Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that boosts the body's natural defenses to fight cancer. There are several types of immunotherapy including cancer vaccines, T cell therapy, oncolytic virus therapy, non-specific immunotherapies, and monoclonal antibodies. T cell therapy involves modifying a patient's T cells to recognize and destroy cancer cells, while oncolytic virus therapy uses genetically modified viruses to kill cancer cells. Immunotherapies have shown promise in treating various forms of cancer, but greater understanding is still needed of how the immune system interacts with tumor cells and the mechanisms by which tumors evade immunity.
Assignment on Preclinical Screening of ImmunomodulatorsDeepak Kumar
Assignment on Preclinical screening of new substances for the pharmacological activity using in vivo, in vitro, and other possible animal alternative models
This slideshare conatins detailed overview of immunotheraphy,humanisation of antibodies and its clinical application
this is the topic from cellular and molecular pharmacology of m pharmacy first year
immunotheraphy is further classified to its various types which has been discussed individually
its also conatins various immunotheraphy drugs which has other clinical advantages
Assignment on Preclinical Screening of ImmunomodulatorsDeepak Kumar
Assignment on Preclinical screening of new substances for the pharmacological activity using in vivo, in vitro, and other possible animal alternative models
This slideshare conatins detailed overview of immunotheraphy,humanisation of antibodies and its clinical application
this is the topic from cellular and molecular pharmacology of m pharmacy first year
immunotheraphy is further classified to its various types which has been discussed individually
its also conatins various immunotheraphy drugs which has other clinical advantages
Introduction to Immunotherapeutics
Cell mediated & humoral immunity, Immunosuppressants, Immunostimulants
Presented by
G. Sai Swetha
Department of Pharmacology
Extrapolation of in vitro data to preclinical and.pptxARSHIKHANAM4
Extrapolation of in vitro data to preclinical.
the topic is included in m.pharmacy 1st sem syllabus. which is essential for the study and that include the details about how you deal with the preclinical data that will help to decide the NOEAL and LOEAL, the humane dose of the drug can be calculated and further formation is also done.
Screening methods of immunomodulators by shivam diwakerShivam Diwaker
Immune Modulators are the substances or drugs or chemical compounds that are used for the modification in the Immune system such as stimulate and suppress.
Introduction to Immunotherapeutics
Cell mediated & humoral immunity, Immunosuppressants, Immunostimulants
Presented by
G. Sai Swetha
Department of Pharmacology
Extrapolation of in vitro data to preclinical and.pptxARSHIKHANAM4
Extrapolation of in vitro data to preclinical.
the topic is included in m.pharmacy 1st sem syllabus. which is essential for the study and that include the details about how you deal with the preclinical data that will help to decide the NOEAL and LOEAL, the humane dose of the drug can be calculated and further formation is also done.
Screening methods of immunomodulators by shivam diwakerShivam Diwaker
Immune Modulators are the substances or drugs or chemical compounds that are used for the modification in the Immune system such as stimulate and suppress.
Immunotherapeutics (Types of immunotherapeutics, humanisation antibody therap...NikitaBankoti2
Immunotherapy
➢ Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune (defence) system to fight
against infection or disease.
➢ It is also sometimes called Biologic therapy or Biotherapy.
➢ Biological therapy is thus any form of treatment that uses the body’s natural abilities
that constitute the immune system to fight infection and disease or to protect the body
from some of the side effects of treatment e.g. – cancer.
Types of Immunotherapeutics
1. Monoclonal antibody
2. Cancer vaccines therapy
3. Immune checkpoint inhibitors
4. Non-specific Immunotherapies
5. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy
Humanized Antibody- They are antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have
been modified to increase their similarity to antibody variants produced naturally in humans.
➢The process of humanization is usually applied to monoclonal antibodies developed for administration
to humans. (e.g- antibodies developed as anti-cancer drugs)
What is immunology?
What is Tumor?
Types of tumor
Classification of Malignant tumors
Malignant transformation of cells
General features of Tumor immunity
Tumor antigens
Tumor specific antigen
Tumor associated antigens
Immune response to tumor
Evasion of immune response by tumor
Cancer Immunosurveillance versus Immunoediting
Immunotechniques
RIA
ELISA
n overview of current immunotherapy therapies used to treat cancer. Also provides MOA of various medications, and updates on SITC guidelines for metastatice melanoma.
The disease with a less known concept on pathogenesis and cure has been covered in this slide with diagrammatic representation of the concepts. A detailed description of pathogenesis has been made. Also the brief description of synovial fluid and joint has been carried out to have a basic knowledge on the concept.
