarize the published subjects respect to
the enhancement of convective heat transfer using porous media and nanofluids and identifies opportunities for future research.
Keywords: Nanofluids, Porous media, Effective thermal conductivity, Effective viscosity, porosity, Permeability, Inertia coefficient.
1. Introduction
Improvement of heat transfer (energy transfer from hot to
cold medium by conduction, convection or radiation [1]) in
thermal devices such as heat exchangers and electronic
equipment became an important factor in industry. For this
purpose, various techniques have been proposed as the use of
fins, baffles and blocks. Several studies [2]-[9] have been
undertaken, in this context, in order to optimize their size,
their arrangement and their shape. Another way for
improving the heat transfer characteristics in industrial
processes is the use of porous medium (any material
consisting of solid matrix with an inter connected void called
porous media as rocks and aluminum foam [10]) moreover
nanofluid (that fluid has nanoparticles with average sizes
below 100 nanometer to Improvement heat transfer fluids
such as water, oil, and ethylene glycol [11]). This technique
has received a considerable attention and has been the
subject of many investigations. This interest is primarily due
to the fact that this kind of structure is encountered in many
engineering applications such as drying processes, filtration,
thermal insulation, geothermal systems, ground water and oil
flow, as well as heat exchangers in all types. Flows with
porous media occur in power stations of many practical
engineering applications where heating or cooling is
required. Some applications include cooling electronic
equipment, cooling turbines blades, combustion systems,
chemical processes, high performance heat exchangers, and
energy systems equipment. The mixing of the high and low
energy fluids which occurs in these applications significantly
influences the performance of these devices. One of the ways
to enhance heat transfer is to employ porous media with and
without nanofluid. Porous media is a material containing
pores such as metals and oxides. These pores are typically
filled with a fluid (liquid or gas). Thus, it causes increase in
heat transfer in the flow field. Past studies showed that
porous media and nanofluid exhibit enhanced thermal
properties, such as higher thermal conductivity and
convective heat transfer coefficients compared to the base
material.
Convection heat transfer in porous media has been studied
extensively for over 150 years now [12]. Convection heat
transfer in porous media have many theoretical and practical
studies and all these studies focused to show effect the
buoyancy phenomenon on behavior the flow and temperature
fields through porous media. The deference of the effective
factors on the heat transfer and fluid through porous media
led to diversity of studies in this field, these factors are:
• Boundary conditions in porous media, which means either
porous media penetrative as open cell aluminium foam or
non-penetrative as closed cell aluminium foam.
• Thermal conditions in convection heat transfer, which
means either convection heat transfer with constant
temperature or with constant heat flux, or both together.
• Porous media shapes are either rectangular or triangular
….…etc.
• Working fluid types are either nanofluid ((Al2O3+water),
(SiO2+water)…) or conventional fluid (air, water, oil…).
• convection heat transfer types, free (natural), forced or
mixed convection
• The method of data processing means numerical,
analytical, or experimental.
2. Convection Heat Transfer
The mechanism of heat transfer due to the fluid motion is
known convection heat transfer. The convection heat transfer
types are depended on the fluid motion. If the motion of fluid
is just due to the gradient of existing temperature between the
fluid and the solid, the convection heat transfer is known as
free (natural) convection. The convection heat transfer is
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known as forced convection if the motion of fluid is just due
to external effects. The convection heat transfer is known as
mixed convection if the motion of fluid is just due to free
(natural) and forced convection effects together [1].
3. Fluid Flow in Porous Media
Fluid flow in porous media depend on Darcy’s low (1856)
relationship shows fluid flow in porous media, where fluid
flow discharge rate in porous media proportion with viscosity
of the fluid and the pressure drop over a given distance
[13].as shown in Figure (1)
Figure 1: Diagram showing definitions and directions for
Darcy's law [13]
The Pores for porous media is defined as voids which allow
the flow of one or more fluids through the material [10], and
porosity ( ) is a total voids volume from total porous media
volume [10].
Permeability for porous media is defined as a term used to
express the area which through it fluid flow through porous
media cross section and it unit’s area unit [m2
] [14] [15].
Darcy is defined as the velocity of the fluid inside of the
porous region up.m and is related to the physical velocity u(y),
or the actual velocity outside the porous region, by the
porosity, as shown in Figure (2) [15].
Figure 2: Darcy velocity in porous media [15]
4. Governing Equation (Porous Media with
Nanofluid)
The theoretical treatment for single-phase flow is based on
the local volume-averaging of the momentum and energy
equations with the closure conditions necessary for obtaining
solutions, beginning with the Darcy law and developing
along more rigorous treatments [10][16].
Continuity equation
Momentum equation (Darcy-Forchheimer’s Equation) is
based on Darcy velocity formulation [10].
