Universal Programme Immunization as per World Health Organisation in India with Cold Chain and Vaccine Storage in Overall Health Management for Children under 5 years of age
Immunization is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live attenuated, killed or organisms or antibodies in the individual system.
Immunization is the process of protecting an individual by active or passive method.
The immunizing agents are
Vaccines, Immunoglobulins and antisera
Why vaccination?
Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
Less doctor visits
No hospitalization
Immunization (either natural or artificial) provides protection to body against foreign antigenic species. Recent developments in this field have lead to the successful treatment of many such health disorders.
immunization of children is essential to prevent childhood illness, morbidity and mortality. immunization or vaccination is the way of protecting child from infectious diseases.
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen).
Immunization is single most important step towards control and elimination of infectious disease.
With regards to epidemiology and population demographics, various changes are made from time to time in Immunization Schedule of the National Health Programme.
This slide show encompasses the recent changes made by National Health Commission with regards to Immunization Schedule.
Immunization is one of the best public health intervention to prevent morbidity as well as mortality. it also help in prevention of malnutrition in young children.still developing countries are trying hard to make it universal. in india lot of changes have taken place in the immunization schedule and number of newer vaccines have been incorporated. still the awareness as well as acceptability is not universal . this presentation is very basic and will help students as well as teachers. we all have to join hands to make it universal
This presentation aims at helping the pediatric trainees and practitioners to brush up their knowledge in Immunization. The schedule is based on the Universal Immunisation Programme. I have tried to cover as much as possible in terms of individual vaccines and hope it is beneficial to the reader.
Immunization is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live attenuated, killed or organisms or antibodies in the individual system.
Immunization is the process of protecting an individual by active or passive method.
The immunizing agents are
Vaccines, Immunoglobulins and antisera
Why vaccination?
Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
Less doctor visits
No hospitalization
Immunization (either natural or artificial) provides protection to body against foreign antigenic species. Recent developments in this field have lead to the successful treatment of many such health disorders.
immunization of children is essential to prevent childhood illness, morbidity and mortality. immunization or vaccination is the way of protecting child from infectious diseases.
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen).
Immunization is single most important step towards control and elimination of infectious disease.
With regards to epidemiology and population demographics, various changes are made from time to time in Immunization Schedule of the National Health Programme.
This slide show encompasses the recent changes made by National Health Commission with regards to Immunization Schedule.
Immunization is one of the best public health intervention to prevent morbidity as well as mortality. it also help in prevention of malnutrition in young children.still developing countries are trying hard to make it universal. in india lot of changes have taken place in the immunization schedule and number of newer vaccines have been incorporated. still the awareness as well as acceptability is not universal . this presentation is very basic and will help students as well as teachers. we all have to join hands to make it universal
This presentation aims at helping the pediatric trainees and practitioners to brush up their knowledge in Immunization. The schedule is based on the Universal Immunisation Programme. I have tried to cover as much as possible in terms of individual vaccines and hope it is beneficial to the reader.
Immunization is defined as the procedure in which vaccine is injected into body to produce immunity against specifics diseases or it’s a process of protecting person from diseases by vaccination.
• Vaccine term was coined by Louis pasteur.
• Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent the disease produced by certain pathogens.
• Vaccine consists of dead pathogens or live attenuated (artificially weakened) organisms.
• The vaccine induces immunity against the pathogen, either by production of antibodies or by activation of T lymphocytes.
• Edward Jenner produced first live vaccine. He produced the vaccine for smallpox from cowpox virus.
Material Management- Stocks to be verified in the stores is important duty of the store manager. Some methods help them to keep a check & avoid any discrepancies.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
Immunization
1. RN Ankita Ashok Kadam
(Registered Nurse)
Basic B.Sc. Nursing, Post Graduation Diploma in
Hospital Administration
2. Introduction
Immunity
Immunity is the security against a particular disease & no susceptibility to the
invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign micro-organisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic
substances.
3. Immunization
Immunization is aprocess of protecting an individual from a disease
through introduction of live, or killed or attenuated organisms in the
individual system.
Immunization againstvaccine-preventable diseases is essentialto
reduce the childmortality, morbidity & handicapped conditions.
It is mass means of protecting the largest number of people from
various diseases as it gives resistance to aninfectious disease by producing or
augmenting the immunity.
Artificiallyacquired immunity is developed by the immunization
5. Vaccines
It is an immune biological substance, designed to produce specific protection
against a given disease. It stimulates the production of protective antibodies & other immune
mechanisms.
• Live Vaccines :These types of vaccines are preparedfrom live organisms. These organisms
lost their capacity to produce a full blown disease butretain their immunogenicity.
• Inactivated or Killed Vaccines : Organisms killed by heat or chemical when infected into
the body stimulate immunity. Theyare usually safe but areless effective than live
vaccines.
• Toxoids :Certain organisms produce exotoxins. Thetoxins produced by these organisms
aredetoxified & used in the preparation of vaccines.
