This document summarizes a research article that analyzes the stability of a horizontal porous layer saturated with a viscoelastic nanofluid when the boundaries are subjected to periodic temperature modulation. The analysis uses the Darcy-Brinkman-Oldroyd-B fluid model and considers infinitesimal disturbances. Three cases of oscillatory temperature fields are examined: symmetric modulation, asymmetric modulation, and modulation of only the bottom wall. A perturbation solution is obtained and the effect of modulation frequency on stability is shown. The stability is characterized by a correction Rayleigh number calculated as a function of various parameters representing viscoelasticity, concentration, porosity, heat capacity, and modulation frequency. Modulation is found to generally have a destabilizing
MHD Chemically Reacting and Radiating Nanofluid Flow over a Vertical Cone Emb...IJLT EMAS
In this study, we examine the combined effects of
thermal radiation, chemical reaction on MHD hydromagnetic
boundary layer flow over a vertical cone filled with nanofluid
saturated porous medium under variable properties. The
governing flow, heat and mass transfer equations are
transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity
variables and are solved numerically by a Galerkin Finite
element method. Numerical results are obtained for
dimensionless velocity, temperature, nanoparticle volume
fraction, as well as the skin friction, local Nusselt and Sherwood
number for the different values of the pertinent parameters
entered into the problem. The effects of various controlling
parameters on these quantities are investigated. Pertinent
results are presented graphically and discussed quantitatively.
The present results are compared with existing results and found
to be good agreement. It is found that the temperature of the
fluid remarkably enhances with the rising values of Brownian
motion parameter (Nb).
1. article in mathematical problems in engineering 2020MohamedSANNAD2
This document summarizes a numerical study that simulated natural convection heat transfer in a cubical cavity filled with nanofluids. The cavity is heated by a partition maintained at a hot temperature, while the right and left walls are kept at a cold temperature and the rest are adiabatic. Results show that increasing the Rayleigh number, volume fraction of nanoparticles, and size of the heating partition all improve heat transfer. Copper-based nanofluids provided the best thermal transfer. The study analyzes temperature, velocity and heat transfer to understand how nanofluids affect natural convection in 3D enclosures.
Study on Thermal and Hydrodynamic Indexes of a Nanofluid Flow in a Micro Heat...A Behzadmehr
The paper numerically presents laminar forced convection of a nanofluid flowing in a duct at microscale.
Results were compared with both analytical and experimental data and observed good concordance with
previous studies available in the literature. Influences of Brinkman and Reynolds number on thermal and
hydrodynamic indexes have been investigated. For a given nanofluid, no change in efficiency (heat dissipation
to pumping power) was observed with an increasing in Reynolds number. It was shown that the pressure was
decrease with an increase in Brinkman number. Dependency of Nu increment changes with substrate material.
This article presents a numerical investigation of heat transfer performance and pressure drop of nanofluids flowing under laminar flow conditions. Various nanoparticles including Al2O3, CuO, carbon nanotube and titanate nanotube dispersed in water and ethylene glycol/water were simulated. A single-phase model was used to predict the effects of parameters such as particle concentration, diameter, Brownian motion, Reynolds number, nanoparticle type and base fluid on heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. The results indicated that particle concentration, Brownian motion and aspect ratio increased heat transfer, while particle diameter decreased it. The study provides considerations for choosing appropriate nanofluids for applications.
Moving Lids Direction Effects on MHD Mixed Convection in a Two-Sided Lid-Driv...A Behzadmehr
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection flow of Cu–water nanofluid inside a two-sided lid-driven square enclosure with adiabatic horizontal walls and differentially heated sidewalls has been investigated numerically. The effects of moving lids direction, variations of Richardson number, Hartmann number, and volume fraction of nanoparticles on flow and temperature fields have been studied. The obtained results show that for a constant Grashof number (), the rate of heat transfer increases with a decrease in the Richardson and Hartmann numbers. Furthermore, an increase of the volume fraction of nanoparticles may result in enhancement or deterioration of the heat transfer performance depending on the value of the Hartmann and Richardson numbers and the configuration of the moving lids. Also, it is found that in the presence of magnetic field, the nanoparticles have their maximum positive effect when the top lid moves rightward and the bottom one moves leftward.
article motion near the wall of a fluidized bed at elevated pressureIgor Sidorenko
1. The document studies the effect of operating pressure on particle motion near the wall in a fluidized bed. Luminescent pigment was used to illuminate particle clusters and their movement was analyzed using digital imaging.
2. Preliminary experiments showed particle residence time at the wall decreases with increasing fluidization velocity. Further experiments analyzed particle motion at similar fluidization velocities but varying operating pressure.
3. The results indicate operating pressure has some influence on particle motion for Geldart A particles near the wall, with higher pressures resulting in faster particle exchange and shorter residence times, as seen through the decay and shifting of illuminated particle clusters along the wall over time.
The document summarizes a presentation on convection heat transfer in nanofluids. It discusses nanofluid preparation techniques, heat transfer mechanisms like Brownian motion, clustering, and the effect of parameters like volume concentration on thermal conductivity and viscosity. It also reviews an experimental case study that investigated the density, viscosity, thermal conductivity and heat transfer capacity of aluminum oxide nanofluids and found linear relationships between these properties and nanoparticle concentration.
Experimental investigation on thermo physical properties of single walled car...Sabiha Akter Monny
This document experimentally investigates the thermo physical properties of single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) nanofluids. Stable SWCNT nanofluids were prepared with concentrations of 0.05-0.25% volume using sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant. Thermal conductivity was measured to increase from 0.615-0.892 W/m K, viscosity increased from 0.67-1.28 mPa s, and specific heat increased from 2.97-3.90 kJ/kg °C as temperature and concentration increased. The maximum 36.39% enhancement in thermal conductivity over water was observed at 0.25% concentration and 60°C. Viscosity exhibited
MHD Chemically Reacting and Radiating Nanofluid Flow over a Vertical Cone Emb...IJLT EMAS
In this study, we examine the combined effects of
thermal radiation, chemical reaction on MHD hydromagnetic
boundary layer flow over a vertical cone filled with nanofluid
saturated porous medium under variable properties. The
governing flow, heat and mass transfer equations are
transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity
variables and are solved numerically by a Galerkin Finite
element method. Numerical results are obtained for
dimensionless velocity, temperature, nanoparticle volume
fraction, as well as the skin friction, local Nusselt and Sherwood
number for the different values of the pertinent parameters
entered into the problem. The effects of various controlling
parameters on these quantities are investigated. Pertinent
results are presented graphically and discussed quantitatively.
The present results are compared with existing results and found
to be good agreement. It is found that the temperature of the
fluid remarkably enhances with the rising values of Brownian
motion parameter (Nb).
1. article in mathematical problems in engineering 2020MohamedSANNAD2
This document summarizes a numerical study that simulated natural convection heat transfer in a cubical cavity filled with nanofluids. The cavity is heated by a partition maintained at a hot temperature, while the right and left walls are kept at a cold temperature and the rest are adiabatic. Results show that increasing the Rayleigh number, volume fraction of nanoparticles, and size of the heating partition all improve heat transfer. Copper-based nanofluids provided the best thermal transfer. The study analyzes temperature, velocity and heat transfer to understand how nanofluids affect natural convection in 3D enclosures.
Study on Thermal and Hydrodynamic Indexes of a Nanofluid Flow in a Micro Heat...A Behzadmehr
The paper numerically presents laminar forced convection of a nanofluid flowing in a duct at microscale.
Results were compared with both analytical and experimental data and observed good concordance with
previous studies available in the literature. Influences of Brinkman and Reynolds number on thermal and
hydrodynamic indexes have been investigated. For a given nanofluid, no change in efficiency (heat dissipation
to pumping power) was observed with an increasing in Reynolds number. It was shown that the pressure was
decrease with an increase in Brinkman number. Dependency of Nu increment changes with substrate material.
This article presents a numerical investigation of heat transfer performance and pressure drop of nanofluids flowing under laminar flow conditions. Various nanoparticles including Al2O3, CuO, carbon nanotube and titanate nanotube dispersed in water and ethylene glycol/water were simulated. A single-phase model was used to predict the effects of parameters such as particle concentration, diameter, Brownian motion, Reynolds number, nanoparticle type and base fluid on heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. The results indicated that particle concentration, Brownian motion and aspect ratio increased heat transfer, while particle diameter decreased it. The study provides considerations for choosing appropriate nanofluids for applications.