Energy equation
5. Studies in Convection Heat Transfer and
Fluid Flow in Porous Media
5.1 Natural Convection
The buoyancy force in convective motion is well-known
natural phenomena, and has attracted many researchers’
interests. In this context, buoyancy driven phenomena in
porous media are actively under investigation. Porous media
effects on natural convection received a great deal of
attention in recent years, because a large number of technical
applications, such as, fluid flow in geothermal reservoirs,
separation processes in chemical industries,…. etc.
Comprehensive literature survey concerned with this subject
is given by:
Oztop et al. [17] studied numerically free convection in a
partially opened square cavity of length H filled with a fluid
saturated porous medium using the Darcy-Brinkman
Forchheimer model. The heated wall was under constant
temperature boundary conditions (isothermal wall) and
remaining impermeable walls were adiabatic, as shown in
Figure (3). The effects of changes location center (OC) of the
opened cavity depends on the cases considered with Grashof
number, Darcy number, length of the heated wall h and
porosity were investigated. The results appear that Nusselt
number was an increasing function of the Rayleigh number
so, Nusselt number increases with increasing of porosity and
heater length. Higher Nusselt number was observed for OC
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=0.75 at low porosity values but Nusselt number was
increased for OC =0.25 at higher values of porosity.
Figure 3: Definition of physical model with coordinates [17]
Basak et al. [18] studied numerically free convection flows in
a square cavity filled with a fluid saturated porous medium,
with uniformly and non-uniformly heated bottom wall, and
adiabatic top wall, keeping constant temperature of cold
vertical walls, as shown in Figure (4). Darcy-Forchheimer
model was used to simulate the momentum transfer in the
porous medium. The effect of Rayleigh number, Darcy
number, and Prandtl number with respect to continuous and
discontinuous thermal boundary conditions were
investigated. The results appear that the thermal boundary
layer is developed approximately 75% within the cavity for
uniform heating whereas the boundary layer is approximately
60% for non-uniform heating.
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of the physical system [18]
Varol et al. [19] studied numerically free convection in
diagonally divided square enclosures filled with porous
media. Vertical walls were kept at isothermal conditions,
while horizontal walls were insulated, as shown in Figure (5).
The effects of the Rayleigh number, thermal conductivity
ratio and position of the divided plate inside the cavity (Case
I 45ο
, and Case II 135ο
) were investigated. The results appear
that, Nusselt number was attenuated when the plate was
positioned at 45ο
; the Nusselt number was less than when it
was at 135ο
.
Figure 5: Physical model: (a) Case I, (b) Case II [19]
Varol [20] studied numerically free convection in partially
divided porous trapezoidal cavity. Bottom wall was non-
uniformly heated while two vertical walls were insulated and
the top wall was maintained at constant cold temperature, as
shown in Figure (6). The effect of Rayleigh number,
thickness of the horizontal partition, location of the
horizontal partition, and thermal conductivity ratio were
investigated. The results appear that, the Nusselt number
decreases with increasing of partition thickness due to
domination of conduction mode of heat transfer.
Figure 6: Physical model for a trapezoidal enclosure [20]
Haghshenas et al. [21] studied free convection in an open-
ended cavity with and without porous medium. Left wall was
at a constant temperature and the right side was open. The
horizontal walls were adiabatic, as shown in Figure (7). The
effect of Rayleigh number and porosity were investigated.
The results appear that heat transfer increased with Rayleigh
number and porosity increasing.
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Figure 7: Schematic illustration of the problem under
consideration [21]
Wang et al. [22] studied numerically unsteady three-
dimensional cubic cavity was filled with a fluid saturated
porous medium, as shown in Figure (8). The effects of
inclination angles (α1, α2) and temperature oscillation
frequency (f) on the convection characteristics with different
Rayleigh number were investigated. The results appear that,
the maximal heat fluxes in the porous cavity were finally
obtained at the optimal frequencies of f = 35 with Rayleigh
number = 106
and f = 40 with Rayleigh number =107
.
Figure 8: Physical models [22]
Varol et al. [23] studied numerically two-dimensional free
convection heat transfer in inclined isosceles triangular
enclosure filled with a fluid saturated porous medium along
with the coordinates and boundary conditions. Non-
isothermal boundary conditions were applied to the long side
of the isosceles triangular enclosure and other two boundaries
were adiabatic, as shown in Figure (9). The effects of
Rayleigh numbers and inclination angle were investigated.
The result appear that Nusselt number increase with
increasing of Rayleigh number and Heat losses were
increased with increasing of inclination angle and local
Nusselt numbers were symmetric for angle 180 ο
and angle
0ο
.
Figure 9: Physical model: (a) schematically configuration with
boundary conditions and coordinates; (b) grid
distribution [23]
Varol et al. [24] studied numerically free convection heat
transfer and fluid flow in porous triangular enclosures with
vertical solid adiabatic thin fin attached on the bottom wall.