• Cellular Fractions :In certain instance vaccines are prepared from extracted cellular
fractions.
• Combination Vaccines: If morethan one immunizing agent is included in a single dose
vaccine they arecalled as combination vaccines. The aim of combination vaccine is to
simplify administration, reducecost and minimize the number of contact of patients with
health system.
7. Immunoglobulin
The Humanimmunoglobulinsystem composed of fivemajor
immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE).
Two types of immunoglobulinpreparations are available for
passive immunization. Theseare Normal Human
Immunoglobulin& Specific (hyper immune)Human
Immunoglobulin.
They are used in Prophylaxis of viral and bacterial infections& in
replacement of antibodiesinimmunodeficientpatients.
8. Antisera
The term ‘Antisera’ is applied to the materials prepared in
animalsor non-human immunoglobulin.
Originallypassive immunitywas achieved by the administrationof
antisera or antitoxinsprepared from nonhuman resources like
horses .
HumanIg preparations exist only for a small numberof diseases.
Administration of antisera may have adverse effectslike serum
sickness & anaphylacticshock due to abnormal sensitivity of the
recipient.
10. The World Health Organisation (WHO)
launched Global Immunization Programme in
1974 known as Expanded Programme on
Immunization (EPI).
The EPI is now renamed as Universal Child
Immunization, as per declaration sponsored by
UNICEF.
11. National Immunization Programme in
India
•In India, the EPI was launched in January1978 with the objective of
increasing immunization coveragein children below2 years of age, with 3
doses of DPT & 1 dose of BCG vaccine& in Pregnant women with 2 doses of
TT.
•Oral Polio Vaccine was addedto the programme in 1979.
•In 1985, the objectives of National Immunization Programmewererevised &
it was renamed as Universalimmunization Programme (UIP)for attaining
universal immunization coverageof infants & pregnant women.
•Measles Vaccine was added to the programme in 1985.
•The Programmecoveredwhole of India by 1990.
• UIP becamea part of Child Survival & Safe Motherhood
Programme(CSSM) in 1992 &Reproductive & Child Health
Programme(RCH) in 1997.
12. Vaccine Due Age Max. age Dose Route Site
BCG** At Birth Till 1yr of age (0.05 ml until 1
month)
0.1ml beyond 1
month
Intra
Dermal
Upper Arm Left
Hepatitis ‘B’** At Birth Within 24 hours 0.5 ml Intra
muscular
Anterolateral side of
mid-thigh (Left)
Oral Polio 0** At Birth Within the first
15 days
2 Drops Oral Oral
Oral Polio 1,2 & 3 6wk 10wk
14wk
Till 5yrs of age 2 Drops Oral Oral
Pentavalent 1,2 & 3 6wk 10wk
14wk
1yr of age 0.5 ml Intra
muscular
Anterolateral side of
mid-thigh (Left)
Rotavirus
1,2 & 3
6wk 10wk
14wk
1yr of age 2.5ml
(5 drops)
Oral Oral
National immunization Schedule
13. Pneumococcal Conjugate
vaccine
6wk
14wk
1yr of age 0.5ml Intra
muscular
Anterolateral side of
mid-thigh (Right)
Inactivated Polio vaccine 6wk
14wk
Till 1yr of age 0.1ml Inter dermal Upper Arm
(Right)
Measles 1 9-12 month 5yrs of age 0.5ml Sub-
cutaneous
Upper Arm
(Right)
Vitamin A
(1st dose)
9 month 5yrs of age 1ml (1 lakh IU) Oral Oral
Japanese Encephalitis 9-12 month Till 5yr of age 0.5ml Sub-
cutaneous
Upper Arm
(Left)
MMR 15-16 month 5yrs of age 0.5ml Sub-
cutaneous
Upper Arm
(Right)
DPT Booster I 16-24 month 7yrs of age 0.5 ml Intra
muscular
Anterolateral side of
mid-thigh (Left)
OPV Booster I 16-24 month 5yrs of age 0.5 ml Intra
muscular
Anterolateral side of
mid-thigh (Left)
Vitamin A
(2nd – 9th dose)
16mn. (Then
once every
6mn.)
5yrs of age 2ml (2 lakh IU) Oral Oral
DPT Booster II 5-6yrs 7yrs of age 0.5 ml Intra
muscular
Upper Arm
TT 10 & 16yrs 16yrs of age 0.5 ml Intra
muscular
Upper Arm
14. TT – 1 Early in
pregnancy
As early as
possible
0.5ml Intra
muscular
Upper Arm
TT – 2* 4wks after TT
1
0.5ml Intra
muscular
Upper Arm
TT Booster If Received
2TT in a
pregnancy
within last 3
years
0.5ml Intra
muscular
Upper Arm
ForPregnant Women
15. * Give TT-2 orbooster doses before 36 weeks of pregnancy. However, give these
even if more than 36 weeks have passed. Give TT to a women in Labour, if shehas
not previously receivedTT.