Moving Lids Direction Effects on MHD Mixed Convection in a Two-Sided Lid-Driv...A Behzadmehr
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection flow of Cu–water nanofluid inside a two-sided lid-driven square enclosure with adiabatic horizontal walls and differentially heated sidewalls has been investigated numerically. The effects of moving lids direction, variations of Richardson number, Hartmann number, and volume fraction of nanoparticles on flow and temperature fields have been studied. The obtained results show that for a constant Grashof number (), the rate of heat transfer increases with a decrease in the Richardson and Hartmann numbers. Furthermore, an increase of the volume fraction of nanoparticles may result in enhancement or deterioration of the heat transfer performance depending on the value of the Hartmann and Richardson numbers and the configuration of the moving lids. Also, it is found that in the presence of magnetic field, the nanoparticles have their maximum positive effect when the top lid moves rightward and the bottom one moves leftward.
article motion near the wall of a fluidized bed at elevated pressureIgor Sidorenko
1. The document studies the effect of operating pressure on particle motion near the wall in a fluidized bed. Luminescent pigment was used to illuminate particle clusters and their movement was analyzed using digital imaging.
2. Preliminary experiments showed particle residence time at the wall decreases with increasing fluidization velocity. Further experiments analyzed particle motion at similar fluidization velocities but varying operating pressure.
3. The results indicate operating pressure has some influence on particle motion for Geldart A particles near the wall, with higher pressures resulting in faster particle exchange and shorter residence times, as seen through the decay and shifting of illuminated particle clusters along the wall over time.
The document summarizes a presentation on convection heat transfer in nanofluids. It discusses nanofluid preparation techniques, heat transfer mechanisms like Brownian motion, clustering, and the effect of parameters like volume concentration on thermal conductivity and viscosity. It also reviews an experimental case study that investigated the density, viscosity, thermal conductivity and heat transfer capacity of aluminum oxide nanofluids and found linear relationships between these properties and nanoparticle concentration.
Experimental investigation on thermo physical properties of single walled car...Sabiha Akter Monny
This document experimentally investigates the thermo physical properties of single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) nanofluids. Stable SWCNT nanofluids were prepared with concentrations of 0.05-0.25% volume using sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant. Thermal conductivity was measured to increase from 0.615-0.892 W/m K, viscosity increased from 0.67-1.28 mPa s, and specific heat increased from 2.97-3.90 kJ/kg °C as temperature and concentration increased. The maximum 36.39% enhancement in thermal conductivity over water was observed at 0.25% concentration and 60°C. Viscosity exhibited
Investigation of the Effect of Nanoparticles Mean Diameter on Turbulent Mixed...A Behzadmehr
Abstract
Turbulent mixed convection of a nanofluid (water/Al2O3, Φ=.02) has been studied numerically. Two-phase
mixture model has been used to investigate the effects of nanoparticles mean diameter on the flow parameters. Nanoparticles distribution at the tube cross section shows that the particles are uniformly dispersed. The non-uniformity of the particles distribution occurs in the case of large nanoparticles and/or high value of the Grashof numbers. The study of particle size effect showed that the effective Nusselt number and turbulent intensity increases with the decreased of particle size.
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Preparation of Nanofluid (Al2O3-water) for Energy StorageIOSR Journals
Nanofluids are suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids, a new challenge for thermal sciences providedby nanotechnology. Nanofluids have unique features different from conventional solid-liquid mixtures inwhich mm or μm sized particles of metals and non-metals are dispersed.At this research adding of small weight percent of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) for weight percent of (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4wt.%) to pure water as energy storage in different industrial applications ,which gave us different behavior, adding 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4wt,% gave low temperature gradient than the pure water, while 0.3 wt.% gave greater temperature gradient than pure water which is desired.
An Investigation of effect of Temperature Difference and Initial Moisture Con...ijsrd.com
The study of natural convection involves analysis of surface geometry that is having fluid- saturated porous medium. Various temperature differences are considered between the two isolated walls, while the top wall considered being an adiabatic. CFD tool and mathematical analysis was studied and analyzed to carry out the research. By the help of study, it is analyzed that higher intensity rate of natural convection. The simulation of the various temperatures and initial moisture contents were carried out to determine the effect on the performance of the natural convection. It has been noticed that temperature over the porous medium is uniformly distributed due to conduction, which is little higher in the fluid region. It has been recorded that the high moisture contents at the higher temperature side wall than lower one.
Heat transfer studies were carried out in a laboratory scale gas-solid fluidized bed with 0.1m
ID x 1 m length column, using three sizes of local sand particles of 301, 454, and 560 µm. the bed
region was heated bya horizontal heat transfer probe. It was made of copper rod (15 mm ODx50 mm
long) and insulated at the ends by Teflon. A hole was drilled at the center of the rod to accommodate
a cartridge heater 200 W (6.5 mm OD x 42 mm long). Three bed inventories of sand 1.5 kg, 2.0 kg,
and 2.5 kg, four superficial air velocities of 1.0 m/s, 1.25 m/s, 1.5 m/s, 1.75 m/s were used. Three
heat fluxes of 1698.9, 2928.4, 4675.7 W m-2 were employed. The data obtained showed how the heat
transfer coefficient effected by the above operating parameters. The heat transfer coefficient is
directly proportional with air superficial velocity as well as the bed inventory and heat fluxes but
inversely proportional with sand particles size.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International journal of engineering and mathematical modelling vol2 no3_2015_1IJEMM
A weak nonlinear stability analysis has been performed for an oscillatory mode of convection, heat and mass transports in terms of
Nusselt, Sherwood numbers are derived and evaluated by a non$-$autonomous complex Ginzburg-Landau equation. The porous layer boundaries are heated sinusoidally with time. The basic state temperature is defined in terms of study and oscillatory parts, where study part show nonlinear throughflow effect on the system and time dependant part show modulation effect. The generalized Darcy model is employed for the momentum equation. The disturbances of the flow are expanded in power series of amplitude of modulation, which is assumed to be small and employed using normal mode technics. The effect of vertical throughflow is found to stabilize or destabilize the system depending on its direction. The time relaxation parameter $\lambda_1$ has destabilizing effect, while time retardation parameter $\lambda_2$ has stabilizing effect on the system. Three types of modulations have been analyzed, and found that, OPM, LBMO cases are effective on heat and mass transfer than IPM case. The effects of amplitude and frequency of modulation on heat and mass transports have been analyzed and depicted graphically. The study establishes that the heat and mass transports can be controlled effectively by a mechanism that is external to the system.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FROM CIRCULAR CYL...IAEME Publication
In the present work, the enhancement of natural convection heat transfer utilizing nano fluids as working fluid from horizontal circular cylinder situated in a square enclosure is investigated numerically. Different types of nano particles were tested. The types of the nano fluids are Cu, Al2O3 and TiO3 with water as base fluid. A model is developed to analyze heat transfer performance of nano fluids inside an enclosure taking into account the solid particle dispersionrs on the flow and heat
transfer characteristics.
The document presents a numerical investigation of natural convection heat transfer from a circular cylinder inside a square enclosure using different types of nanofluids. Governing equations for the laminar, steady-state flow and heat transfer are presented. The equations are solved using the vorticity-stream function formulation and finite difference method. Results are obtained for Rayleigh numbers between 104-106, enclosure width to cylinder diameter ratio of 2.5, and nanofluid volume fractions from 0-0.2. Types of nanofluids investigated include water with Cu, Al2O3, and TiO3 nanoparticles. Results show Nusselt number and heat transfer increase with nanofluid volume fraction. Heat transfer is more enhanced at lower Ray
This document summarizes a study that investigates the effect of thermophoresis on unsteady free convective heat and mass transfer in a viscoelastic fluid past a semi-infinite vertical plate. The study uses the Walters-B fluid model to simulate rheological fluids. The dimensionless governing equations are solved using an implicit finite difference scheme. Results show that increasing the thermophoretic parameter decreases velocity and concentration but increases temperature within the boundary layer. Thermophoresis is found to significantly increase the surface mass flux.
This document summarizes a study that investigated heat transfer in a plate heat exchanger using water-based TiO2 nanofluids. Two different weight fractions (0.1% and 0.5%) of TiO2 nanofluids were prepared and their heat transfer performance was experimentally tested in the plate heat exchanger. The results showed that the 0.5% nanofluid provided significant enhancement of the overall heat transfer coefficient at higher Reynolds numbers compared to water, while the 0.1% nanofluid showed a decrease compared to water.
