The document describes screening methods for new anticancer drugs. It discusses how cancer arises from genetic mutations and different cancer types. Current treatments include chemotherapy, surgery and radiation. There is a need for more selective anticancer agents due to drug resistance and side effects. Various in vitro and in vivo screening assays are described to test compounds for cytotoxicity against cancer cells and tumors in animal models. The goal is to develop more effective and safer anticancer drugs.

1. Anticancer Drug Screening ‘ Cancer’: a fatal disease of uncontrolled proliferation of genetically altered cells. In all known cases, cancer cells are derived from the repeated divisions of a mutant cell. Some of these mutations may be due to the effects of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals or infectious agents. A few other cancer-promoting mutations may be acquired through errors in DNA replication. Genetic alterations that render a normal cell cancerous usually arise in two classes of genes termed the oncogenes and tumors suppressors. Activate the cancer promoting oncogenes and/or inactivate the tumor suppressor genes. Cancer

7. Figure-1: Normal (Control) HeLa cells showing no signs of necrosis or apoptosis Figure-2: Effect of Doxorubicin on HeLa cells showing cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation Figure-3: Effect of compound - 6 on HeLa cells showing apoptosis and cell necrosis Figure-4: Effect of Com -4 on HeLa cells showing cell shrinkage and nuclear condensation

8. Cell Cycle Analysis Control R6 R3 R4 R5 DOX R6 R3 R4 R5 Phase Sub-G 0 G 0 -G1 S G 2 -M Phase Sub-G 0 G 0 -G 1 S G 2 -M % cells 1.15 74.27 6.34 18.65 % cells 2.22 16.62 4.01 76.76 Figure-7: Control HeLa cells showing normal cell cycle Figure-8: Doxorubicin showing prominent G 2 -M phase arrest

9. BE-7 R5 R2 R3 R4 BE-4 R6 R3 R4 R5 Phase Sub-G 0 G 0 -G 1 S G 2 -M Phase Sub-G 0 G 0 -G 1 S G 2- M % cells 27.87 44.46 9.73 17.91 % cells 0.62 88.41 1.04 9.72 Figure-9: Com-6 treated HeLa cells showing sub G 0 (apoptotic) arrest Figure-10: Com-4 treated HeLa cells showing prominent G 0 -G 1 phase arrest

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