The vertical wall of the enclosure is insulated while the
bottom and the inclined walls are isothermal. The
temperature of the bottom wall is higher than the temperature
of the inclined wall, as shown in Figure (10). The effects of
Rayleigh numbers, aspect ratio of the enclosure and fin
height were investigated. The results appear that Nusselt
number is an increasing function of Rayleigh number but it
can be constant at very small Rayleigh numbers due to
domination of quasi-conductive heat transfer regime, also
Nusselt number decreases with the increasing aspect ratio
and dimensionless fin height.
Figure 10: Geometry of triangular enclosure with fin
attached on the bottom, coordinate system and boundary
conditions [24]
Leong and Lai [25] studied mathematically the effects of
Rayleigh number, porous sleeve thickness, Darcy number,
and the effective thermal conductivity ratio (k1/k2) on the
flow and temperature fields in a concentric annulus with a
porous sleeve. The porous sleeve was press-fitted to the inner
surface of the outer cylinder. Both the inner and outer
cylinders were kept at constant temperatures with the inner
surface at a slightly higher temperature than that of the outer,
as shown in Figure (11). Among the parameters considered,
Rayleigh number signifies the thermal buoyancy induced by
the differential heating between the inner and outer cylinders.
The results appear that the effects of thermal conductivity
ratio on the temperature gradients lead to a reduction of the
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heat transfer with thermal conductivity ratio. Other than the
thermal conductivity ratio, a thinner porous sleeve will also
lead to a larger heat transfer.
Figure 11: A concentric annulus with a porous sleeve subject to
differential heating from the inner and outer wall
(TH > TL) [25]
Sathiyamoorthy et al. [26] studied numerically natural
convective flow in a square cavity filled with a fluid saturated
porous medium. The bottom wall was uniformly heated, left
vertical wall was linearly heated and the right vertical wall
was heated linearly or cooled while top wall was well
insulated, as shown in Figure (12). The effects of Rayleigh
number, Darcy number, and Prandtl number with respect to
continuous and discontinuous thermal boundary conditions
were investigated. The results appear that heat transfer
increases with increased of Darcy number and Rayleigh
number.
Figure 12: Schematic diagram of the physical system [26]
5.2 Forced Convection
Forced convection is type of heat transport in which fluid
motion is generated by an external source like a (pump, fan,
suction device, etc.). It should be considered as one of the
main methods of useful heat transfer as significant amounts
of heat energy can be transported very efficiently. In this
context, forced convection heat transfer in porous media are
actively under investigation. Porous media effects on forced
convection received a great deal of attention in recent years,
because found very commonly in everyday life, such as steam
coil air heater, water treatment filter, heat exchangers…. Etc.
Comprehensive literature survey concerned with this subject
is given by:
Wu and Wang [27] studied a numerically two-dimensional
unsteady state forced convection heat transfer and laminar,
incompressible flow across a porous square cylinder with a
uniform heat generation mounted on the non-permeable
cylinder bottom surface in the middle of the channel. Darcy-
Brinkman-Forchheimer model was adopted for the porous
region. The top and bottom walls of the channel were
assumed to be adiabatic, as shown in Figure (13). The effects
of Reynolds number, porosity, Darcy number and cylinder-
to-channel height ratio B/H were investigated. The results
appear that heat transfer increased with Reynolds number,
Darcy number and porosity increasing.
Figure 13: Schematic of the physical domain [27]
Jeng [28] studied two-dimensional numerically forced
convection heat transfer in porous model for the square pin-
fin heat sink situated in a rectangular channel with laminar
side-bypass flow as shown in Figure (14). The effects of
various width (W) and two equal-spacing bypass passages
beside the heat sink, so the pin-fin arrays with various
porosities and numbers of pin-fins, within a square spreader
whose side length were investigated. The results appear that,
In the case of the system with bypass flow, larger porosity
promotes the total heat transfer, especially for the system
with larger W/L value. But when the system has no bypass
flow, the heat sink with same numbers of pin-fins value and
various e will have the similar the average Nusselt number.
The average Nusselt number decrease as the W/L value
increase or the numbers of pin-fins value decrease, so the
dimensionless pressure drop through the pin-fin heat sink
increase when the numbers of pin-fins value increase, or
when the porosity or W/L decrease.
Figure 14: Physical model: (a) the typical flow field.
(b) Physical configuration (c) Computational
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Configuration
Zehforoosh and Hossainpour [29] studied numerically two
dimensional, single phase, incompressible, steady, and
laminar forced convection heat transfer in a partially porous
channel, with four dissimilar porous-blocks, attached to the
strip heat sources at the bottom wall, as shown in Figure (15).
The effects of variations of different parameters such as
porous blocks Darcy numbers, arrangements of dissimilar
blocks, Forchheimer coefficient, Reynolds number, thermal
conductivity and Prandtl number were investigated. The
results appear that when the blocks sorted from the lowest
Darcy numbers in first block up to highest in fourth. The
Nusselt number enhancement was almost the same as in the
similar porous channel (Nu/Nusimilar=92%), while the total
pressure drop was considerably lower (P/Psimilar= 28%).