The results show that, with proper selection of physical parameters, significant heat transfer
enhancements and pressure drop reductions can be achieved simultaneously with porous pin fins and
the overall heat transfer performances in porous pin fin channels are much better than those in
traditional solid pin fin channels. The effects of pore density are significant. As PPI increases, the
pressure drops and heat fluxes in porous pin fin channels increase while the overall heat transfer
efficiencies decrease and the maximal overall heat transfer efficiencies are obtained at PPI 20.
Furthermore, the effects of pin fin form are also remarkable. With the same physical parameters, the
overall heat transfer efficiencies in the long elliptic porous pin fin channels are the highest while they
are the lowest in the short elliptic porous pin fin channels
This document summarizes a study on mixed convective heat and mass transfer flow of a visco-elastic fluid over a stretching sheet. The study considers the effects of chemical reaction, temperature gradient dependent heat sink, and magnetic field. The governing equations for momentum, energy and diffusion are presented and non-linear similarity transformations are applied to reduce the equations to an ordinary differential equation system. The system is solved numerically using a Runge-Kutta method with shooting techniques to determine skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number.
Amplitude Effects on Natural Convection in a Porous Enclosure having a Vertic...IOSR Journals
Numerical investigation of unsteady natural convection flow through a fluid-saturated porous
medium in a cubic enclosure which is induced by time-periodic variations in the surface temperature of a
vertical wall was considered. The governing equations were written under the assumption of Darcy-law and
then solved numerically using finite difference method. The problem is analyzed for different values of
amplitude a in the range 0.2 ≤ a ≤ 0.8, the Rayleigh number, Ra=200, Period, τ = 0.01, time, 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.024. It
was found that heat transfer increases with increasing the amplitude. The location of the maximum fluid
temperature moves with time according to the periodically changing heated wall temperature. Two main cells
rotating in opposite direction to each other were observed in the cavity for all values of the parameters
considered. The amplitude of Nusselt number increases with the increase in the oscillating amplitude. All the
results of the problem were presented in graphical form and discussed.
iaetsd Nanofluid heat transfer a reviewIaetsd Iaetsd
This document summarizes research on using nanofluids to enhance heat transfer. Nanofluids are fluids containing nanosized particles that can increase the thermal conductivity of the base fluid. Several studies have found that nanofluids can increase heat transfer rates compared to the base fluid alone. The amount of heat transfer enhancement depends on factors like the nanoparticle material, size, concentration, and whether the fluid flow is laminar or turbulent. Nanofluids show potential for applications like cooling engines, electronics, and nuclear systems. However, issues like long-term stability, increased pumping power needs, and high production costs still need to be addressed for more widespread use of nanofluids in industries.
Numerical study of non darcian natural convection heat transfer in a rectangu...Ahmed Al-Sammarraie
This document summarizes a numerical study of natural convection heat transfer in a rectangular enclosure filled with a porous medium saturated with viscous fluid. The study examines the effects of parameters like Rayleigh number, porosity, particle to fluid thermal conductivity ratio, Darcy number, and enclosure aspect ratio on heat transfer. A modified Brinkman-Forchheimer-extended Darcy model is used to simulate the fluid flow and heat transfer. The governing equations are discretized using a finite difference method and solved using the ADI method. Results show that Nusselt number increases with Rayleigh number and porosity, and decreases with Darcy number, thermal conductivity ratio, and aspect ratio. A correlation is developed to relate Nus
The Force Convection Heat Transfer of A Nanofluid Over A Flat Plate: Using Th...AEIJjournal2
A drift-flux model is utilized to theoretically analyze the boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a
nanofluid over a flat plate. The concentration of nanoparticles at the plate is obtained using the solution of
the governing equations. Assuming a fixed magnitude of free stream velocity, the results show that the heat
transfer may enhance up to 22% or decrease about -7% by using nanofluids compared to the pure base
fluid.
This document presents a design for an approximate multiplier that is intended for error-tolerant applications. The proposed multiplier divides the input operands into an accurate part and approximate part. The accurate part uses a standard parallel multiplier for the most significant bits, while the approximate part generates the least significant bits using approximate product generators that can produce small errors but reduce area and power consumption compared to a standard design. Experimental results on 8-bit and 16-bit versions of the proposed multiplier show reductions in area, power, and delay of around 50% compared to standard parallel multipliers, at the cost of small losses in accuracy that are acceptable for many applications. The proposed approximate multiplier is well-suited for error-tolerant domains like multimedia and
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
201309 LOMA Policyowner Service and Contact Center WorkshopSteven Callahan
Presentation to insurance service leaders on service and contact center opportunities to provide competitive differentiation as well as summary results of a recent short survey on contact center challenges.
Investigation of the Effect of Nanoparticles Mean Diameter on Turbulent Mixed...A Behzadmehr
Abstract
Turbulent mixed convection of a nanofluid (water/Al2O3, Φ=.02) has been studied numerically. Two-phase
mixture model has been used to investigate the effects of nanoparticles mean diameter on the flow parameters. Nanoparticles distribution at the tube cross section shows that the particles are uniformly dispersed. The non-uniformity of the particles distribution occurs in the case of large nanoparticles and/or high value of the Grashof numbers. The study of particle size effect showed that the effective Nusselt number and turbulent intensity increases with the decreased of particle size.
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Preparation of Nanofluid (Al2O3-water) for Energy StorageIOSR Journals
Nanofluids are suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids, a new challenge for thermal sciences providedby nanotechnology. Nanofluids have unique features different from conventional solid-liquid mixtures inwhich mm or μm sized particles of metals and non-metals are dispersed.At this research adding of small weight percent of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) for weight percent of (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4wt.%) to pure water as energy storage in different industrial applications ,which gave us different behavior, adding 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4wt,% gave low temperature gradient than the pure water, while 0.3 wt.% gave greater temperature gradient than pure water which is desired.
An Investigation of effect of Temperature Difference and Initial Moisture Con...ijsrd.com
The study of natural convection involves analysis of surface geometry that is having fluid- saturated porous medium. Various temperature differences are considered between the two isolated walls, while the top wall considered being an adiabatic. CFD tool and mathematical analysis was studied and analyzed to carry out the research. By the help of study, it is analyzed that higher intensity rate of natural convection. The simulation of the various temperatures and initial moisture contents were carried out to determine the effect on the performance of the natural convection. It has been noticed that temperature over the porous medium is uniformly distributed due to conduction, which is little higher in the fluid region. It has been recorded that the high moisture contents at the higher temperature side wall than lower one.
Heat transfer studies were carried out in a laboratory scale gas-solid fluidized bed with 0.1m
ID x 1 m length column, using three sizes of local sand particles of 301, 454, and 560 µm. the bed
region was heated bya horizontal heat transfer probe. It was made of copper rod (15 mm ODx50 mm
long) and insulated at the ends by Teflon. A hole was drilled at the center of the rod to accommodate
a cartridge heater 200 W (6.5 mm OD x 42 mm long). Three bed inventories of sand 1.5 kg, 2.0 kg,
and 2.5 kg, four superficial air velocities of 1.0 m/s, 1.25 m/s, 1.5 m/s, 1.75 m/s were used. Three
heat fluxes of 1698.9, 2928.4, 4675.7 W m-2 were employed. The data obtained showed how the heat
transfer coefficient effected by the above operating parameters. The heat transfer coefficient is
directly proportional with air superficial velocity as well as the bed inventory and heat fluxes but
inversely proportional with sand particles size.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International journal of engineering and mathematical modelling vol2 no3_2015_1IJEMM
A weak nonlinear stability analysis has been performed for an oscillatory mode of convection, heat and mass transports in terms of
Nusselt, Sherwood numbers are derived and evaluated by a non$-$autonomous complex Ginzburg-Landau equation. The porous layer boundaries are heated sinusoidally with time. The basic state temperature is defined in terms of study and oscillatory parts, where study part show nonlinear throughflow effect on the system and time dependant part show modulation effect. The generalized Darcy model is employed for the momentum equation. The disturbances of the flow are expanded in power series of amplitude of modulation, which is assumed to be small and employed using normal mode technics. The effect of vertical throughflow is found to stabilize or destabilize the system depending on its direction. The time relaxation parameter $\lambda_1$ has destabilizing effect, while time retardation parameter $\lambda_2$ has stabilizing effect on the system. Three types of modulations have been analyzed, and found that, OPM, LBMO cases are effective on heat and mass transfer than IPM case. The effects of amplitude and frequency of modulation on heat and mass transports have been analyzed and depicted graphically. The study establishes that the heat and mass transports can be controlled effectively by a mechanism that is external to the system.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FROM CIRCULAR CYL...IAEME Publication
In the present work, the enhancement of natural convection heat transfer utilizing nano fluids as working fluid from horizontal circular cylinder situated in a square enclosure is investigated numerically. Different types of nano particles were tested. The types of the nano fluids are Cu, Al2O3 and TiO3 with water as base fluid. A model is developed to analyze heat transfer performance of nano fluids inside an enclosure taking into account the solid particle dispersionrs on the flow and heat
transfer characteristics.
