Reynolds number and geometry concept, Momentum integral equations, Boundary layer equations, Flow over a flat plate, Flow over cylinder, Pipe flow, fully developed laminar pipe flow, turbulent pipe flow, Losses in pipe flow
Reynolds number and geometry concept, Momentum integral equations, Boundary layer equations, Flow over a flat plate, Flow over cylinder, Pipe flow, fully developed laminar pipe flow, turbulent pipe flow, Losses in pipe flow
It includes details about boundary layer and boundary layer separations like history,causes,results,applications,types,equations, etc.It also includes some real life example of boundary layer.
Fluid Mechanics-Shear stress ,Shear stress distribution,Velocity profile,Flow Of Viscous Fluid Through The circular pipe ,Velocity profile for turbulent flow Boundary layer buildup in pipe,Velocity Distributions
1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
A fluid is a state of matter in which its molecules move freely and do not bear a constant relationship in space to other molecules.
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving.
Fluids are :-
Liquid : blood, i.v. infusions)
Gas : O2 , N2O)
Vapour (transition from liquid to gas) : N2O (under compression in cylinder), volatile inhalational agents (halothane, isoflurane, etc)
Sublimate (transition from solid to gas bypassing liquid state) : Dry ice (solid CO2), iodine
Cafe Coffee Day (CCD) average sale per day were up 11.58% to ₹17,140 during the quarter as against ₹15,361 in January-March last fiscal year.
During the quarter under review, its same-store sales growth was up 4.9%. However, year-on-year, its cafe outlet count was down by 13.46% as the number of operational stores came down to 495 in Q4.
It was operating 501 stores in October-December of FY22 and 572 in the corresponding January-March quarter of FY21. Vending machine count was down to 45,217 during the quarter under review from 45,959 in the year-ago period.
For the fiscal ended March 2022, Coffee Day Global narrowed net loss to ₹113.44 crore. It had reported a net loss of ₹306.54 crore in the previous fiscal. Its revenue from operations was ₹496.26 crore in FY22 - 23.81% higher than in the year-ago period.
It includes details about boundary layer and boundary layer separations like history,causes,results,applications,types,equations, etc.It also includes some real life example of boundary layer.
Fluid Mechanics-Shear stress ,Shear stress distribution,Velocity profile,Flow Of Viscous Fluid Through The circular pipe ,Velocity profile for turbulent flow Boundary layer buildup in pipe,Velocity Distributions
1. Introduction to Kinematics
2. Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
a). Lagrangian Method
b). Eulerian Method
3. Flow Patterns
- Stream Line
- Path Line
- Streak Line
- Streak Tube
4. Classification of Fluid Flow
a). Steady and Unsteady Flow
b). Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow
c). Laminar and Turbulent Flow
d). Rotational and Irrotational Flow
e). Compressible and Incompressible Flow
f). Ideal and Real Flow
g). One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow
5. Rate of Flow (Discharge) and Continuity Equation
6. Continuity Equation in Three Dimensions
7. Velocity and Acceleration
8. Stream and Velocity Potential Functions
A fluid is a state of matter in which its molecules move freely and do not bear a constant relationship in space to other molecules.
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving.
Fluids are :-
Liquid : blood, i.v. infusions)
Gas : O2 , N2O)
Vapour (transition from liquid to gas) : N2O (under compression in cylinder), volatile inhalational agents (halothane, isoflurane, etc)
Sublimate (transition from solid to gas bypassing liquid state) : Dry ice (solid CO2), iodine
Cafe Coffee Day (CCD) average sale per day were up 11.58% to ₹17,140 during the quarter as against ₹15,361 in January-March last fiscal year.
During the quarter under review, its same-store sales growth was up 4.9%. However, year-on-year, its cafe outlet count was down by 13.46% as the number of operational stores came down to 495 in Q4.
It was operating 501 stores in October-December of FY22 and 572 in the corresponding January-March quarter of FY21. Vending machine count was down to 45,217 during the quarter under review from 45,959 in the year-ago period.
For the fiscal ended March 2022, Coffee Day Global narrowed net loss to ₹113.44 crore. It had reported a net loss of ₹306.54 crore in the previous fiscal. Its revenue from operations was ₹496.26 crore in FY22 - 23.81% higher than in the year-ago period.
Boundary layer concept
Characteristics of boundary layer along a thin flat plate,
Von Karman momentum integral equation,
Laminar and Turbulent Boundary layers
Separation of Boundary Layer,
Control of Boundary Layer,
flow around submerged objects-
Drag and Lift- Expression
Magnus effect.
Understanding External Flow in Fluid DynamicsKyleVroght
External flow refers to the study of fluid flow around solid objects or boundaries where the fluid is unbounded on one or more sides, in contrast to internal flow, where the fluid is completely enclosed by surfaces. This type of flow is prevalent in many natural and engineered systems, encompassing everything from the flow of air around aircraft wings and vehicles to water flowing past bridge piers and rocks in a river. The primary focus in external flow analysis is on understanding how the fluid interacts with the surfaces it encounters, which involves studying the effects of fluid dynamics such as boundary layers, separation, drag, and wake formation.
It includes various supports requirement for the formwork, introduction to scaffolds and failure, design of vertical supports of formwork, forces acting on shore
This power point presentation includes concept of beam, moment of inertia, radius of gyration, perpendicular axis and parallel axis theorem, theory of simple bending or pure bending and assumptions of it, derivation of bending stress formula or flexural formula, moment of resistance, section modulus and numerical based on above said topic. It also includes concept of shear stress and its derivation for circular, rectangular cross section, concepts of complementary shear stress and numerical based on shear stress concept.
