Kyasanur forest disease a disease endemic to the western ghats has been highlighted in the present slide with an exclusive information non its treatment, prevention and the latest updates.

1. KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE
(MONKEY FEVER)
BY: ANAND SAGAR TIWARI

2. Brief overview
• Introduction
• History
• Causes
• Diagnosis
• Signs and symptoms
• Prevention and treatment
• Epidemiology
• Latest updates

3. Introduction
• A tick-borne disease rather a viral hemorrhagic fever.
• Endemic to Southern parts of India.
• Caused by a virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae.
• Mainly transmitted by monkeys.
• Commonly related to Yellow fever and dengue fever which
are transmitted by mosquitoes.
• Mainly spreads in the areas adjacent to Western Ghats.

5. History
• First reported from Kyasanur Forest of Karnataka in India in
March 1958.
• First manifested as epizootic outbreak among monkeys.
Similarity noticed with Russian spring-summer encephalitis.
• The virus was found to be quite distinctive and not closely
related to the Russian virus strains.
• Antigenic relatedness to other strains including the Omsk
hemorrhagic fever (OHF).
• It appears that these viruses diverged 700 years ago.

7. Causes
• The genome of KFDV consists of 10,774 nucleotides of
single stranded , positive sense RNA.
• Genome was discovered to only code for one polyprotein: C-
prM-E-NS1-NS2A-NS2B-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5.
• The genome of KFDV was very similar to that of Alkhuma
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus found in Saudi Arabia.
• A variety of animals are thought to be the reservoir hosts
including porcupines, rats, squirrels, mice and shrews.

8. Diagnosis
 Previous methods of diagnosis included H1,complement fixation,
neutralization tests and injecting the serum of infected individuals into
mice.
 However new research methods include nested RT-PCR, TaqMan-
based real time RT-PCR and immunoglobulin M antibodies detection
by ELISA.
The methods involving PCR are able to function by attaching to the
primer NS-5 gene.
Last method allows for the detection of anti KFDV antibodies in
patients.

9. Signs and Symptoms
• High fever with frontal headaches
• Hemorrhagic symptoms as bleeding from nasal cavity, throat
and gums.
• Vomiting
• Muscle stiffness, tremors
• Absent reflexes
• Mental disturbances
• Muscle aches and weakness

11. Prevention and Treatment
• Prevention is carried out by vaccination.
• By protective clothing, tick control and mosquito control.
• Vaccine for KFDV(Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus) consists
of formalin- inactivated KFDV.
• Vaccine has an effectiveness of 62.4% in individuals who
receive two doses.

13. Epidemiology
• Fatality rate of 3-10% and it affects 400-500 annually.
• First noted at Kyasanur village near Sagar in Shivamogga
district of Karnataka.
• Virus detected in monkeys in parts of Bandipur National Park
and parts of the Nilgiris.
• Human infection occurred through handling of monkeys that
were already infected.
• Disease shows its presence in states of Karnataka including
Kerala, Maharashtra, Goa, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.

14. Latest updates
• Recently no such effective vaccination for Kyasanur forest fever is
there in the market.
• Karnataka’s Tirthahalli taluk recently has been in news for monkey
fever again.
• So far 5 positive cases has been reported in the forest of
Ghantejanagallu near Suruvinakoppa village.
• In 2016-2017 four persons died of KFD in Tirthahalli and 48 positive
cases were reported.
• Disease is endemic to South Asia.