Figure 15: Schematic of channel geometry [29]
Li et al. [30] studied numerically laminar fluid flow and
forced convection heat transfer characteristics in a channel
with staggered porous blocks. The fluid flows into the
channel at lower temperature, so the temperatures of two
walls for channel were higher, as shown in Figure (16). The
effects of Darcy number, Reynolds number, porous block
height and width, the thermal conductivity ratio and the
associated local heat transfer in channel with staggered
porous blocks were studied. The results appear that heat
transfer was significantly enhanced with the decrease of
Darcy number at the expense of high pressure drop. When
increased the thermal conductivity ratio between the porous
blocks and fluid, the heat transfer at the locations of the
porous blocks can be greatly increased.
Figure 16: Schematic diagram of the parallel plate channel
with (a) porous and open layers (b) staggered porous blocks
[30]
Alkam et al. [31] studied numerically transient forced
convection heat transfer in the developing region of parallel-
plate ducts was investigated. A high-thermal conductivity
porous substrate was attached to the inner wall of one plate in
order to enhance the heat transfer characteristics of the flow
under consideration. A porous insert of prescribed thickness
was deposited at the inner wall of the lower plate, as shown
in Figure (17).The effects of porous layer thickness; Darcy
number, thermal conductivity ratio, and microscopic inertial
coefficient on the thermal performance of the system were
investigated. The results appear that Nusselt number can be
enhanced using higher thermal conduction ratio, decreasing
Darcy number, and increasing microscopic inertial
coefficient.
Figure 17: A schematic diagram of the problem under
consideration [31]
Tzeng and Jeng [32] studied experimentally the forced
convective heat transfer and pressure drop in porous channels
with 90-deg turned flow and isoflux heating on the bottom
wall, as shown in Figure (18). Experimental study setup was
comprised of three parts, a wind tunnel, a porous medium test
section and a data acquisition system. The effects of the ratio
of the entry width to the porous sink height (Wj/H), the pore
density of the aluminium foam (PPI, pore per inch) and the
Reynolds number (Re) were investigated. The results appear
that, increasing Reynolds number increases Nusselt number
and that the effects of the pore density of the aluminium foam
(PPI) and the ratio of the entry width to the porous sink
height (Wj/H) on Nusselt number were negligible.
Figure 18: Experimental apparatus. (a) Flow channel with
straight flow and (b). Flow channel with 90-deg turned flow
[32]
Jiang et al. [33] studied experimentally forced convection
heat transfer of water and air in sintered porous plate
channels. The water system included a water tank, a pump, a
constant water head tank, a test section, a heat exchanger, a
data acquisition system (Keithley 2000), pressure gauges,
thermocouples and an electrical power input and
measurement system and The air system included a
compressor, a test section, two volumetric flow meters, a data
acquisition system (Keithley 2700), pressure gauges,
thermocouples and an electrical power input and
measurement system, as shown in Figure (19). The effects of
fluid velocity, particle diameter, type of porous media
(sintered or non-sintered), and fluid properties on the
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convection heat transfer and heat transfer enhancement were
investigated. The result appear that The heat transfer
enhancement due to the sintered porous media with air
increased sharply with increasing flow rate, while the heat
transfer enhancement due to the sintered porous media with
water increased gradually with increasing flow rate, so the
particle diameter had little effect on the convection heat
transfer in sintered porous media. The convection heat
transfer in the sintered porous plate channels was higher than
in non-sintered porous plate channels.
Figure 19: Experimental apparatus and test section and
schematic diagram of the physical system [33]
Saito and Lemos [34] studied numerically forced convection
heat transfer with constant wall temperature in a porous
channel, as shown in Figure (20). The effects Reynolds
number, porosity, particle size and solid-to-fluid thermal
conductivity ratio on Nusselt number were investigated. The
results appear that high Reynolds number, low porosities,
low particle diameters and low thermal conductivity ratio,
eventually leading to higher values of Nusselt number.
Figure 20: Geometry under investigation and coordinate
system [34]
Jen and Yan [35] studied numerically three-dimensional fluid
flow and forced convection heat transfer in a channel with
constant wall temperature partially filled with porous
medium, as shown in Figure (21). The effects of Reynolds
number, porous media ratio, on the velocity fields,
temperature distributions, friction factors and Nusselt
numbers were investigated. The results appear that there
exists one pair of strong counter- rotating secondary flow
vortices in the channel cross-section in the entrance flow
region. These vortices greatly alter the axial velocity profiles
and the temperature distributions in the composite square
channel. It was found that as the porous ratio, increases, the
flow velocity in fluid layer was increased, and friction factor
and Nusselt number were increased.
