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- 1. IPv6 Presented by: Maryam Asghar BTS 43 Hamza Tareen BTS 31 Ahsan Mirza BTS 30 Arsalan BTS 49 Ali Hassan BTS 14-29
- 2. The Need for IPv6 • IPv6 has a larger 128-bit address space, providing (340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,76 8,211,456 to be exact) addresses. This provides roughly 50 octillion addresses per person alive on Earth today, or roughly 3.7 x 1021 addresses per square inch of the Earth’s surface. • A lack of Internet addresses caused web programmes slow down. • To allow the Internet to continue to grow and spread across the world, implementing IPv6 is necessary.
- 3. The Need for IPv6 • The depletion of IPv4 address space has been the motivating factor for moving to IPv6 • IPv4 has a theoretical maximum of 4.3 billion addresses. With an increasing Internet population, a limited IPv4 address space, issues with NAT and an Internet of Everything. • The time has come to begin the transition to IPv6.
- 4. IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence • There is not a single date to move to IPv6. For the future, both IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist. The IETF has created various protocols and tools to help network administrators migrate their networks to IPv6. The migration techniques can be divided into three categories: • Dual Stack –A station must run IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously until all the Internet uses IPv6. To determine which version to use when sending a packet to a destination to the source host queries the DNS. If the DNS return an IPv4 address, the source host sends an IPv4 packet. If the DNS return an IPv6 address, the source host sends an IPv6 packet.
- 5. IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence • Tunneling: is a strategy used when two computer using IPv6 want to communicate with each other and the packet must pass through a region that uses an IPv4. To pass through this region the packet must have an IPv4 address. So the IPv6 packet is encapsulated in IPv4 packet when it enters the region, and it leaves its capsule when it exits the region. It seems as if the IPv6 packet enters the tunnel at one end and emerges at other end. • Header Translation: sender wants to use Ipv6 but the receiver does not understand Ipv6 • Tunneling does not worked • Must Ipv4 format to understood • Header format totally changed
- 6. Benefits of IPv6 IPv6 offers the following features: • Increased Address Space and Scalability – providing the absurd number of possible addresses stated previously. • Integrated Security – provides built-in authentication and encryption into the IPv6 network header • Compatibility with IPv4 – simplifies address migration, as IPv6 is backward- compatible with IPv4
- 7. IPv6 Address Representation • An IPv6 address is represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, each group representing 16 bits (two octets, a group sometimes also called a hextet). The groups are separated by colons (:). • 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 • The hexadecimal digits are case-insensitive. • The full representation of IPv6 have following techniques; • Leading zeroes in a group may be omitted, but each group must retain at least one hexadecimal digit. • Thus, the example address may be written as: 2001:db8:85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7334
- 8. IPv6 Address Representation(cont.) • One or more consecutive groups of zero value may be replaced with a single empty group using two consecutive colons (::) • but the substitution may only be applied once in the address, because multiple occurrences would create an ambiguous representation. • For example 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 can be written as 2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334
- 9. What happened to IPv5? • Version 5 of the IP family was an experimental protocol developed in the 1980s. IPv5 (also called the Internet Stream Protocol) was never widely deployed. • Since the number 5 was already allocated, this number was not considered for the successor to IPv4. • Several proposals were suggested as the IPv4 successor, and each was assigned a number. In the end, it happened that the one with version number 6 was selected.
- 10. IPv6 Address Types • Unicast - An IPv6 unicast address uniquely identifies an interface on an IPv6-enabled device • Multicast - An IPv6 multicast address is used to send a single IPv6 packet to multiple destinations. • Anycast - An IPv6 anycast address is any IPv6 unicast address that can be assigned to multiple devices. A packet sent to an anycast address is routed to the nearest device having that address.
- 11. World IPv6 Day and World IPv6 Launch Day • World IPv6 Day was a technical testing and publicity event in 2011 sponsored and organized by the Internet Society and several large Internet content services to test and promote public IPv6 deployment. • Following the success of the 2011 test day, the Internet Society carried out a World IPv6 Launch day on June 6, 2012 which, instead of just a test day, was planned to permanently enable IPv6 for the products and services of the participants • Up till now 20 % of IPv6 has been deployed in the world and might be possible world will transit to IPv6 in early 2020 due to shortage of IPv4.
- 12. The IPv6 Prefix • IPv4 utilizes a subnet mask to define the network “prefix” and “host” portions of an address. • IPv6 always use CIDR notation to determine what bits notate the prefix of an address: • Full Address: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14:123:1111:2222:3333/64 Prefix ID: 1254:1532:26B1:CC14: Host ID: 123:1111:2222:3333 • The /64 indicates that the first 64 bits of this address identify the prefix.
- 13. Thank You (;
Editor's Notes
- An IP address is essentially a postal address for each and every Internet-connected device. Without one, websites would not know where to send the information each time you perform a search or try to access a website. The world officially ran out of the 4.3 billion available IPv4 addresses in February 2011. Yet, hundreds of millions of people are still to come online, many of whom will do so in the next few years. IPv6 is what will allow them to come online, providing enough addresses (2128 to be exact) for everyone and all of their various devices. A lack of Internet addresses would have caused many problems; your favorite web programmes would slow down, computers would find it more difficult to communicate with one another, and your privacy could be compromised because it will be hard to tell the difference between you and another computer user down the street. To allow the Internet to continue to grow and spread across the world, implementing IPv6 is necessary.