The document presents a numerical investigation of natural convection heat transfer from a circular cylinder inside a square enclosure using different types of nanofluids. Governing equations for the laminar, steady-state flow and heat transfer are presented. The equations are solved using the vorticity-stream function formulation and finite difference method. Results are obtained for Rayleigh numbers between 104-106, enclosure width to cylinder diameter ratio of 2.5, and nanofluid volume fractions from 0-0.2. Types of nanofluids investigated include water with Cu, Al2O3, and TiO3 nanoparticles. Results show Nusselt number and heat transfer increase with nanofluid volume fraction. Heat transfer is more enhanced at lower Ray
This document summarizes a study that investigates the effect of thermophoresis on unsteady free convective heat and mass transfer in a viscoelastic fluid past a semi-infinite vertical plate. The study uses the Walters-B fluid model to simulate rheological fluids. The dimensionless governing equations are solved using an implicit finite difference scheme. Results show that increasing the thermophoretic parameter decreases velocity and concentration but increases temperature within the boundary layer. Thermophoresis is found to significantly increase the surface mass flux.
This document summarizes a study that investigated heat transfer in a plate heat exchanger using water-based TiO2 nanofluids. Two different weight fractions (0.1% and 0.5%) of TiO2 nanofluids were prepared and their heat transfer performance was experimentally tested in the plate heat exchanger. The results showed that the 0.5% nanofluid provided significant enhancement of the overall heat transfer coefficient at higher Reynolds numbers compared to water, while the 0.1% nanofluid showed a decrease compared to water.
The results show that, with proper selection of physical parameters, significant heat transfer
enhancements and pressure drop reductions can be achieved simultaneously with porous pin fins and
the overall heat transfer performances in porous pin fin channels are much better than those in
traditional solid pin fin channels. The effects of pore density are significant. As PPI increases, the
pressure drops and heat fluxes in porous pin fin channels increase while the overall heat transfer
efficiencies decrease and the maximal overall heat transfer efficiencies are obtained at PPI 20.
Furthermore, the effects of pin fin form are also remarkable. With the same physical parameters, the
overall heat transfer efficiencies in the long elliptic porous pin fin channels are the highest while they
are the lowest in the short elliptic porous pin fin channels
This document summarizes a study on mixed convective heat and mass transfer flow of a visco-elastic fluid over a stretching sheet. The study considers the effects of chemical reaction, temperature gradient dependent heat sink, and magnetic field. The governing equations for momentum, energy and diffusion are presented and non-linear similarity transformations are applied to reduce the equations to an ordinary differential equation system. The system is solved numerically using a Runge-Kutta method with shooting techniques to determine skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number.
Amplitude Effects on Natural Convection in a Porous Enclosure having a Vertic...IOSR Journals
Numerical investigation of unsteady natural convection flow through a fluid-saturated porous
medium in a cubic enclosure which is induced by time-periodic variations in the surface temperature of a
vertical wall was considered. The governing equations were written under the assumption of Darcy-law and
then solved numerically using finite difference method. The problem is analyzed for different values of
amplitude a in the range 0.2 ≤ a ≤ 0.8, the Rayleigh number, Ra=200, Period, τ = 0.01, time, 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.024. It
was found that heat transfer increases with increasing the amplitude. The location of the maximum fluid
temperature moves with time according to the periodically changing heated wall temperature. Two main cells
rotating in opposite direction to each other were observed in the cavity for all values of the parameters
considered. The amplitude of Nusselt number increases with the increase in the oscillating amplitude. All the
results of the problem were presented in graphical form and discussed.
iaetsd Nanofluid heat transfer a reviewIaetsd Iaetsd
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fluid.
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1. J.C. Umavathi Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.923-942
www.ijera.com
RESEARCH ARTICLE
OPEN ACCESS
Effect of Modulation on the Onset of Thermal Convection in a
Viscoelastic Fluid-Saturated Nanofluid Porous Layer
J.C. Umavathi
Department of Mathematics, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, Karnataka-585 106, India
Abstract
The stability of a viscoelastic fluid-saturated by a nanofluid in a horizontal porous layer, when the boundaries of
the layer are subjected to periodic temperature modulation, is analyzed. The Darcy-Brinkman-Oldroyd-B fluid
model is employed and only infinitesimal disturbances are considered. The model used for the nanofluids
incorporates the effect of Brownian motion. The thermal conductivity and viscosity are considered to be
dependent on the nanoparticle volume fraction. Three cases of the oscillatory temperature field were examined
(a) symmetric, so that the wall temperatures are modulated in phase, (b) asymmetric corresponding to out-of
phase modulation and (c) only the bottom wall is modulated. Perturbation solution in powers of the amplitude of
the applied field is obtained. The effect of the frequency of modulation on the stability is clearly shown. The
stability of the system characterized by a correction Rayleigh number is calculated as a function of the
viscoelastic parameters, the concentration Rayleigh number, porosity, Lewis number, heat capacity ratio,
Vadász number, viscosity and conductivity variation parameters and frequency of modulation. It is found that
the onset of convection can be delayed or advanced by the factors represented by these parameters. The
nanofluid is found to have more stabilizing effect when compared to regular fluid. The effect of all three types
of modulation is found to be destabilizing as compared to the unmodulated system.
I.
c
cp
Nomenclature
nanofluid specific heat at constant pressure
specific heat of the nanoparticle material
c m effective
heat
capacity
dp
the
porous
medium
nanoparticle diameter
g
of
gravitational acceleration
DB
hp
enthalpy
of
the
2
s)
nanoparticle
H
jp
diffusion mass flux for the nanoparticles
j p ,T
thermophoretic diffusion
k
kB
km
thermal conductivity of the nanofluid
Boltzman’s constant
Le
NA
NB
p
p
q
R
*
effective thermal conductivity of the porous
medium
thermal conductivity of the particle material
Lewis number
modified diffusivity ratio
modified particle-density increment
pressure
dimensionless pressure p* K m
energy flux relative to a frame moving with
the nanofluid velocity v
thermal Rayleigh- Darcy number
www.ijera.com
T
*
T / Th* T
temperature at the upper wall
*
h
temperature at the lower wall
T
material
dimensional layer depth ( m )
kp
T * nanofluid temperature
T dimensionless temperature
*
c
Brownian diffusion coefficient ( m
specific
Rn concentration Rayleigh number
t * time
t dimensionless time t * m H 2
T
TR reference temperature
u, v, w dimensionless
Darcy velocity components
u , v , w H
*
*
*
m
v nanofluid velocity
v D Darcy velocity v
v *D dimensionless Darcy velocity u * , v* , w*
Va Vadász number
x, y, z dimensionless Cartesian coordinate
x , y , z H
*
*
*
x , y , z
*
*
*
Cartesian coordinates
Greek letters
m thermal diffusivity of the porous medium,
k
m
/ cp
f
% proportionality factor
conductivity variation parameter
923 | P a g e
2. J.C. Umavathi Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.923-942
a
1
2
t
p
*
Non dimensional acceleration coefficient
stress relaxation coefficient
strain retardation coefficient
porosity of the medium
amplitude of the modulation
viscosity of the fluid
viscosity variation parameter
fluid density
nanopraticle mass density
parameter
nanoparticle volume fraction
relative nanoparticle volume
*
fraction * / h c*
dimensional frequency
dimensionless frequency H 2 k
phase angle ( 0 , symmetric modulation;
,antisymmetric modulation; i , only
lower wall temperature modulation)
II.
INTRODUCTION
Interest in sustainable energy has created
significant demand for new thermal storage and
thermal
management
technologies,
including
technologies that employ nanofluids (which are
suspensions of nanoparticles in liquids). There is also
interest in increasing the efficiency of existing heat
transfer processes via improvements in the transport
properties of heat transfer media such as nanofluids.