Figure 21: The model geometry [35]
Shokouhmand and Salimpour [36] studied numerically the
effect of porous insert position on enhanced heat transfer in a
parallel-plate channel partially filled with a fluid-saturated
porous medium. The walls of the channel were subject to a
uniform constant temperature. The flow field and thermal
performance of the channel were investigated and compared
for two configurations: first the porous insert was attached to
the channel walls, and second the same amount of the porous
material was positioned in the channel core, as shown in
Figure (22). The effects of porous media thickness, Darcy
number, and thermal conductivity ratio between porous
media and fluid were investigated and compared for both
cases. The results appear that with a porous layer located in
the channel core, pressure loss was higher than that of the
case with porous medium adjacent to the walls. When the
thermal conductivity and Darcy number of porous media
were high, locating the inserts near the walls was superior. In
lower Darcy numbers, inserting porous layer in the channel
core results in higher Nusselt numbers.
Figure 22: Schematic of the problems under consideration,
a) channel with porous insert attached to its walls, b) channel
with porous insert positioned in its core [36]
5.3 Mixed convection
The two types of convection heat transfer, forced and natural,
often occur at the same time, where the heat is causing the
fluid to move somewhat, but it is also moving because of
some other force. In this case, it is referred to as mixed
convection.
Guerroudj and Kahalerras [37] studied numerically steady
state two-dimensional laminar mixed convective heat transfer
parallel plate channel provided with porous blocks of various
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shapes, the upper plate was thermally insulated while the
blocks heated from below, were attached on the lower plate.
The length behind the last block was chosen high enough so
that fully developed conditions at the exit. The considered
shapes vary from the rectangular shape (γ= 90º) to the
triangular shape (γ= 50.1944º), as shown in Figure (23). The
effects of mixed convection parameter (Gr/Re2
), Darcy
number, porous blocks height, Reynolds number and thermal
conductivity ratio were investigated. The shape of the blocks
varies from the rectangular shape to the triangular shape
without changing the geometrical dimensions Hp and W, but
their volume was variable. The results appear that the global
Nusselt number increases with the mixed convection
parameter Gr/Re2
, especially at small permeability and for
the triangular shape, the Reynolds number and the thermal
conductivity ratio. The triangular shape leads to the highest
rates of heat transfer at small values of Darcy number,
Reynolds number, porous blocks height and thermal
conductivity ratio. At high values of these parameters, the
rectangular shape becomes the optimal shape. Inserting
intermittently porous blocks has the effect of increasing the
pressure drop in the channel. This augmentation was more
important at low Darcy number, at high blocks height and for
the rectangular shape.
Figure 23: Schematic of the physical domain [37]
Kurtbas and Celik [38] studied experimentally the mixed
convective heat transfer analysis and fluid flow through a
horizontal aluminium foam plate in rectangular channel with
different pore densities. The channel was heated by uniform
heat flux on the top and bottom sides of the channel, the
effects of Richardson number and Reynolds number with
laminar and turbulent flow were considered as flow regions.
Three different aspect ratios (AR) were tested. The results
appear that, Average Nusselt number increases proportional
to the pore density, so increases very rapidly with respect to a
critic value of Reynolds number. For high values of Grashof
number and Reynolds number, local Nusselt number also
increases to high levels. For aspect ratios < 1, at the point
where the metal foam ends, the local Nusselt number sharply
decreases.
Sivasamy et al. [39] studied two-dimensional unsteady flow
numerical investigation of mixed convection on jet
impingement cooling of a constant heat flux horizontal
surface immersed in a confined, as shown in Figure (24).
Porous channel was performed under mixed convection
conditions, and the Darcian and non-Darcian effects were
evaluated. The effects of Reynolds number, modified
Grashof number, half jet width, Darcy number, and the
distance between the jet and the heated portion H were
investigated .The results appear that the low values of
Reynolds number at increasing the modified Grashof number
increases the average Nusselt number, and the increase
become less significant when Reynolds number increase to
high value. Increase in the value of jet width results in higher
average Nusselt number for high values of Reynolds number.
The average Nusselt number decreases with the increase in
Darcy number for the non-Darcy regime when Reynolds
number was low (Re< 23). When Reynolds number was high,
the average Nusselt number increases with the increase in
Darcy number for the non-Darcy regime.
