This document provides an overview of immunization and vaccines. It discusses the history of vaccines dating back to ancient India and China. Immunization works by stimulating the body's immune system to protect against disease, either through passive transfer of antibodies or active immune response development. The document outlines the different types of vaccines including live-attenuated, killed/inactivated, subunit, toxoid, and conjugate vaccines. It also discusses routes of vaccine administration and lists common contraindications for vaccination. The overall purpose is to explain how vaccines provide immunity against infectious diseases.

1. IMMUNIZATION
By:
Abdulaziz M.shahbaz
Massoud I.othman
Haval A.muhamad
Osama B.muhamad

2. List of contents:
INTRODUCTION
History of vaccines
Immunization
Vaccine
Type of vaccines
Route of administration
Recommended immunization for children
Vaccine preventable diseases
Who should not be vaccinated?
References

3. INTRODUCTION
Immunization is the process whereby a person is made
immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the
administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s own
immune system to protect the person against subsequent
infection or disease.
Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and eliminating
life-threatening infectious diseases.
and is estimated to avert between 2 and 3 million deaths each
year.
 It is one of the most cost-effective
health investments.

5. Early History of Vaccination
Pioneered India and China in the 17th century
The tradition of vaccination may have originated in India in AD
1000
Powdered scabs from people infected with smallpox was used to
protect against the disease
Smallpox was responsible for 8 to 20% of all deaths in several
European countries in the 18th century
In 1721 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu brought the knowledge of
these techniques from Constantinople (now Istanbul) to England
Two to three percent of the smallpox vaccinees, however, died
from the vaccination itself
Benjamin Jesty and, later, Edward Jenner could show that
vaccination with the less dangerous cowpox could protect against
infection with smallpox
The word vaccination, which is derived from vacca, the Latin word
for cow.

6. How Vaccines Work?
Administration of vaccine to stimulate immune system of an
individual.
 Vaccines help us develop immunity by imitating an infection and triggering
antibodies to develop
 Those antibodies will be available to fight the next time you are exposed to that
virus or bacteria

7. Vaccine Effectiveness
 Graphic created by Leon
Farrant based on CDC
data

8. Immunization
Immunization is defined as the procedure by
which the body is prepared to fight against a
specific disease
What happens to your body after the
vaccination
Two Types
1-Passive Immunization
2-Active Immunization

9. Passive Immunization
Passive immunization or immunity is produced
without challenging the immune system of the
body
It is done by administration of serum or gamma
globulins from a person who is already
immunized (affected by the disease) to a non-
immune person
It is acquired
-Naturally
-Artificially

10. Passive Natural
Immunization
o Passive natural immunization is acquired from the mother
before and after birth
 Before birth, immunity is transferred from mother to the
foetus in the form of maternal antibodies through placenta
 After birth, the antibodies are transferred through breast milk

11. Passive artificial
immunization
 It is developed by injecting previously prepared
antibodies using serum from humans or animals
 This type of immunity is useful for providing
immediate protection against acute infections
like tetanus, measles, etc.

12. Active Immunization
Active immunization or immunity is acquired by
activating immune system of the body
 Body develops resistance against disease by
producing antibodies following the exposure to
antigens
Active immunity is acquired also either
1-Naturally
or
2-Artificially

13. Active Natural/ArtificialImmunization
Naturally acquired active immunity involves
activation of immune system in the body to
produce antibodies
It is achieved in both clinical and subclinical
infections
Active artificial immunization is a type of
immunization that is achieved by the
administration of vaccines

14. Active Vs Passive immunity

15. Vaccine
 Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent
the disease produced by certain pathogens
 Consists of dead pathogens or live but attenuated (artificially
weakened) organisms
 The vaccine induces immunity against the pathogen by production
of antibodies

16. Types of Vaccines
1. Live-attenuated (weakened) vaccines
2. Killed-inactivated vaccines
3. Sub-unit vaccines
4. Toxoid vaccines
5. Conjugate vaccines
6. DNA Vaccine
7. Recombinant vector
vaccines

18. Routes of Administration
• Subcutaneous
• Intra-Muscular
• Intra-Dermal
• Oral route

21. Who should not be vaccinated?
• Allergy
• Fever
• HIV infection
• Immunodeficiency
• IG administration
• Neurological disorder
• Prematurity
• Reaction to previous vaccine
• Simultaneous adminstration of vaccines
• Thrombocytopenia

22. World Immunization Week,
24-30 April

23. References
1. Http://www.who.int/topics/immunization/en/
2. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-
read/child-easyread.html
3. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/