The ability to tune the properties of nanofluids offers
many advantages in this respect. For example, a 39%
increase in the heat transfer coefficient has been
reported by Xuan et al. [1] when an aqueous nanofluid
containing 2% (v/v) copper nanoparticles was
employed in place of water in forced convective heat
transfer experiments in a horizontal tube. Similarly,
pool boiling experiments with an aqueous nanofluid
containing 1.25% (v/v) alumina nanoparticles have
yielded Wen et al. [2] a 40% enhancement in the heat
transfer coefficient when compared with the
experiments conducted with pure water.
Maxwell [3] was the first presenter of a
theoretical basis to predict a suspension’s effective
conductivity about 140 years ago and his theory was
applied from millimeter to micrometer sized particles
suspensions but Choi and Eastman [4] introduced the
novel concept of nanofluids by applying the unique
properties of nanofluids at the annual Mechanical
Engineering meeting of American Society in 1995.
Goldstein et al. [5] added the condition that the
particles must be in colloidal suspension. Choi and his
colleagues carried out experiments on heat transport in
systems with CuO nanoparticles in water and
Al2 O3 particles in ethylene glycol and water. They
found that the particles improve the heat transport by
as much as 20%, and they interpreted their result in
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terms of an improved thermal conductivity k / k0
which they named the effective conductivity [4].
A nanofluid is a fluid produced by dispersion
of metallic or non-metallic nanoparticles or nanofibres
with a typical size of less than 100 nm in a liquid.
These nanofluids can be employed to cool the pipes
exposed to such high temperature of the order
100-3500 C, while extracting the geothermal energy.
Further when drilling, they can also be used as
coolants for the machinery and equipment working in
high friction and high temperature environment. In the
petroleum industry also, nanofluids can be used as
coolants or as drilling fluids. Also in the above fields,
we come across porous media in the form of rocks
inside the earth’s crust, which is being affected by the
rotational component of the earth’s spin on its axis.
Buongiorno and Hu [6] suggested the
possibility of using nanofluids in advanced nuclear
systems. Another recent application of the nanofluid is
in the delivery of nano-drug as suggested by
Kleinstreuer et al. [7] and Eastman et al. [8] and
conducted a comprehensive review on thermal
transport in nanofluids to conclude that a satisfactory
explanation for the abnormal enhancement in thermal
conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids needs further
studies. Buongiorno [9] conducted a comprehensive
study to account for the unusual behavior of
nanofluids based on Inertia, Brownian diffusion,
thermophoresis, diffusophoresis, Magnus effects, fluid
drainage, and gravity settling, and proposed a model
incorporating the effects of Brownian diffusion and
the thermophoresis. With the help of these equations,
studies were conducted by Tzou [10] and more
recently by Nield and Kuznetsov [11].
Quite recently non-Newtonian fluids housed
in fluid-based systems, with and without porous
matrix, have been extensively used in application
situations and hence warrant the attention they have
been duly getting. In the asthenosphere and the deeper
mantle it is well known now that viscoelastic behavior
is an important rheological process [12]. The other
application areas of viscoelastic fluid saturated porous
media are flow through composites, timber wood,
snow systems and rheology of food transport. The
problem housed in a porous medium suggests an
elastohydrodynamical
model
for
geophysical
applications and the likes of it [13-15].
Herbertt [16] was the first to study natural
convection in a viscoelastic fluid using the Oldroyd
[17] model and showed that the elasticity of the fluid
influenced the onset of marginal convection only in
the presence of initial finite elastic stress. Green [18],
and Vest and Arpaci [19] studied the analogous
problem of Rayleigh-Benard convection in Jeffrey and
Maxwell fluids, respectively, and concluded that the
onset of marginal convection is independent of
viscoelastic parameters, but the condition for the onset
of oscillatory convection is influenced by these
parameters. Eltayeb [20] studied linear and nonlinear
Rayleigh-Benard convection in a visco-elastic fluid
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using the Oldroyd model, and showed that for Prandtl
number tending to infinity the results obtained by
Green [18] using Jeffrey’s model, violate the criterion
required for the onset of oscillatory convection.
Further, he showed that the criterion for onset of
oscillatory convection in the Maxwell fluid used by
Vest and Arpaci [19] is always satisfied for larger
values of the Prandtl number.
One of the effective methods to control
convection is by maintaining a non uniform
temperature gradient. Such a temperature gradient may
be generated by (i) an appropriate heating or cooling at
the boundaries [21], (ii) injection of fluid at one
boundary and removal of the same at the other
boundary [22, (iii) an appropriate distribution of heat
sources [23], and (iv) radiative heat transfer [24].
These methods are mainly concerned with only spacedependent temperature gradients. However, in many of
the practical situations cited earlier, the non uniform
temperature gradient finds its origin in transient
heating or cooling at the boundaries, so the basic
temperature profile depends explicitly on position and
time. This has to be determined by solving the energy
equation under suitable time-dependent temperature
boundary conditions, called thermal modulation.
Rudraiah et al. [25] studied the effect of
modulation on the onset of thermal convection in a
viscoelastic fluid saturated sparsely packed porous
layer.
Malashetty et al. [26] analyzed the
combined effect of anisotropy of the porous medium
and time dependent wall temperature on the onset of
convection in a horizontal porous layer saturated with
Oldroyd fluid.
Although the problem of Rayleigh-Bénard
problem has been extensively investigated for nonNewtonian fluids, relatively little attention has been
devoted to the thermal convection of nanofluids. The
corresponding problem in the case of the effects of
conductivity and viscosity ratio has also not received
much attention until recently. Kuznetsov and Nield
[27] investigated the onset of Double-Diffusive
nanofluid convection in a layer of saturated porous
medium. Agarwal et al. [28] studied the non-linear
convective transport in a binary nanofluid saturated
porous layer. Nield and Kuznetsov [29] studied the
linear stability theory for the porous medium saturated
by nanofluid with thermal conductivity and viscosity
dependent on the nanoparticle volume fraction.
In the present study, the effect of thermal
modulation on the onset of convection in a Oldryod-B
fluid saturated with nanofluid porous medium is
investigated. The boundary temperature modulation
alters the basic temperature distribution from linear to
nonlinear which helps in effective control of
convective instability. The difficulty in dealing with
such instability problems is that one has to solve timedependent stability equations with variable
coefficients, and to our knowledge no work has been
initiated for such fluids in this direction. The resulting
eigenvalue problem is solved by regular perturbation
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technique with amplitude of the temperature
modulation as a perturbation parameter. In particular,
it is shown that the onset of convection can be
advanced by a proper tuning of the frequency of the
boundary temperature modulation.
III.
MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
We consider an infinite horizontal porous
layer saturated with a viscoelastic nanofluid, confined
between the planes z 0 and z H , with the
vertically downward gravity force acting on it. A
Cartesian frame of reference is chosen with the origin
in the lower boundary and the z -axis vertically
upwards. The Boussinesq approximation, which states
that the variation in density is negligible everywhere in
the conservation except in the buoyancy term, is
assumed to hold.
For an Oldroyd-B fluid, the extra-stress
tensor T is given by the constitutive equation [30]
DS
DA
(1)
T p I S, S 1
A 2
Dt
Dt
where p is the hydrostatic pressure, I the identity
tensor, the viscosity of the fluid, and S the extra
stress tensor, 1 and 2 are constant relaxation and
retardation times respectively. A q qT is the
strain-rate tensor, q is the velocity vector, is the
gradient operator, and
DS
T
(2)
q. S S q q S
Dt t
DA
T
(3)
q. A A q q A
Dt t
It should be noted that this model includes the
classical viscous Newtonian fluid as a special case for
1 2 0 , and to be the Maxwell fluid when
2 0 .
It is well known that in flow of viscous
Newtonian fluid at a low speed through a porous
medium the pressure drop caused by the frictional drag
is directly proportional to velocity, which is the
Darcy’s law. By analogy with Oldroyd-B constitutive
relationships, the following phenomenological model,
which relates pressure drop and velocity for a
viscoelastic fluid in a porous medium has been given
by [31]
(4)
1 1 p 1 2 qD
t
K
t
where K is permeability, q D is Darcian velocity,
which is related to the usual (i.e. volume averaged
over a volume element consisting of fluid only in the
pores) velocity vector q by qD q , ε is porosity of
the porous medium. We note that when 1 2 0 ,
Equation (4) simplified to Darcy’s law for flow of
viscous Newtonian fluid through a porous medium.