Figure 24: Schematic diagram of the physical model and
coordinate system [39]
Ahmed et al. [40] studied numerically mixed convection heat
transfer in a vertical annular cylinder saturated with porous
media by using thermal non-equilibrium approach. The inner
wall of the annulus cylinder was heated to the constant
temperature Tw whereas the outer wall was maintained at the
constant temperature T1, such that Tw > T1. The effects of
Péclet number, interphase heat transfer co-efficient and
thermal conductivity ratio on the Nusselt number for fluid
and solid were investigated. The results appear that, the
Nusselt number for fluid remains constant with change in
thermal conductivity ratio in the case of aiding flow. As
Péclet number increases, Nusselt number for fluid decreases
slightly and Nusselt number for solid increases with increase
in thermal conductivity ratio. The effect of interphase heat
transfer co-efficient was dissimilar for Nusselt number for
fluid and Nusselt number for solid; for a given value of
Péclet number, the heat transfer rate in fluid decreases with
increase in the interphase heat transfer co-efficient whereas
the heat transfer rate for solid and total Nusselt number
increases with increase in interphase heat transfer co-
efficient. The influence of the aspect ratio on Nusselt number
for fluid number and Nusselt number for solid was found to
have differing trends, as the heat transfer rate increases
slightly for solid while it was negligible for fluid. In case of
opposing flow it was found that the heat transfer rate
increases with increase in Péclet number.
Tzeng et al. [41] studied experimentally mixed convective
heat-transfers in a rectangular porous channel with sintered
copper beads. The experimental system mainly comprises
four parts: air-supply system, test section including heater to
heated air, porous medium and data-collection system, as
shown in Figure (25). The effect of the average particle size
of the sintered porous shot-copper, porosity with varies
Reynolds number and heat fluxes were investigated. The
results appear that, fixed porosity, higher flow rate causes an
increase in the efficiency of the heat exchange between the
fluid and the solid phases for the heat sink. When the sintered
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porous medium porosity decreases, specific contact surface
of the fluid increases.
Figure 25: Experimental apparatus [41]
6. Studies in Convection Heat Transfer and
Fluid Flow in Porous Media with Nanofluid
Conventional heat transfer liquids have low thermal
conductivity, but nanofluids that contains mixtures of base
fluid with a very small amount of nanoparticles, have very
high thermal conductivities [3]. Porous material with
nanofluid exhibit enhanced effective thermal conductivity
and convective heat transfer coefficients compared with base
fluid only. Nanofluids contain base fluid such as water,
engine oil (EO), acetone, ethylene glycol (EG) …etc. [42],so
nanoparticle materials [43] such as, oxide ceramics,
aluminium oxide (Al2O3), copper oxide (CuO), nitride
ceramics, (AlN, SiN), carbide ceramics (SiC, TiC), metals
(silver Ag, gold Au, copper Cu, and iron Fe), semiconductors
(TiO2), silica dioxide (SiO2), single, double, or multi-walled
carbon nanotubes (SWCNT, DWCNT, MWCNT) and
composite materials such as nanoparticle core-polymer shell
composites.
Volume fraction for nanofluid it is defined as the volume
of a constituent divided by the volume of all constituents of
the mixture prior to mixing [44], so effective thermal
conductivity of nanofluid increases with increasing volume
fraction of nanoparticles [45].
Brownian motion in nanofluid it is defined as the random
movement of particles. It is one of the key heat transfer
mechanisms in nanofluids [46, 47], so thermophoresis in
nanofluid It is defined as a migration the molecules from
warmer areas to cooler areas [48, 49].
6.1 Natural convection
Sun and Pop [50] studied numerically steady-state free
convection heat transfer behavior of water-based nanofluid
inside a right-angle triangular enclosure filled with a porous
medium. The flush mounted heater with finite size was
placed on the left vertical wall. The temperature of the
inclined wall was lower than the heater, and the rest of walls
were adiabatic, as shown in Figure (26). Investigations with
three types of nanofluids (Three different types of
nanoparticles were considered, namely Cu, Al2O3 and TiO2)
were made for different values of Rayleigh number, size of
heater Ht , position of heater Yp, enclosure aspect ratio and
solid volume fraction parameter of nanofluids . The results
appear that, the maximum value of the average Nusselt
number can be achieved for the highest Rayleigh number, the
largest heater size. Among the three types of nanofluids, the
highest value of the average Nusselt number was obtained
when using Copper (Cu) nanoparticles. When the Rayleigh
number was low, increasing the value of the solid volume
fraction parameter of nanofluids can improve the value of the
average Nusselt number, while if Rayleigh number was high,
elevating the solid volume fraction parameter of nanofluids
reduces the value of the average Nusselt number.
Figure 26: Sketch of the physical model [50]
Chamkha et al. [51] studied numerically non-similar solution
for natural convective boundary layer flow over isothermal
sphere embedded in porous medium saturated with a
nanofluid, as shown in Figure (27). The effects buoyancy
ratio parameter, Brownian motion parameter, thermophoresis
parameter, and Lewis number on friction factor, surface heat
transfer rate, and mass transfer rate were investigated. The
results appear that, as Buoyancy Ratio and Thermophoresis
parameter increase, the friction factor increases, whereas the
heat transfer rate and mass transfer rate decrease. As
Brownian motion parameter increases, the friction factor and
surface mass transfer rates increase, whereas the surface heat
transfer rate decreases. As Lewis number increases, the heat
and mass transfer rates increase.
