Immunity involves two main types - innate immunity which is inborn, and acquired immunity which is developed during lifetime. Innate immunity involves physical barriers and cellular responses, while acquired immunity involves humoral responses from B lymphocytes and cellular responses from T lymphocytes. Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, while cellular immunity involves T lymphocytes. The complement system works with antibodies to help destroy pathogens.
Cell mediated immunity also known as T cell immunity. it is developed by cell mediated responses and it does not involve any antibodies. Cell mediated immunity is offered by T lymphocytes and it starts developing when T cells come in contact with the antigens. In the Cell mediated immunity T cell plays one of the important role for the process of crosstalk with other immune system as well as to signal B cells to produce the antibody mediated immune response. Primary function of cell mediated response-
1) Eliminate intracellular pathogens.
2)Eliminate tumor cells.
T cells regulate proliferation and activity of other cells of the immune system : B cells, macrophages, neutrophil, etc.
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
Introduction
History
Types of immunity
Tissues of immunity
Cells of immunity
Basic aspects of immunology
Major histocompatibility complex
Cytokines
Disorders of immune system
Immune responses in periodontal pathogenesis
Periodontal vaccine
Host modulation
Conclusion
References
Difference between innate and adaptive immunitykamilKhan63
Adaptive Immunity : it is the immune response against a specific antigen.
Innate Immunity : it is the immediate protective response of the immune system that does not require previous exposure to the antigen.
Cell mediated immunity also known as T cell immunity. it is developed by cell mediated responses and it does not involve any antibodies. Cell mediated immunity is offered by T lymphocytes and it starts developing when T cells come in contact with the antigens. In the Cell mediated immunity T cell plays one of the important role for the process of crosstalk with other immune system as well as to signal B cells to produce the antibody mediated immune response. Primary function of cell mediated response-
1) Eliminate intracellular pathogens.
2)Eliminate tumor cells.
T cells regulate proliferation and activity of other cells of the immune system : B cells, macrophages, neutrophil, etc.
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
Introduction
History
Types of immunity
Tissues of immunity
Cells of immunity
Basic aspects of immunology
Major histocompatibility complex
Cytokines
Disorders of immune system
Immune responses in periodontal pathogenesis
Periodontal vaccine
Host modulation
Conclusion
References
Difference between innate and adaptive immunitykamilKhan63
Adaptive Immunity : it is the immune response against a specific antigen.
Innate Immunity : it is the immediate protective response of the immune system that does not require previous exposure to the antigen.
2)Immunity is the balanced state of having adequate biological defen.pdfaswrd
2)Immunity is the balanced state of having adequate biological defenses to fight infection,
disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy,
and autoimmune diseases.
Antigen is a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body,
especially the production of antibodies.
Anamnestic response is renewed rapid production of an antibody on the second (or subsequent)
encounter with the same antigen.
Lymphokines are a subset of cytokines that are produced by a type of immune cell known as a
lymphocyte. They are protein mediators typically produced by T cells to direct the immune
system response by signaling between its cells.
Monoclonal antibodies is an antibody produced by a single clone of cells or cell line and
consisting of identical antibody molecules.
3)Clonal selection theory is a scientific theory in immunology that explains the functions of cells
(lymphocytes) of the immune system in response to specific antigens invading the body. The
theory states that in a pre-existing group of lymphocytes (specifically B cells), a specific antigen
only activates (i.e. selection) its counter-specific cell so that particular cell is induced to multiply
(producing its clones) for antibody production. This activation occurs in secondary lymphoid
organs such as the spleen and the lymph nodes. In short the theory is an explanation of the
mechanism for the generation of diversity of antibody specificity
4)Antibodies are immunoglobulin’s (Igs) which are produced in the body in response to the
antigen or foreign bodies.
6)Five classes of antibodies:
1. IgA (Ig alpha): Provides localized protection in external secretions (tears, intestinal secretions,
etc.) against bacteria and viruses.
2. IgD (Ig delta):It is mainly found on the surfaces of cells as antigen receptors, where it
activates cells for antigen recognition.