Thus Equation (4) can be regarded as an approximate
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form of an empirical momentum equation for flow of
Oldroyd-B fluid through a porous medium.
Under consideration of the balance of forces
acting on a volume element of fluid, the local volume
average balance of linear momentum is given by
dq
(5)
0
p g . S r
dt
d
where
is the material time derivative, r is Darcy
dt
resistance for an Oldroyd-B fluid in the porous
medium. Since the pressure gradient in Equation (4)
can also be interpreted as a measure of the resistance
to flow in the bulk of the porous medium, and r is a
measure of the flow resistance offered by the solid
matrix, thus r can be inferred from Equation (4) to
satisfy the following equation:
(6)
1 1 r
1 2 q
t
K
t
Substituting Equation (6) into Equation (5), we obtain
dq
p g . S
1 1 0
1 2 q
t dt
K
t
(7)
For Darcy model, ignoring the advection term q.q
and the viscous term S , Equation (7) can be
.
simplified to (after dropping the suffix D on q for
simplicity)
0 q
p g 1 2 q
1 1
t t
K
t
(8)
The conservation equations take the form
(9)
.v 0 .
D
Here v D is the nanofluid Darcy velocity. We write
v u , v , w .
D
The conservation equation for the nanoparticles, in the
absence of thermophoresis and chemical reactions,
takes the form
1
(10)
v D . . DB
t
where is the nanoparticle volume fraction, is the
porosity, and DB is the Brownian diffusion
coefficient. We use the Darcy model for a porous
medium, then the momentum equation for Oldryod-B
nanofluid following Equation (5) can be written as
*
% v D p g eff 1 v*
%
1 1
D
2
K
t t
t
(11)
Here is the overall density of the nanofluid, which
we now assume to be given by
p 1 0 1 T T T0*
(12)
where p is the particle density, 0 is a reference
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expansion. The thermal energy equation for a
nanofluid can be written as
T
c m c f v*D .*T km *2T c p DB * * .T *
t
(13)
The conservation of nanoparticle mass requires that
* 1 * * *
(14)
v D . DB *2 * .
t *
Here c is the fluid specific heat (at constant pressure),
k m is the overall thermal conductivity of the porous
medium saturated by the nanofluid, and c p is the
nanoparticle specific heat of the material constituting
the nanoparticles (following Nield and Kuznetsov
[29]).
Thus,
km keff (1 )ks ,
(15)
where
is the porosity, keff
is the effective
conductivity of the nanofluid (fluid plus
nanoparticles), and ks is the conductivity of the solid
material forming the matrix of the porous medium.
We now introduce the viscosity and the conductivity
dependence on nanoparticle fraction. Following Tiwari
and Das[32], we adopt the formulas, based on a theory
of mixtures,
eff
1
(16)
f
(1 * ) 2.5
keff
kf
(k p 2k f ) 2 * (k f k p )
(17)
( k p 2k f ) * ( k f k p )
Here k f and k p are the thermal conductivities of the
fluid and the nanoparticles, respectively.
Equation (16) was obtained by Brinkman
[33], and Equation (17) is the Maxwell-Garnett
formula for a suspension of spherical particles that
dates back to Maxwell [34].
In the case where * is small compared with unity, we
can approximate these formulas by
eff
f
keff
kf
1 2.5 *
(18)
(k p 2k f ) 2 * ( k f k p )
( k p 2k f ) ( k f k p )
*
1 3 *
(k p k f )
( k p 2k f )
(19)
We assume that the volumetric fractions of the
nanoparticles are constant on the boundaries. Thus, the
boundary conditions are
*
w* 0, * 0 at z* 0
(20)
w* 0, * 1* at z* H
(21)
For thermal modulation, the external driving force is
modulated harmonically in time by varying the
temperature of lower and upper horizontal boundary.
Accordingly, we take
density for the fluid, and T is the thermal volumetric
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T
1 t cos t at z* 0
(22)
2
T
T z , t T0
1 t cos t at z* H
2
(23)
where t represents a small amplitude of modulation
(which is used as a perturbation parameter to solve the
problem), the frequency of modulation and the
phase angle.
We consider three types of modulation, viz.,
Case (a): Symmetric (in phase, 0 )
Case (b): asymmetric (out of phase, ) and
Case (c): only lower wall temperature is modulated
while the upper one is held at constant temperature
i .
T z , t T0
A. Basic State
The basic state of the fluid is quiescent and is given by
r
(24)
b g pb 0
c m
*
d 2b
2
T
km 2 T *
t *
1 ' 1
1
w ' = 2 '
t
Le
w ' 0, T ' 0, ' 0 at z 0,1
After using the transformations
x, y, z x* , y* , z* H , t t * m H 2 ,
u, v, w u* , v* , w* H m
0
% k
ks s ,
kf
T
2
2z
1 H
T2 ( z, t ) Re b e
z H
(27)
b e
c m H 2
with 1 i
2km
T e i e
b
2 e e
z H
e
it
(28)
(29)
B. Linear Stability Analysis
Let the basic state be distributed by an
infinitesimal perturbation. We now have
v v' , p pb p ' , T Tb T ' , b ' (30)
where prime indicates that the quantities are
infinitesimal perturbations. Substituting Eq. (26) in
Eqs. (9)-(15) and linerising by neglecting products of
primed quantities, we have,
ˆ
ˆ
%
1 1 s p RTez Rn ez a s v 1 2 s v 0
(31)
T
T '
% T N T T Tb
w' b k 2 B b
t
z
Le z
z
z z
z
(32)
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f
m
is
K
is the Darcy number,
H2
%
m
is the Vadász number, 1
is the
H2
%
parameter and 2 2 m
is the
H2
parameter. a
is the acceleration
Va
Le m is the nanofluid Lewis number,
Dm
the Prandtl number, Da
Va
2 Pr
Da
relaxation
retardation
coefficient,
R
R0 g K 1 0* T T * H
is the nanoparticle
f m
NB
Rayleigh number,
and Re stands for real part. We do not record the
expressions of pb and b as these are not explicitly
required in the remaining part of the paper.
2
% k
k m .
kf
12
,
, p p* K f m ,
The dimensionless group that appear are Pr
where
T1 z TR
(34)
*
* 0
T* T*
H 2
, T * c* ,
,
m
1* 0*
Th Tc
eff
kp
( c p )m
km
%
%
, kp
,
,
m
,
f
kf
( cp ) f
( cp ) f
(26)
dz
The solution of Eq. (25) satisfying the thermal
conditions as given in Eqs. (22) and (23) is
Tb T1 z t T2 z, t
(33)
*
(25)
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cp * *
c f 1 0
is a
modified particle-density increment.
In deriving Eq. (31) the term proportional to the
product of and T
(Oberbeck-Boussinesq
approximation) is neglected. This assumption is likely
to be valid in the case of small temperature gradients
in a dilute suspension of nanoparticles. For the case of
regular fluid (not a nanofluid), the parameters Rn and
N B are zero.
We eliminate pressure by operating on Eq.
ˆ
(31) with ez curl curl and using the identity
curl curl grad div 2 results in
%
1 s s 1 s w
2
1
a
1 1 s R2
H
2
'
(35)
Rn2 '
H
Here 2 is the two-dimensional Laplacian operator
H
on the horizontal plane. Combining Eqs. (32)-(34), we
obtain equations for the vertical component of velocity
w in the form (dropping prime)
(36)
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A
1 1 s Rn
2
2
t 1 w
T 1 2 2
1 w 0
1 1 s R b
z t Le
e i e
*
*
%
3 1 0 k p 1
.
%
kp 2
2
It is worth noting that the factor comes from the
%
mean value of z over the range [0, 1] and the
%
factor is the mean value of k z over the same
range. That means that when evaluating the critical
Rayleigh number it is a good approximation to base
that number on the mean values of the viscosity and
conductivity based in turn on the basic solution for the
nanofluid fraction.
The boundary condition (34) can also be expressed in
terms of w in the form
d2w
(37)
w 2 0 at z 0,1
dz
Using Eq. (27), the dimensionless temperature
gradient appearing in Eq. (32) may be written as
Tb
(38)
1 f
z
2
1
L 2
1 2 1 1 a
t
t Le
t
t
and 1 i
2
2 e e
IV.
