The document discusses vaccines, their history, types, and delivery systems, highlighting the role of vaccines in improving immunity against diseases. It covers traditional and innovative vaccines, the mechanisms of antigen uptake, and the potential of single shot, mucosal, and transdermal delivery systems. Additionally, it addresses strategies to enhance vaccine effectiveness through adjuvants and various delivery methods.

1. VACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEM :
VACCINES, UPTAKE OF ANTIGENS,
SINGLE SHOT VACCINES, MUCOSAL
& TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF
VACCINES
PRESENTED BY: SACHINKUMAR B
1ST YEAR M.PHARMA
DEPT OF PHARMACEUTICS
SRINIVAS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
1

2. Contents
1. What are vaccines?
2. History of vaccines
3. Types of vaccines
4. Uptake of antigens
5. Single shot vaccines
6. Mucosal vaccine delivery system
7. Transdermal vaccine delivery system
8. References
2

3. What are vaccines…???
• A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves
immunity to a particular disease.
• A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles
a disease-causing microorganism and is often made
from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its
toxins or one of its surface proteins.
3

4. 4
• A vaccine contain agent that resemble a disease.
• The agent stimulate the body’s immune system to recognise
foreign agent, destroy it, and keep a record of it, so that the
immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of
these microorganisms that it later encounters.
• Vaccines can be prophylactic ( to prevent or ameliorate the effects
of a future infection by any natural or wild pathogen), or
therapeutic ( vaccines against cancer).

5. History of vaccines……
 ThetermVACCINE and VACCINATION are derived from a
Latin word VARIOLAE VACCINAE
The diary workers would never have the often fatal disease
smallpox because they already have the cowpox
5

6. 6
• First vaccine was developed in 1878 for small pox by Edward Jenner.
His innovations begun with successful use of cowpox material to
create immunity against smallpox
• The second generation of vaccines was introduced in 1880s by Louis
Pasteur who developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax

7. Jenner took the pus from the hand of a milkmaid with cow
pox, scratched it into the arm of an 8 yr old boy and six weeks
later inoculated (variolated) the boy with small pox, he
observed that boy did not catch smallpox.
History…….
7

8. Types of vaccine
Vaccines are Dead or inactivated micro-organism or purified
product derived from them.
1. Traditional vaccine
2. Innovative Vaccine
8

9. Traditional vaccine : Killed ( inactivated) vaccine
Bacterial
• Typhoid-paratyphoid
(TAB)
• Cholera
• Whooping cough
• Plague etc.
Virus
• Rabies
• Influenza
• Hepatitis B,A etc
5
9

10. Live attenuated vaccine( Long lasting immunity)
Virus
 Poliomyelitis oral live(OPV
Sabin)
 Mumps
 Measels
 Rubella
 Varicella
10
Bacterial
 Typhoid
 Becillus Calmette
agerin (BCG)
6

11. Toxoid
11
• Diphtheria ,Modified bacteria , Toxicities lost but
antigenicity is retained
• Tetanus
7

12. Innovative vaccine
12
 Conjugate vaccine
 Recombinant vector vaccine ( DNA)
 T-cell receptor peptide vaccine
 Valent( Monovalent , Multivalent)
8

13. UPTAKE OF ANTIGENS
• Antigens generated by endogenous and exogenous antigen
processing activate different effector functions
13

14. Y
ENDOGENOUS
PATHOGENS
Eliminated by:
Killing of infected cells by
CTL that use antigens
generated by
ENDOGENOUS
PROCESSING
EXOGENOUS
PATHOGENS
Eliminated by:
Antibodies and phagocyte
activation by T helper
cells that use antigens
generated by
EXOGENOUS
PROCESSING
Antigens generated by endogenous and exogenous antigen
processing activate different effector functions
14

15. STAGES OF EXOGENOUS ANTIGEN UPTAKE
UPTAKE
Access of native pathogens to
intracellular pathways of degradation
DEGRADATION
Limited proteolysis of antigens to peptides
ANTIGEN-MHC COMPLEX FORMATION
Loading of peptides on MHC molecules
ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
Transport and expression of peptide-MHC complexes
on the surfaces of cells for reorganization by T-Cells
15

16. STAGES OF ENDOGENOUS ANTIGEN UPTAKE
UPTAKE
Antigens/pathogens already present in the cells
DEGRADATION
Antigens synthesized in cytoplasm undergo limited proteolytic
degradation in the cytoplasm
ANTIGEN-MHC COMPLEX FORMATION
Loading of peptide antigens onto MHC Class 1 Molecules
is different to the loading on MHC Class-2 Molecules
PRESENTATION
Transport and expression of antigen-MHC Complex on
the surface of cells for reorganization by T-cells
16

17. SINGLE SHOT VACCINES
Single dose vaccines are given at a single contact point for preventing
4-6 diseases.
They will replace the need for a prime boost regimen, consequently
eliminating the repeated visits to doctors.
The cost for single shot vaccines are higher as compared to normal
vaccines.
DEFINATION: The single shot vaccine is a Combination Product of a
Prime Component Antigen with an Microsphere Component and
appropriate Adjuvants and an encapsulated antigen which will provide
the booster immunizations by delayed release of the antigen.
17

18. 18
In order to increase the therapeutic activity of single shot vaccines
Vaccine Adjuvants are used.
Addition of Adjuvants triggers the immune system to become more
sensitive to the vaccine.

19. MUCOSAL VACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEM
Mucosal surfaces area is Major portal of entry for many human
pathogens that are the cause of infectious disease worldwide .
Immunization by mucosal routes may be More effective at inducing
protective immunity against mucosal pathogens at their sites of entry.
Efforts have focused on efficient delivery of vaccine antigens to
mucosal sites that facilitate uptake by local antigen-presenting cells to
generate protective mucosal immune responses.
19

20. 20
The adult human mucosa lines the surfaces of the Digestive,
Respiratory and genitourinary tracts, covering an immense surface
area (400 M2) that is~200 times greater than that of the skin.
Mucosal surfaces are typically categorized as Type-1 and Type-2
mucosa. Type-1 mucosa include surface of the lung and gut, where as
Type-2 mucosa include surfaces of the mouth, esophagus and cornea

21. DESIGN AND STRATERGIES FOR MUCOSAL
DELIVERY
i. Emulsion type delivery
ii. Melt in mouth strips
iii. Liposome based delivery
iv. Polymeric nano-particles
v. Virosomes
21

22. TRANSDERMAL VACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEM
The skin is the largest and most accessible organ of the body.
Vaccine administration on the skin offers many advantages including
ease of access, a potential for generation of both systemic and
mucosal immune response.
Formulations approaches such as liposomes, physical penetration
enhancers such as electroporation, and technologies that create
micron-sized pores in the skin, such as microneedles.
22

23. SKIN AS A SITE OF VACCINE DELIVERY
The skin has multiple barrier properties to minimize water loss from
the body and prevent the permeation of environmental contaminants
into the body.
These barriers can be considered as
-Physical barriers.
-Enzymatic barriers.
-Immunological barriers.
23

24. DESIGN AND STRATERGY FOR TRANSDERMAL
VACCINE DELIVERY
I. Liquid jet injections
II. Energy based approaches
III. Epidermal power immunization
IV. Colloidal carriers
24

25. REFERENCES
1. Elgert KD. Immunology: Understanding the immune system. 2nd ed.
United states: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009 (629).
2. Carino GP. Vaccine delivery. In: Mathiowitz E, editor. Encyclopedia of
Controlled Drug Delivery. Vol.2. United States:Wiley Interscience;
1999 (996).
25

26. 26