** AtBirth in all institutional deliveries.
Note :
• Interval between 2doses should not beless than 1 month.
• Minor cough, cold & mild fever or diarrhea arenot a contraindication to
vaccination.
• In some states Hepatitis B Vaccineis given as routine immunization.
• Interruption of the schedule with a delay between doses not interfere with the
final immunity achieved. If the child missed a dose, the whole schedule need not
to berepeatedagain.
16. Type of Reaction Explanation
Vaccine reaction Event caused or precipitated by the vaccine when given
correctly, caused by inherent properties of vaccine.
Program error Event caused by an error in the vaccine preparation,
handling or administration.
Coincidental Events that happens after immunization but not caused
by the vaccine- a chance of association.
Injection Reaction Events from anxiety about or pain from the injection itself
rather than the vaccine.
Unknown Events cause cannot be determined.
Adverse reactions following immunization
17. Vaccine Contraindications
All An anaphylactic reaction following previous dose of
vaccine is a true contraindication to further
immunization with the antigen concerned.
Live vaccines
(MMR, BCG, Yellow
fever)
Pregnancy, total body reaction.
Yellow Fever Egg allergy, immunodeficiency.
BCG Symptomatic HIV infection.
Influenza, Yellow
fever
History of anaphylaxis reaction following egg allergy.
Pertussis Anaphylactic reaction to previous dose.
Contraindications to Vaccination
18. Vaccine Possible Minor Reactions
BCG Local reaction(pain, redness& swelling)
Cholera Oral presentation-none.
DTP Local reaction(pain, redness& swelling), fever.
Hepatitis A Local reaction(pain, redness& swelling
Hepatitis B Local reaction(pain, redness& swelling), fever.
Hib Local reaction(pain, redness& swelling), fever.
Japanese
Encephalitis
Local reactions, low grade fever, myalgia, GI upset.
Measles/MMR Local reaction(pain, redness& swelling), irritability,
malaise & nonspecific symptoms, fever.
Common Minor Vaccine Reactions
19. Pneumococcal Local reaction(pain, redness& swelling)
OPV None
IPV None
Rabies Local or general reaction
Meningococcal
disease
Mild local reaction
TT Local reaction(pain, redness& swelling), malaise,
nonspecific symptoms
Tick borne
Encephalitis
Local reaction(pain, redness& swelling)
Yellow fever Headache, influenza like symptoms, Local reaction(pain,
redness& swelling)
24. Cold chain
Cold chain is a system of storage & transport of vaccines at low temperature from
the manufacturer to the actual vaccination site. The cold chain system is necessary because
vaccine failure may occurdueto failure of storage & transport understrict temperature
controls.
• Vaccinestored in the freezercompartment are Polio & Measles.
• Vaccinewhich must be stored in the cold compartment & neverallowed to freezeare
BCG, DPT, DT, TT, Typhoid & diluents.
• Vaccines mustbe protected from sunlight & prevented from contact with antiseptics.
• At health centres most of the vaccine(exceptpolio) can be stored upto 5 weeks, if
refrigerators temperature is strictly keepbetween 4°C & 8°C
• Storage of Opened Vial:
With preservatives: Upto 3 hours.
Without preservatives: Upto 1 hour.
25. The Cold Chain Equipments
1. Walk in Cold Rooms
2. Deep Freezer
3. SmallDeep Freezer
4. ColdBoxes
5. Vaccine Carrier
6. Day Carrier
7. Ice packs
26. Walk in Cold Rooms: It is located at regional levels & are meant to store
vaccine supplies for upto 3 months. They are used to store vaccne supply
of 4-5 districts.
DeepFreezers(300 litres) & IceLined Refrigerators (300/240 litres):
Deep freezers & ILR are supplied at all districts & walk inCold rooms to
store vaccines. Deep freezers are used for making Ice packs & for storing
OPV & measles vaccine.
Cold Boxes : Cold Boxes are supplied to peripheral vaccinationcentres
& are of different sizes. The vaccines are first wrapped in Polythene bags
& then kept inside cold boxes.
27. Vaccine Carriers :They are usedtocarry smallquantityofvaccines
(16-20vials) for outreachsessions. Itis asquareboxmadeup of
insulatedmaterial.Four fullyfrozen icepacks areused tolinethesides.
The vaccine carrier should beclosedtightly&hasworkingcapacityof
48 hours.
Day Carrier:These are square boxes containing2ice packs,oneat
bottom& oneontop.Usetocarry forsmallquantity(6-8vials) witha
12 hours workingcapacity.
Ice packs: The icepacks containswater &no saltisaddedtoit.Water
is filleduptothemarkedlevel&itis allowedtofreeze
28. Vaccine Vial Monitor
VVM
It is the label containing a heat sensitive material to checkthe status of vaccinedurability.