*
*
where 1 1.25 1 0 , and
%
(1 ) ks
where f Re A e z A e z eit for
1 2
t Le
1 2 s s a 1 1 s 2 w
2
t
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12
(39)
Method of Solution
We seek the eigen functions w and eigen
values Ra of Eq. (36) for the basic temperature
gradient given by Eq. (38) that departs from the linear
Tb
profile
1 by quantities of order t . We
z
therefore assume the solution of Eq. (36) in the form
w, R w0 , R0 t w1 , R1 t 2 w2 , R2 ... (40)
Substituting Eq. (40) into Eq. (36) and equating the
coefficients of various powers of t on either side of
the resulting equation, we obtain the following system
of equations up to the order of t 2 :
Lw0 0
(41)
R G 2
R f 2 R1 2 2
Lw1 1 1 s 0
1 0
1 1 w0
Le
Le
(42)
G f 2 R1 2 2
Lw2 1 1 s R0
1 w1
Le
Le
2
G
1 1 s R1
f 2 R2
2
2 1 w0
Le
Le
(43)
where
2
Rn
2
2
1 1
1
t
t t
R0 2 2
1
1 1
t Le
.
and w0 , w1 , w2 are required to satisfy the boundary
conditions of Equation (37).
We now assume the solutions for Eq. (41) in the form
w0 w0 z . exp i lx my , where
w0 z w0 n z sin n z n = 1, 2, 3, … and l, m
are the wave numbers in the
x y plane such that
l 2 m2 2 . The corresponding eigen values are
given by
R0
n
R0
2
2 2
2
Rn Le
(44)
2
For a fixed value of the wave number , the least
eigen value occurs at n 1 and is given by
2
2
2
Rn Le
2
R0c assumes the minimum value when 2 2
R0c 4 2
Rn Le
(46)
These are the values reported by Horton and Rogers
[35] in the absence of concentration Rayleigh
number Rn .
The equation for w1 then takes the form
D2 2 f sin z
Lw1 R0 2 1 1 i G
Le
(47)
d
where D .
dz
Thus
D 2 f sin z 2 2 f sin z 2 f ' cos z (48)
with
(45)
f ' R.P. A e z A e z eit
Using Eq. (48), Eq. (47) becomes
(49)
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G sin z
Lw1 R0 2 1 1i
L f sin z 2 f ' cos z
1
Le
2
2
i
where L1
.
Le
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We solve Eq. (49) for w1 by expanding the right hand
side of it in Fourier series expansion and inverting the
operator L . For this we need the following Fourier
series expansions
n m 1 z
4 nm 2 1 1
e
gnm 2 e sin m z sin n z dz
2
2
2
2 2
n m
n m 2
0
2
n m 1 z
2
2
1
2 n m
1 1
e
f nm 2 e z cos m z cos n z dz
2 n m 2 2 2 n m 2 2
0
so that
1
z
(50)
(51)
e z sin m z gnm sin n z
(52)
n 1
e z cos m z f nm cos n z
(53)
Now L , n A i B
(54)
n 1
where
2
2 a
3 a
2 2
2 2 1
2
a n 1
n2 2 2 n2 2 2 Le Rn 2
Le
A
2
2 2
2
n
2 2
2 3
2
2 2
2 2 1
2 n
n
Le
Le
and
2 a
3
2
1
n2 2 2 n2 2 2 Lea Rn 2 1 2 a n2 2 2 Le
B
2 n2 2 2
2 2
2 2 1
2 2
2 3
n
n Le 2
Le
It is easily seen that
L sin n z e it L , n sin n z e it
L cos n z e it L , n cos n z e it
and Eq. (49) now become
I .P. An sin n z e it L1 R.P. An sin n z e it
n 1
n 1
Lw1 1 1i 2 R0
2
it
R.P. Bn cos n z e
Le
n 1
so that
An
An
sin n z e it L1 R.P.
sin n z e it
I .P.
n 1 L , n
n 1 L , n
w1 1 1i 2 R0
2
Bn
R.P.
cos n z e it
Le
n 1 L , n
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(55)
(56)
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where An A g n1 A g n1 , and
Bn A f n1 A f n1 .
We shall not require the solution of this equation but
merely use it to determine R2 .
The solvability condition requires that the timeindependent part of the right hand side of (58) must be
orthogonal to sin z . Multiplying Eq. (58) by
To simplify Eq. (43) for w2 we need
G 2 f
R0
Le
Lw2 1 1 s
2 2
R2
.1 w0
Le
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2
1 w1
(57)
The equation for w2 then can be written as
sin z and integrating between 0 and 1 we obtain
suuuuuuuuuuuuur
2 LeR0 1 2i 1 2 f G
R2
Le w1 sin z dz
2
0
(59)
2 Df Dw1
G
Lw2 1 1i R0
Ln f w1
Le
where an upper bar denotes the time average.
We have the Fourier series expansions
f sin z R.P. An sin n z e it ,
(58)
2 2 2
R2
Df sin z R.P. Cn sin n z eit
(60)
Le
where
where Cn A g n1 A g n1
i n2 2 2
Using Eq. (60) in Eq. (59) we obtain
.
Ln
Le
2
2
An
2 Ln L1 R.P.
L* , n 1 2i 1 1 i1
2
2
L , n
LeR0 2
(61)
R2
______
2 2 2 4 n 2 1
Bn
R.P. 1 Cn
L* , n 1 2i 1 1 i1
2
Le2
L , n
*
sign of R2c characterizes the stabilizing or
where L , n is the complex conjugate of L , n ,
destabilizing effect of modulation. A positive R2c
2
16n2 4 2
. The
An
indicates that the modulation effect is stabilizing while
4
4
2 n 1 4 2 n 1 4
a negative R2c indicates that the modulation effect is
critical value of R2 , denoted by R2c , is obtained at the
destabilizing compared to the system in which the
modulation is absent.
wave number given by equation c for the
The variation of critical correction thermal
following three different cases. We evaluate R2c for
Rayleigh number R2c with frequency
for
the following cases.
symmetric modulation for different governing
parameters (Figs 1-8) for both regular Rn 0 and
(a)
when the oscillating temperature field is
symmetric so that the wall temperatures are modulated
nanofluids Rn 0 show that for small frequencies
in phase (with 0 ),
the critical correction Rayleigh number is negative
(b) when the wall temperature field is antisymmetric
indicating that the effect of symmetric modulation is
corresponding to out-of-phase modulation (with
destabilizing while for moderate and large values of
)
its effect is stabilizing. Figure 1 reveal that an
(c) when only the temperature of the bottom wall is
increase in the value of 1
is to increase the
modulated, the upper wall being held at a constant
magnitude of R2c . On the other hand the effect of
temperature ( with i ).
modulation diminishes as the stress relaxation
parameter 1 becomes smaller and smaller. The peak
V.
Results and Discussion
negative or positive value of R2c is found to increase
The problem of linear convection in a
sparsely packed Oldryod-B fluid saturated with
with 1 for both regular and nanofluids. The effect of
nanofluid layer subject to different periodic
strain retardation parameter 2 is found to be opposite
temperature boundary conditions is investigated. The
of the stress relaxation parameter 1 as seen in Fig. 2.
solution is obtained on the assumption that the
Therefore one can conclude that the stress relaxation
amplitude of the applied temperature modulation is
parameter is more pronounced in aiding the onset of
small. The expression for the critical correction
convection compared to the effect of strain retardation
Rayleigh number R2c is computed as a function of
parameter for both regular and nanofluids. Similar
frequency of the modulation for different parameter
values and the results are depicted in Figs. 1-18. The
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9. J.C. Umavathi Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
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results were observed by Malashetty et al. [26] for
regular fluid.
Figure 3 shows the variation of R2c with
for different values of concentration Rayleigh number
Rn . As Rn increases the magnitude of correction
thermal Rayleigh number R2c decreases indicating that
the effect of Rn is to delay the onset of convection.