Arthritis one of the most common disease worldwide has the causes unknown with Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis being the most common ones. The present slide focuses on the health aspects of arthritis with the role of free radicals in the pathogenesis. Moreover the role of antioxidants in the termination of the free radicals is also to be studied in the current slides.
Heart an important organ plays an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis and at the same time it is vulnerable to many risks. The present topic focuses on the management of heart and the risks involved in its mismanagement.
Circulation involves the movement of blood in the body which carries nutrients, enzyme etc. to the respective cells and tissues.Moreover the slide is focused on the different parts involved the process of circulation, along with blood grouping and blood coagulation.
An important system of our body is known as digestive system which has its own role to play. This step of digestion serves as as a next route to the steps of absorption of nutrients by the small intestine and its respective transportation to the cells and tissues. This slide focuses on the different organs of digestion and their functions .
Muscle movement plays an important role in day to day life where the contraction and relaxation of muscle is significant. The current slide has been developed with the focus on different phases during muscle contraction and the physiological change involved on it.
The basic aspects of drug discovery starts from target discovery and validation further going to lead identification and optimization. In this particular slide discussion is regarding the target discovery and the tools that have been utilized in this process.
Transgenesis is the future of healthcare where the world is focusing on it so why not us? Let's delve into the exclusive depth of this transgenesis in the slide.
Kyasanur forest disease a disease endemic to the western ghats has been highlighted in the present slide with an exclusive information non its treatment, prevention and the latest updates.
The high risks of lipids and its relevance towards the development of different cardiovascular diseases has been known to all where this present slide focuses on that only along with the different treatment procedures,.
Exactly what we studied till date is wrong? The big question is going to be answered by this slide where we would come to
know the force behind the binding of DNA.
The present slide gives us an insight into the different aspects of application of columnn chromatrography the principle behind it and at the same time its recent advances.
Cancer dreaded by many has its own impact in health sciences. The present slide focuses on the treatment aspects of cancer and a brief overview of the disease.
The present slide focuses on the applications and different uses of biosimilars along with the basic difference in between biosimilars and bioequivalence.
The current slide focuses on different screening models for neurodegenerative diseases along with a brief description of the diseases where the slides are to the points and brief with detailed evaluation.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Surgical Site Infections, pathophysiology, and prevention.pptx
Immunotherapeutics
1. IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS
INTRODUCTION: Immunotherapy is the treatment of disease by activating or suppressing the immune system.
Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune responses are classified as activation immunotherapies are
classified as activation immunotherapies, while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as suppression
immunotherapies.
The term immunity is derived from Latin word “immunis” which means exempt. The cells and
molecules responsible for immunity constitute the immune system and their collective and coordinated response to
foreign substances is called the immune response.
In recent years, immunotherapy has become of great interest to researchers, clinicians and
pharmaceutical companies particularly in its promise to treat various forms of cancer. Cell based immunotherapies
are effective for some cancer. Immune effector cells such as lymphocytes,macrophages, dendritic cells, Natural killer
cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes etc. Immunomodulators are the active agents of immunotherapy. They are a diverse
array of recombinant, synthetic and natural preparations.
Immunotherapy also called as Biologic therapy is a type of cancer treatment that boosts the body
natural defenses to fight cancer. Substances made by the body or in a laboratory to improve or restore immune system
function are used. Immunotherapy may work by;
Stopping or slowing the growth of cancer cells.
Stopping cancer from spreading to other parts of the body.
Helping the immune systemwork better at destroying cancer cells.
There are several types of immunotherapy. They are as follows:-
Monoclonal antibodies and Tumor agnostic therapies
Non- specific immunotherapies
Oncolytic virus therapy
T cell therapy
Cancer vaccines.
Explanation:
1. Cancer vaccines: A cancer vaccine is another method used to help the body fight disease. A vaccine
exposes the immune systemto an antigen which triggers the immune systemto recognize and destroy that
antigen or related materials. Two types of cancer vaccines are there – Treatment vaccines and prevention
vaccines.
2. T cell therapy: T cells are immune cells that fight infection. At the same time same T –cells are removed
from a patient’s blood and changed in the laboratory so they have specific proteins called receptors. The
receptors allow those T –cells to recognize the cancer cells. The changed T-cells are grown in the laboratory
and returned to the patient’s body. Once in the body, they seek out and destroy cancer cells. This type of
therapy is called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy.
3. Oncolytic virus therapy: Oncolytic virus therapy uses genetically modified viruses to kill cancer cells.
The doctor first injects a virus into the tumor where the virus then enters the cancer cells and makes copies
of itself. Thus the cell bursts and die releasing specific substances called antigens thus triggering the patient’s
immune systemto target all the cancer cells in the body and that have those same antigens. The virus does
not enter the healthy cells.