Figure 27: Schematic diagram of the physical model [51]
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Bhadauria and Agarwal [52] studied analytically convective
transport in a nanofluid heated from below and cooled from
above saturated horizontal porous layer with thermal non-
equilibrium model. The effects of local thermal non-
equilibrium on linear and non-linear thermal instability in a
horizontal porous medium saturated by a nanofluid were
investigated. The results appear that the effect of
Concentration Rayleigh number, Lewis number, Darcy
number, Porosity was to stabilize the system. On increasing
the value of thermal Rayleigh number, the rate of mass and
heat transfer was increased.
Hady et al. [53] studied numerically Influence of yield stress
on free convective boundary-layer flow of a non-Newtonian
nanofluid past a vertical plate in a porous medium. The
effects of yield stress parameter, a power law index, Lewis
number, buoyancy-ratio number, Brownian motion number
and a thermophoresis number were investigated. The results
indicate that as increases, the velocity distribution, Nusselt
number and Sherwood number increase, while the velocity,
the Nusselt number and Sherwood number increase with
Power index of non-Newtonian fluid and Lewis number
increase. As buoyancy ratio and thermophoresis parameter
increase, the Nusselt number and Sherwood number
decrease, whereas the surface mass transfer rate increases
with increase of Brownian parameter in the opposite Nusselt
number which decreases.
Rashad et al. [54] studied numerically uniform transpiration
velocity on natural convection boundary layer of a non-
Newtonian fluid about a permeable vertical cone embedded
in a porous medium saturated with nanofluid. It assumed that
the cone surface was maintained at a constant temperature Tw
and a constant nanoparticle volume fraction Cw and the
ambient temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction far
away from the surface of the cone T∞ and C∞ were assumed
to be uniform as shown in Figure (28). The effects of the
buoyancy ratio, Brownian motion parameter, thermophoresis
parameter and Lewis number on the local Nusselt and
Sherwood numbers were investigated. The results appear
that buoyancy ratio increases, both the local Nusselt and
Sherwood numbers decreased. So, it was concluded that as
the Brownian motion parameter increased, the local Nusselt
number decreased while the local Sherwood number
increased. However, they decreased as the thermophoresis
parameter increased. Also, increasing the Lewis number
produced increases in both of the local Nusselt and Sherwood
numbers.
Figure 28: Flow model and physical coordinate system.[54]
Cheng [55] studied numerically natural convection boundary
layer flow over a truncated cone in a porous medium
saturated by a nanofluid with constant wall temperature and
constant wall nanoparticle volume fraction, as shown in
Figure (29). The effects of the Brownian motion parameter
and thermophoresis parameter and Lewis number, and
buoyancy ratio on the temperature, nanoparticle volume
fraction, velocity profiles and local Nusselt number were
investigated. The results appear that an increase in the
thermophoresis parameter or the Brownian parameter tends
to decrease the local Nusselt number. So, the local Nusselt
number increases as the buoyancy ratio or the Lewis number
was decreased.
Figure 29: Flow model and physical coordinate system [55]
Hady et al. [56] studied numerically effect of heat generation
absorption on natural convective boundary layer flow from a
vertical cone embedded in a porous medium filled with a
non-Newtonian nanofluid. The temperature of the porous
medium on the surface of the cone was kept at constant
temperature Tw, and the ambient porous medium temperature
was held at constant temperature T∞, as shown in Figure (30).
The effects of the solid volume fraction of nanoparticles and
the type of nanofluid on the flow and heat transfer rate in
terms of Nusselt number were investigated. The results
appear that local Nusselt number decreased as the heat
generation absorption parameter increased. so, the local
Nusselt number was predicted to decrease as a result of
increasing either of the values of the nanoparticles volume
fraction for the study four types of nanofluids: Copper (Cu),
Silver (Ag), Alumina (Al2O3) and Titanium oxide (TiO2).
Figure 30: Flow model and physical coordinate system [56]
Mahdy and Ahmed [57] studied numerically two-dimensional
steady free convection over a vertical wavy surface
embedded in a porous medium saturated with a nanofluid.
The wavy surface profile was given
by: , Where a is the amplitude of
the wavy surface and 2 is the characteristic length of the
wavy surface, as shown in Figure (31). The effects of
Brownian motion, wave-length ratio and thermophoresis on
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11. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 2 Issue 8, August 2013
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heat and mass transfer rates were investigated. The results
appear that as the amplitude wave-length ratio increases the
amplitude of local Nusselt number and local Sherwood
number. The heat and mass transfer rates decreases by
increasing buoyancy ratio number, thermophoresis
parameter, Brownian motion parameter. As the Lewis
number increases, the concentration boundary layer thickness
decreases, whereas the local Sherwood number increases.