3. IgE (Ig epsilon):It is involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions; provides protection
against parasitic worms.
4. IgG (Ig gamma): It protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis,
neutralizing toxins and complement activation. It is the only class of antibody to cross the
placenta from mother to foetus thereby conferring considerable immune protection in new-borns.
5. IgM (Ig mu): It activates the cells. It is also the earliest immunoglobin to be synthesised by
the foetus, IgM has a J chain and its each dimer contains polypeptide called a secretory
component. It helps in complement activation.
8)Differentiate among types of T cell:
Solution
2)Immunity is the balanced state of having adequate biological defenses to fight infection,
disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy,
and autoimmune diseases.
Antigen is a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body,
especially the production of antibodies.
Anamnestic response is renewed rapid production of an antibody.
Give the structure and steps of synthesis of Hb.
Give normal values & list functions of Hb.
List physiological & pathological alterations in Hb conc.
describe the fate of Hb.
Give the structure and steps of synthesis of Hb.
Give normal values & list functions of Hb.
List physiological & pathological alterations in Hb conc.
describe the fate of Hb.
dimensions, normal count and functions of RBC.
list of abnormal forms of RBCs
define erythropoiesis, give the different steps.
details of regulation of erythropoiesis =
- erythropoietin
- Vit.B12
- Folic acid
-Factors for Hb
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
3. § Immunity – it is the resistance of the body
against pathogenic agents.
§ Immune response – two ways:
1.Humoral or antibody-mediated immunity (AMI)
2.Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
§ Autoimmunity – response to self-antigen.
§ Hypersensitivity – abnormal immune response
which produces damage in the host.
4. Cytokines-
hormone-like molecules that act in paracrine
fashion to regulate immune response.
They are secreted lymphocytes, macrophages,
endothelial cells, neuroglial cell.
Types= Interleukins(IL 1-13), CSF,
tumor necrosis factors(TNFα, β ),
interferon's(IFN α, β γ).
5. classification
Innate immunity acquired immunity
Non-specific specific Active Passive
. Species .Natural . Natural
. Racial . Artificial . Artificial
. individual
6. INNATE IMMUNITY
It is inborn capacity due to genetic and constitutional
make up of individual.
Mechanisms – 1. intact skin, mucosa, hairs, cilia, urine.
2. saliva, acidic gastric juice and tears.
3. substances in body fluid like lysozyme, polypeptides,
complements, interferons.
4. Phagocytic cells (neutrophilis, monocytes) , natural
killer cells(lymphoctes), Eosinophils, macrophages.
7. Acquired immunity
- resistance that is acquired during life time.
Two types:- 1) Active immunity- Ab and
immunocompetent cells are produced by
individual’s own immune system.
a) Natural active immunity- result from a
subclinical or clinical infection. e.g. immunity for
poliomyelitis.
8. b) Artificial active immunity – induced by
introducing antigen in the body in form of
vaccines (active immunisations).
e.g. -BCG, TAB
– Tetanus, Diphtheria toxoid,
- MMR, vaccines for yellow fever,
poliomyelitis, rabies.
9. 2) Passive immunity – immunity that is
transferred to a recipient in a ready-made form.
- No role of individual’s immune system.
Natural passive immunity – transfer of ready made
antibodies from the mother as:-
- IgG to fetus through the placenta,
- IgA are passed in colostrum after birth.
10. b) Artificial passive immunity – transferred
to the recipients by injecting ready made
antibodies.
- Injection of ATS , ADS,AGS.
11. ANTIGENS
-These are the substances that can stimulate an
immune response in the body.
Ag may be micro-organism or part of it like capsule,
flagella, cell wall, transplanted tissue, Pollen, eggs
white, blood cells.
- Nature- protein, some are nucleoproteins,
Glycoproteins and polysaccharides.
- T cells respond to protein Ag,
- B cell to proteins & non proteins.
12. Ag has two properties -
Immunogenicity :- to provoke an immune response.
Reactivity :- react with an antibody or a cell or both.
Hapten or incomplete antigen –
- Ag that has reactivity but lack immunogenicity
- When combined with larger molecules (proteins)
show response.
14. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-
- Are self antigens, help in identifying & reject the
foreign antigens, & present to T cell for cellular
immunity.
-Also called HLA(human leucocytes associated
antigens).
- They are encoded by genes.
- No two persons can have same MHC proteins.
15. Two subclasses of MHC genes
MHC classⅠ- found on all cells of body except RBCs.
MHC Ⅰ picks up peptide fragments with 8-10 AA.
MHC class Ⅱ- found on APCs(Ag presenting cells),
activated T cells and thymus cells.
-MHC Ⅱ picks up peptide fragments with13- 17 AA.
16. ANTIBODIES
Antibodies – (immunoglobulin) are gamma
globulins which are produced in response to
Ag stimulation.
- Igs are divided into five classes or isotypes -
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE
18. IgG
-It is most abundant present in intra and extra
vascular pool.
It can cross placenta.
It provides natural passive immunity.
They serve as opsonins and promotes
phagocytosis of bacteria.
19. IgA
It is formed by mucosal and submucosal
aggregates of lymphoid tissue. Then transferred to
epithelial cells.
Provides defense mechanism in mucosa of GIT,
Lungs, UT.
20. IgM
It is earliest to be synthesized
It activates complement system.
They are produced in primary immune response.
They form Ab of ABO blood group
21. IgD
Present on surface of B lymphocytes.
It is involved in antigen recognition.
IgE
They mediate allergy, hypersensitivity and
anaphylaxis.
Produced in lining cells of respiratory and GIT.
They releases histamine from basophils and
mast cells.
22. DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNE RESPONSE
B-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes
Humoral immunity
Defence against
bacterial & virus
that infect
respiratory &
intestinal tract
Cellular immunity
Defence against
fungi, viruses,
bacteria, & tumors.
aa
During foetal development
‘Lymphocyte precursors’ from
bone marrow
23. TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSES
Two types-
Primary response-
- introduced into the body for the first time.
- Always latent period from 4 days to 4 weeks.
Secondary response-
- introduced into the body on a second occasion. It
occurs more quickly and more intensely.
24. ROLE OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY
1. Defence against extracellular bacterial pathogens
and viruses.
2. Participates in immediate hypersensitivity
reactions of typeⅠ,Ⅱand Ⅲ
3.Associated with autoimmune diseases.
25. STAGES OF HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
1. Antigen processing and presentation
2. Recognition of antigen by lymphocytes
3. Lymphocyte activation(both T and B)
4. Differentiation of B cell into plasma cell
5. Production of antibodies by plasma cells
6.Inactivation of antigen
7. Formation of memory B cells
27. Antigen
Macrophages (MHC Ⅱ)
Blast transformation
B lymphocytes T lymphocytes
(CD4 ) helper T cells
T-B co-operation
Plasma cells 1. interleukins 2 (IL2)
Memory B cells 2. B cell growth factor
28. Plasma cells Memory B cells
2000 Mol/sec
IgG IgA IgM IgD Ig E
Direct attack Attack through complement system
Agglutination CLASSICAL ALTERNATIVE
Precipitation (C1 to C9, B and D) (properdin pathway)
Neutralization Neutralization activate C3 and C5
Cytolysis Agglutination
Cytolysis
Chemotaxis
Opsonization
29. THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
These are group of plasma proteins which complement
the effects of antibodies in destroying antigen.
They are designated as C1-C9. C1 into C1q, C1r, C1s.
(Total is 11)
Mechanism of complement activation:-
The classical pathway-
The alternative pathway-
The Mannose-Binding Lectin pathway-
30. SAQ:-
1.Active immunity, 2. Passive immunity
3. Innate immunity, 4.Cellular immunity,
5. Acquired immunity, 6. Immunoglobins,
7. Functional lymphoctes,
8. Humoral immunity 9. Autoimmunity,
LAQ:-
1. Describe role of T lymphocytes in immunity.
2. Describe role of B lymphocytes in immunity.
3. Describe innate immunity.
4. Describe different types of immunoglobins.