The first Oncolytic virus therapy to treat melanoma was talimogene laherparepvec (lmlygic) or
T-VEC. The virus is genetically modified version of the herpes simplex virus that causes cold sores.
2. 4. Non- specific immunotherapies: Most non-specific immunotherapies also help the immune system
destroy cancercells and given after or at the same time as othercancer treatments. Two common non-specific
immunotherapies are Interferon and Interleukins where interferon help the immune system fight cancer
and may slow the growth of cancer cells and interleukin help the immune systemproduce cells that destroy
cancer. An interleukin made in the laboratory is called Interleuukin-2 or aldesleukin.
5. Monoclonal antibody: When the body’s immune system detects something harmful it produces
antibodies where antibodies are proteins that fight infections. Monoclonalantibody can be used as a targeted
therapy to block an abnormal protein in cancer cell.
A tumor marker may be produced by the tumor cells in order to detect the presence of cancer based on the
measurement in body fluids and tissues.The search for tumor marker gene goes back to the discovery of Bence
Jones protein, a light chain immunoglobulin found in patients with multiple myeloma.
HUMANIZATION ANTIBODY THERAPY: Humanization (also called reshaping or CDR grafting) is now a
well-established technique for reducing the immunogenicity of monoclonal antibody from xenogeneic sources
and for their activation of the human immune system.
Humanized antibodies are antibodies from non- human species whose protein sequences have been
modified to increase their similarity to antibody variants produced naturally in humans. The process of
humanization is usually applied to monoclonal antibodies developed for administration to humans e.g. antibodies
developed as anti- cancer drugs. Humanization can be necessary when the process of developing a specific
antibody involves generation in a non-human system. The protein sequence of antibodies produced in this way
are partially distinct from homologous antibodies occurring naturally in humans, and therefore partially
immunogenic when administered to human patients.
Production of humanized antibodies: In order to humanize an antibody the design of the humanized
antibody is the critical step in reproducing the function of the original molecule. This design includes the extent
of CDRs, the human framework to use and the substitution of residues from the rodent mAb into the human
framework regions (back mutations).
Off late, phage libraries have been used to vary the amino acids at chosen position.Some groups
use variable regions with high amino acid sequence identity to the rodent variable regions; with high amino acid
sequence identity to the rodent variable regions; others use consensus or germ line sequences while still others
select a framework sequences within each light or heavy chain variable region from several different human
mAbs.
USES: 1. It includes reduction in the immunogenicity of an antibody.
2. Therapeutic value of an antibody increases after humanization.
Immunotherapeutics in clinical practice/ Role of immunotherapeutics
Von Behring and Wernicke found that animals could be cured of diphtheria. An injection of sear
produced by animals immunized with an attenuated form of diphtheria successfully treated a child with
diphtheria.
Drugs like thalidomide, Lanalidomide, Imiquimod can boost immune response. This promise without
the serious side effects of chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery.
T- lymphocyte associated antigen 4, programmed cell death I and programmed cell death protein ligand
I are the classes ofdrugs based on immunologic manipulation and are collectively known as checkpoint
inhibitors. Checkpoint inhibitors have shown a remarkable antitumor efficacy in a broad spectrum of
malignancies.
Combination of immunotherapeutics with radiation: Radiation therapy aids immune systemin two ways:
Either via direct toxicity of tumor cells or Radiation works as an immune-adjuvant and the
inflammatory microenvironment leads to induction of immune response.
3. In various tumor cells, experiments have demonstrated clinical
efficacy of combination with IT. CTL-4 blockade showed synergy with RT.
CONCLUSION: Novel developments in immunotherapy have led to a new era for cancer
treatment. Immunotherapeutics specifically PD-1 and anti PD-L1 antagonism have shown
to elicit important, durable and safe responses in many tumor types that were once
considered among the most desperate malignancies.
1. One of the key limitations of achieving broader responses in clinical trials is the
complexity of the host immune system and its interaction with host cells.
2. Besides a more in depth understanding of tumoral antigen production and
recognition as well as of the escape mechanisms from host immunity and the
antitumoral death responses is essential to overcome the major problems of immune
related drug development.
3. Increased efforts in translational research will further shed light on anticancer drug
developments, especially in the immunotherapy area which will lead to a better
understanding of the dynamic interactions between the host and tumor cells.
Among the combination strategies a backbone with either PD-1 or PD-L1
antagonist drugs along with certain cytotoxic chemotherapies radiation, targeted drugs and novel
checkpoint stimulators will be the most promising approaches in future.