Figure 31: Flow model and physical coordinate system [57]
6.2 Forced convection
Ghazvini and Shokouhmand [58] studied analytically and
numerically forced convection flow CuO/water nanofluids
with 0-4% volume fraction of nanoparticles as coolant
through a microchannel heat sink with constant heat flux
under the bottom of the heat sink so top cover was insulated
as shown in Figure (32). Two common analytical approaches
were used: the fin model and the porous media approach. The
effects of particle volume fraction and Brownian-Reynolds
number channel aspect ratios and porosities on temperature
distribution and overall heat transfer coefficient were
investigated. The results appear that fin approach exhibits a
bigger value for both dimensionless temperature for
nanofluid and dimensionless temperature for solid than
porous media approach. Both fin and porous media
approaches, an increase in bulk temperature, channel aspect
ratios leads to particle speed and Brownian motion increase
and due to that, a better heat transport would be possible, so
an increase in porosity leads to an increase in dimensionless
temperature in both approaches.
Figure 32: Schematic diagram of the physical model [58]
Chen and Ding [59] studied numerically forced convection
heat transfer in a microchannel heat sink with pure water and
water-based nanofluids containing Al2O3 nanoparticles were
investigated by modelling the microchannel as a fluid-
saturated porous medium. The fluid flow was described by
the Forchheimer Brinkman extended Darcy model and the
two-equation model with thermal dispersion was used for
heat transfer between the solid (fin) and fluid phases. Heat
was removed primarily by conduction through the solid and
then dissipated away by convection of the cooling fluid in the
microchannel, as shown in Figure (33). The effects of the
inertial force term on the heat transfer characteristics and the
microchannel heat sink performance were investigated. The
thermal resistance for higher volume flow rates when the
suitable values of inertial force were applied, that was,
inertial force =0.3 for nanoparticle volume fraction =1% and
inertial force =0.1 for nanoparticle volume fraction = 2%.
Figure 33: Schematic diagram of the physical model [59]
6.3 Mixed Convection
Nazar et al. [60] studied numerically steady laminar mixed
convection boundary layer flow over an isothermal horizontal
cylinder embedded in a porous medium filled with a
nanofluid for both cases of a heated and cooled cylinder. The
effects of the mixed convection parameter, the type of
nanoparticles Cu, Al2O3, TiO2, and the nanoparticle volume
fraction on the flow and heat transfer characteristics were
investigated. The result appear that an increase in the value
of the nanoparticle volume fraction led to a decrease in the
magnitude of the skin friction coefficient, and an increase in
the value of mixed convection parameter, so the
nanoparticles Cu has the highest value of the skin friction
coefficient compared to the nanoparticles Alumina (Al2O3)
and Titanium oxide (TiO2).
Cimpean and Pop [61] studied numerically steady fully
developed mixed convection flow of a nanofluid in a channel
filled with a porous medium. The walls of the channel were
heated by a uniform heat flux and a constant flow rate was
considered through the channel. The effects of the mixed
convection parameter, the Péclet number, the inclination
angle of the channel to the horizontal and the nanoparticle
volume fraction with three different nanofluids as Cu-water,
Al2O3-water and TiO2-water were investigated. The results
appear that, the nanofluid increase the heat transfer, even for
small additions of nanoparticles in the base water fluid.
Gorla et al. [62] Studied numerically two-dimensional mixed
convective boundary layer flow over a vertical wedge
embedded in a porous medium saturated with a nanofluid.
The co-ordinate system was selected such that x-axis was
aligned with slant surface of the wedge, as shown in Figure
(34). The effects of buoyancy ratio parameter, Brownian
motion parameter, thermophoresis parameter, and Lewis
number were investigated. The results indicate that as
buoyancy ratio parameter and thermophoresis parameter
increase, the friction factor increases, whereas the heat
transfer rate and mass transfer rate decrease. As Brownian
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12. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
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motion parameter increases, the friction factor and surface
mass transfer rates increase, whereas the surface heat transfer
rate decreases. As Lewis number increases, the heat transfer
rate decreases, whereas the mass transfer rate increases. As
the wedge angle increases, the heat and mass transfer rates
increase.
Figure 34: Flow model and physical coordinate system [62]
7. Conclusion
Evidently, porous media with and without nanofluids have
great potential for heat transfer enhancement and highly
suited to application in practical heat transfer processes. This
offers an opportunity for engineers to develop highly
compact and effective heat transfer equipment. In this article,
a comprehensive review of previous efforts is presented for
different convective flow regimes and heat transfer through
porous media with and without nanofluid. The effects of
several Parameters in porous media geometry and nanofluid
properties, thermal boundary conditions, and types of fluids
were investigated. Previous studies have shown that the
convection heat transfer increased with porous media
because of its thermal conductivity and thus improve the
effective thermal conductivity, leading to a significant
increase in convection heat transfer coefficient. Also
previous studies have shown that the convection heat transfer
increased with porous media fill with nanofluids that has high
thermal conductivity, and depend this increasing on the
nanofluid type.
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