However, R2c is negative for small frequencies
indicating that the symmetric modulation has
destabilizing effect while for moderate and large
values of frequency its effect is stabilizing. This is a
similar result obtained by Umavathi [36] for
Newtonian fluid. The effect of porosity
for
symmetric modulation is shown in Fig. 4. This figures
reveal that as increases the value of R2c becomes
small indicating that larger values of decreases the
effect of modulation. Here also it is observed that as
increases R2c increases to its maximum value
initially and then starts decreasing with further
increase in . When is very large all the curves
for different porosity coincide and R2c approaches to
zero for both regular and nanofluid. Figure 5 depicts
the variation of R2c with frequency for different
values of Lewis number Le for the case of symmetric
modulation. Lewis number shows the similar effect as
that of porosity . That is to say that, an increase in
the value of Lewis number decreases the value of
R2c indicating that the effect of increasing Le is to
reduce the effect of thermal modulation for both
regular and nanofluid which is a similar result
observed Umavathi36. The effect of thermal capacity
ratio is to increase R2c for both regular and
nanofluids as seen in Fig. 6. Here also as
increases R2c increases to its maximum initially and
then starts decreasing with further increase in .
When is very large all the curves for different
thermal capacity ratio coincide and R2c
approaches to zero for both regular and nanofluids.
The effect of Vadasz number Va shows the similar
nature as that of thermal capacity ratio as seen in
Fig. 7. That is to say that, increasing the value of
Vadasz number is to decrease the thermal modulation
for both regular and nanofluid. The effect of viscosity
variation parameter and conductivity variation
parameter is shown in Figs. 8 and 9 respectively for
symmetric modulation. Their effect is found to be
similar to the effect of stress relaxation parameter 1 ,
thermal capacity ratio and Vadasz number Va .
That is to say that, and delay the onset of
convection for both regular and nanofluids.
The results obtained for the case of
asymmetric modulation are presented in Figs. 10-18.
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All these figures show that for all parameters small
frequencies has destabilizing effect while for moderate
and large values of frequency their effects are
stabilizing for both regular and nanofluid. It is seen
from Fig. 10 that an increase in the value of 1 is to
increase the magnitude of R2c . The effect of strain
retardation parameter 2 is to decrease the magnitude
of R2c as seen in Fig.11. The effect of concentration
Rayleigh number Rn , porosity , Lewis number Le ,
thermal capacity ratio , Vadasz number Va ,
viscosity and conductivity variation parameters and
show the same effect as in the case of symmetric
modulation and hence a detailed explanation is not
required.
The nature of all the graphs for lower wall
temperature modulation is found to be qualitatively
similar to the asymmetric modulation and therefore we
omit a graphical representation of the same.
VI.
Conclusions
The effect of thermal modulation on the onset
of convection for Oldroyd fluid saturated with
nanofluids porous layer is studied using a linear
stability analysis and the following conclusion are
drawn.
1. The increase in stress relaxation parameter
enhances the effect of modulation while increase
in strain retardation parameter suppresses the
effect of modulation for all three types of
modulation.
2. The concentration Rayleigh and Vadasz number
suppresses the effect of modulation. The porosity
suppresses the effect of modulation for regular
fluid whereas it enhances the effect of modulation
for nanofluids.
The thermal capacity ratio,
Vadasz number, viscosity and conductivity ratio
enhances the effect of modulation for both regular
and nanoflid.
3. The peak values of thermal correction Rayleigh
number is obtained for regular fluid when
compared to nanofluids for all thermal
modulations.
4. The effect of all three types of modulation
namely, symmetric, asymmetric, and only lower
wall temperature modulations is found to be
destabilizing as compared to the unmodulated
systerm.
5. The effect of thermal modulation disappears for
large frequency in all the cases.
6. The onset of convection is delayed for nanofluids
when compared to regular fluid.
7. The effect of stress and strain relaxation
parameter for symmetric modulation for regular
fluid were also obtained by Malashetty et al. [26].
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150
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
Symmetric temperature modulation
Le = 100
=5
= 10
Va = 10
2 = 0.2
=1
=1
120
90
= 0.4
0.4
60
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
30
0
-2
-1
0
-3
1
2
3
R2cx10
Fig. 1 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and 1
150
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
Symmetric temperature modulation
Le = 100
=5
= 10
Va = 10
1 = 0.2
=1
=1
120
90
60
= 0.1, 0.2, 0.4
30
= 0.1, 0.2, 0.4
0
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
R2cx10
1.0
1.5
2.0
-3
Fig. 2 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and 2
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150
Symmetric temperature
modulation
Le = 100
=5
= 10
Va = 10
1 = 0.2
2 = 0.2
=1
=1
100
Rn = 0.1
50
0.5
1
1.5
0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
-3
1.5
R2cx10
Fig. 3 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn
200
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
Symmetric temperature
modulation
Le = 100
= 10
Va = 10
1 = 0.2
2 = 0.2
=1
=1
150
100
10
=1
5
50
0
-2
0
2
R2c x 10
-3
4
6
Fig. 4 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and
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200
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
Symmetric temperature
modulation
=5
= 10
Va = 10
1 = 0.2
2 = 0.2
=1
=1
150
100
Le = 100
150
100
50
200
150
200
0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
R2c x 10
1.0
1.5
-3
Fig. 5 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and Le
200
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
Symmetric temperature
modulation
Le = 100
= 10
Va = 10
1 = 0.2
2 = 0.2
=1
=1
150
100
15
50
15
5
10
10
=5
0
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
-3
R2c x 10
Fig. 6 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and
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13. J.C. Umavathi Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
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200
www.ijera.com
Symmetric temperature
modulation
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
Le = 100
= 10
=5
1 = 0.2
2 = 0.2
=1
=1
150
100
15
10
15
Va = 5
10
5
50
0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
R2c x 10
1.5
2.0
-3
Fig. 7 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and Va
200
Symmetric temperature
modulation
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
Le = 100
= 10
=5
1 = 0.2
2 = 0.2
Va = 10
=1
150
100
2
1
50
2
1
= 0.1
0
-2
-1
0
1
R2c x 10
2
3
4
-3
Fig. 8 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and
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200
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
Symmetric temperature
modulation
Le = 100
= 10
=5
1 = 0.2
2 = 0.2
Va = 10
=1
150
100
2
1
1
= 0.1
50
2
0
-1
0
1
2
R2c x 10
3
-3
Fig. 9 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and
150
Asymmetric temperature modulation
Le = 100
=5
= 10
Va = 10
2 = 0.2
=1
=1
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
100
50
0.2
= 0.1
0.4
0.4
0.2
0
-4
-3
-2
-1
R2c x 10
0
1
2
-4
Fig. 10 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and 1
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150
www.ijera.com
Asymmetric temperature modulation
Le = 100
=5
= 10
Va = 10
1 = 0.2
=1
=1
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
100
50
= 0.1
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.4
0
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
R2c x 10
1.0
-4
Fig. 11 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and 2
150
Le = 100
=5
= 10
Va = 10
1 = 0.2
2 = 0.2
=1
=1
Asymmetric temperature modulation
100
50
0.5
1
Rn = 0.1
1.5
0
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
R2c x 10
0
2
4
6
8
-3
Fig. 12 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn
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16. J.C. Umavathi Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
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150
Asymmetric temperature modulation
Le = 100
= 10
Va = 10
1 = 0.2
2 = 0.2
=1
=1
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
100
=1
5
=1
50
10
0
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
R2c x 10
0.01
0.02
6
Fig. 13 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and
150
=5
Asymmetric temperature modulation
= 10
Va = 10
1 = 0.2
2 = 0.2
=1
=1
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
100
50
Le = 100
150
100
0
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
R2c x 10
200
150
200
2
4
6
8
-3
Fig. 14 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and Le
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17. J.C. Umavathi Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
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150
Asymmetric temperature modulation
=5
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
Le = 100
Va = 10
1 = 0.2
2 = 0.2
=1
=1
100
15
50
10
15
5
0
-15
-10
-5
=5
10
0
R2c x 10
5
10
-3
Fig. 15 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and
150
Asymmetric temperature modulation
=5
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
Le = 100
= 10
1 = 0.2
2 = 0.2
=1
=1
100
Va = 15
50
10
5
5, 10, 15
0
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
R2c x 10
2
4
6
8
-3
Fig. 16 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and Va
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150
Asymmetric temperature modulation
=5
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
Le = 100
= 10
Va = 10
1 = 0.2
2 = 0.2
=1
100
=2
50
1
0.1
0
-20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2
0
R2c x 10
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18
-3
Fig. 17 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and
=5
Asymmetric temperature modulation
Le = 100
= 10
Va = 10
1 = 0.2
2 = 0.2
=1
Rn = 0
Rn = 1
100
2
50
1
2
1
= 0.1
= 0.1
0
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
R2c x 10
5
10
15
-3
Fig. 18 Variation of R2c with for different values of Rn and
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