This power point presentation includes concept of beam, types of beam, types of support, concept of shear force and bending moment diagram, concept of determinate and indeterminate beams, rules to draw SFD and BMD and numerical based on above said topic. It also includes concepts of drawing loading diagram and bending moment diagram from shear force diagram and numerical based on this concept.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
Concept of Boundary Layer
1. SRE’s Sanjivani College of Engineering,
Kopargaon
BOUNDARY LAYER AND CONCEPTS
Prepared by
Mr. S.S.Kolapkar
Departmentof civilengineering
2. TOPICS COVERED
1.Concept of Boundary Layer
Different Boundary Layer Thicknesses
2.Nominal Thickness
3.Displacement Thickness
4.Momentum Thickness
5.Energy Thickness
6. Concepts of Boundary Layer separation
7. Methods of controlling the boundary layer
3. 1.Concept of Boundary Layer:
It is a small region in the immediate vicinity of the
boundary surface in which velocity of flowing fluid
increases rapidly from zero at the boundary surface to
the velocity of main stream of flowing fluid.
This layer of flowing fluid is known as BL
NOTE:- i) It is due to the high values of viscosity of
flowing fluid in the vicinity of surface.
ii) Due to this effect most of the energy get lost in this
zone due to viscous shear effect.
4.
5. 2.Nominal Thickness(δ):
Nominal thickness of the boundary layer is defined as
the thickness of zone extending from solid boundary
to a point where velocity reaches 99% of the free
stream velocity (U- Refer previous diagram). It is
based on the fact that beyond this boundary, effect of
viscous stresses can be neglected.
The velocity profile merges smoothly and
asymptotically
6. 3.DisplacementThickness(δ*):
Presence of boundary layer introduces a retardation
to the free stream velocity in the neighborhood of the
boundary. This causes a decrease in mass flow rate
due to presence of boundary layer. A “velocity defect”
of (U - u) exists at a certain distance along y axis.
Displacement thickness is the distance (measured
perpendicular to the boundary) with which the
boundary may be imagined to have been shifted such
that the actual flow rate would be the same as that of
an ideal fluid (with slip) flowing around the displaced
boundary.
7.
8. a decrease in mass flow rate due to presence of boundary layer (i.e. due
to viscous force) is
0
.U u b dy I
Where,
b is the width of the surface in the direction perpendicular to the flow
ρ is the density of flowing fluid
U is the initial stream velocity of flowing fluid
The mass flow rate deficiency by displacing the solid boundary by δ* will be
. . .U b II
Therefore in an incompressible flow equating these two equation will get
0
0
. . . .
1 .
U b U u b dy
u
dy
U
9. 4.Momentum Thickness(δ**):
Retardation of flow within boundary layer
causes a reduction in the momentum flux too.
So similar to displacement thickness, the
momentum thickness (δ**) is defined as the
thickness of an imaginary layer in free stream
flow which has momentum equal to the
deficiency of momentum caused to actual mass
flowing inside the boundary layer
10. Mass flowing per second through the elemental strip is
= ρ x area of strip x velocity
. . .b dy u
Therefore mass momentum of above quantity = mass flowing per second x velocity
2
. . .b dy u
Therefore mass momentum of above quantity in the absence of boundary layer is
( . . )u bdy U
Therefore loss of momentum per second is
2
( . . ) . . .
.
u bdy U b dy u
u U u b dy
Therefore total loss of momentum per second is
0
.u U u b dy I
11. But this is also equal to
2
. .b U II
Therefore from equation I and II we have
0
1 .
u u
dy
U
U
12. 5.Energy Thickness(θ):
Energy thickness (θ) is defined as the distance
perpendicular to the boundary by which the
boundary is to be displaced to compensate for
reduction in kinetic energy of fluid caused due
to formation of boundary layer. It is given by
2
2
0
1 .
u u
dy
U
U
14. i) When the pressure increases in the direction of flow (dp/dx>0), the
pressure forces act opposite to the direction of flow and further
increase the retarding effect of the viscous forces.
ii) Subsequently the thickness of the boundary layer increases rapidly in
the direction of flow.
iii) If these forces act over a long stretch the boundary layer gets
separated from the surface and moves into the main stream.
This phenomenon is called separation.
iv) The point of the body at which the boundary layer is on the verge of
separation from the surface is called “point of separation”.
16. v) Figure shows the fluid flows round the surface (the area of flow
decreases) it is accelerated over the left hand section until at point B the
velocity just outside the boundary is maximum and the pressure is
minimum. Thus from A and B the pressure gradient is negative. As long
as dp/dx<0, the entire boundary layer moves forward.
vi) Beyond B(i.e. along the region BCDE), the area of flow increases and
hence velocity of flow decreases; due to decrease of velocity the
pressure increases (in the direction of flow) and hence the pressure
gradient dp/dx is positive i.e. dp/dx>0.
vii) The value of the velocity gradient (du/dy) at the boundary layer is
zero at the point C, this point is known as a separation point (the
boundary layer start separating from the surface because further
retardation of flow near the surface is physically impossible) large
turbulent eddies are formed downstream of the point of separation. The
disturbed region in which the eddies are formed is called turbulent
wake.
17. 7. Methods of controlling the boundary
layer:
i)Streamlining the body shape.
ii)Tripping the boundary layer from laminar to turbulent by
provision of surface roughness.
iii)Sucking the retarded flow.
iv)Injecting the high velocity fluid in the boundary layer
v)Providing the slots near the leading edge.
vi)Guidance of flow in a confined passage.
vii)Providing a rotating cylinder near the leading edge.
viii)Energizing the flow by introducing optimum amount of swirl
in the incoming flow