- Allowance for extension Support for mobility Support for better security Zayn aik lazy banda hy usy us ki mama ny bola ja k motor on krdo Wo betha soch rha hy k mai ni ja rha same isi trha internt of everything humain is chez ki facility dyta hay k hum apny electric devices ko ip assign kr skty hain lekin ipv4 hmari ye need poori ni krta or Internet of everything k liay humain Ipv6 ki zrort hy ta k hum hr kisi device ko ip assign kr sakain or us device ko apny mobile device ya kisi b electronic devices mai app ya web application k through hum usy control ker skty hain.
- International Engeneering task force Dual stack: A station must run IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously until all the Internet uses IPv6. To determine which version to use when sending a packet to a destination to the source host queries the DNS. If the DNS return an IPv4 address, the source host sends an IPv4 packet. If the DNS return an IPv6 address, the source host sends an IPv6 packet. Network Address Translation protocol Tunneling: is a strategy used when two computer using IPv6 want to communicate with each other and the packet must pass through a region that uses an IPv4. To pass through this region the packet must have an IPv4 address. So the IPv6 packet is encapsulated in IPv4 packet when it enters the region, and it leaves its capsule when it exits the region. It seems as if the IPv6 packet enters the tunnel at one end and emerges at other end. Header Translation: sender wants to use Ipv6 but the receiver does not understand Ipv6 > Tunneling does not worked > Must Ipv4 format to understood > Header format totally changed
- Automatic configuration: IPv6 hosts can automatically configure their own IPv6 addresses and other configuration parameters, even in the absence of an address configuration infrastructure such as DHCP. No more NAT (Network Address Translation) Auto-configuration No more private address collisions Better multicast routing Simpler header format Simplified, more efficient routing True quality of service (QoS), also called "flow labeling" Built-in authentication and privacy support Flexible options and extensions Easier administration (say good-bye to DHCP) Security - Built-in, strong IP-layer encryption and authentication Mobility - More efficient and robust mechanisms Mobile hosts have one or more home address relatively stable; associated with host name in DNS A Host will acquire a care-of address when it discovers it is in a foreign subnet (i.e., not its home subnet) uses auto-configuration or local policy to get the address registers the care-of address with a home agent, i.e, a router on its home subnet Packets sent to the mobile’s home address(es) are intercepted by home agent and forwarded to the care-of address, using encapsulation Mobile IPv6 hosts sends binding-updates to correspondent to remove home agent from flow Quality of Service Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (RFC 3041) Source address selection
- Internet stream protocol was never used by public it was only for experimenta;l purposes Due to different flaws it was never introduced .
- What is Unicast? Unicast is a type of communication where data is sent from one computer to another computer. Unicast is a one-to-one type of network communication. Different data streams are generated for each Unicast connection. This type of communication is the option when clients need different data from network server. In Unicast type of communication, there is only one sender, and only one receiver. Example for IPv6 Unicast type of network communication: 1) Browsing a website. (Webserver is the sender and your computer is the receiver.) 2) Downloading a file from a FTP Server. (FTP Server is the sender and your computer is the receiver.) What is Multicast? Multicast is a type of communication where multicast traffic addressed for a group of devices on the network. IPv6 multicast traffic are sent to a group and only members of that group receive the Multicast traffic. Devices which are interested in a particular Multicast traffic must join to that Multicast group to receive the traffic.IPv6 Multicast Groups are identified by IPv6 Multicast Addresses. In Multicast, the sender transmit only one copy of data and it is delivered to many devices (Not all devices as inIPv4 Broadcast) who are interested in that traffic. What is Anycast? Anycast is a type of IPv6 network communication in which IPv6 datagrams from a source are routed to the nearest device (in terms of routing distance) from a group servers which provide the same service. Every nodes which provide the same service are configured with same Anycast destination address. Refer the above image. Here we have three servers providing the same network service, but located at different routing distances from the source network. With the help of routing protocols, IPv6 Anycast network communication can identify the near node from a group of server nodes, which provides the same service and avail the service from the near server
- World IPv6 Day was announced on January 12, 2011 with five anchoring companies: Facebook, Google, Yahoo, Akamai Technologies, and Limelight Networks.[3] The event started at 00:00 UTC on June 8, 2011 and ended 23:59 the same day he main motivation for the event was to evaluate the real world effects of the IPv6 brokenness as seen by various synthetic tests. To this end, during World IPv6 Day major web companies and other industry players enabled IPv6 on their main websites for 24 hours. An additional goal was to motivate organizations across the industry – Internet service providers, hardware makers, operating system vendors and web companies – to prepare their services for IPv6, so as to ensure a successful transition from IPv4 as address space runs out[ here were more than 400 participants in the original World IPv6 Day.[8] included some of the most heavily accessed destinations on the Internet, content distribution networks,[9] as well as various Internet service and infrastructure providers including:[10] Comcast, Google, Yahoo, Facebook, Yandex[11] YouTube, Akamai Technologies, Limelight Networks, Microsoft, Vonage, AOL, Mapquest, T-Online, Cisco, Juniper Networks, Huawei, the US Department of Commerce, MasterCard, the BBC, and Telmex. Major carriers measured the percentage of IPv6 traffic of all Internet traffic as increasing from 0.024 to 0.041 with respect to native and tunneled stacks combined.[12] Most IPv6 traffic in consumer access networks was to Google sites.[13] Demonstrating the need for content sites to adopt IPv6 for success, the biggest increase was actually in 6to4 transitional technologies.[13]Early results indicated that the day passed according to plan and without significant problems for the participants.[14] Cisco and Google reported no significant issues during the test.[15][16] Facebook called the results encouraging, and decided to leave their developer site IPv6-enabled as a result.[17] But the consensus was that more work needed to be done before IPv6 could consistently be applied