The document discusses various image enhancement techniques in digital image processing. It describes point operations like image negative, contrast stretching, thresholding, brightness enhancement, log transformation, and power law transformation. Contrast stretching expands the range of intensity levels and can be done by multiplying pixels with a constant, using a transfer function, or histogram equalization. Thresholding converts an image to binary by assigning pixel values above a threshold to one level and below to another. Log and power law transformations compress high intensity values and expand low values to enhance an image. Matlab code examples are provided for each technique.
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2. Image Enhancement
Image Enhancement is the process of manipulating an
image so that the result is more suitable than the
original for a specific application.
Image enhancement can be done in :
Point operations
Mask Operations
Spatial Domain
Frequency Domain
Spatial Domain Transformation are :
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 2
3. Point Operation
Examples:
Image Negative.
Contrast Stretching.
Thresholding.
Brightness Enhancement.
Log Transformation.
Power Law Transformation.
Operation deals with pixel intensity values individually.
The intensity values are altered using particular
transformation techniques as per the requirement.
The transformed output pixel value does not depend on
any of the neighbouring pixel value of the input image.
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 3
4. Mask Operation
Mask is a small matrix useful for blurring, sharpening,
edge-detection and more.
New image is generated by multiplying the input image
with the mask matrix.
The output pixel values thus depend on the
neighbouring input pixel values.
The mask may be of any dimension 3X3 4X4 ….
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 4
6. Transfer function for different Intensity
Transformations
Transfer function of
a) Negative
b) Log
c) Nth root
d) Identity
e) Nth power
f) Inverse logDIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 6
7. Image Negative
Negative images are useful for enhancing white or grey
detail embedded in dark regions of an image.
The negative of an image with gray levels in the range
[0,L-1] is obtained by using the expression
s = L -1 - r
L-1 = Maximum pixel value .
r = Pixel value of an image.
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 7
9. Image Negative
Matlab code : % program for image enhancement using image negative
clear all
clc
close all
a=imread('clown.png');
[m,n]=size(a);
for i=1:1:m
for j=1:1:n
b(i,j)=255-a(i,j);
end
end
subplot(1,2,1),subimage((a)),title('Original Image');
subplot(1,2,2),subimage((b)),title('Image after image
negative transformation')
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 9
11. Contrast Stretching
Contrast stretching is done in three ways:
Multiplying each input pixel intensity value with a
constant scalar.
Example: s=2*r
Using Histogram Equivalent
Applying a transform which makes dark portion darker
by assigning slope of < 1 and bright portion brighter by
assigning slope of > 1.
Contrast basically the difference between the intensity
values of darker and brighter pixels .
Contrast stretching expands the range of intensity levels
in an image.
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 11
12. Contrast Stretching (Using Transfer Function)
Formulation is given below:
s = l*r ; for 0 <= r <= a
= m(r-a) + v ; for a < r <= b
= n(r-b) + w ; for b < rDIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 12
14. Contrast Stretching
Matlab code: % program to increase the contrast of an image
x=input('Enter the factor which contrast should be
increased');
a=imread('clown.png');
[m,n]=size(a);
for i=1:1:m
for j=1:1:n
b(i,j)=a(i,j)*x;
end
end
subplot(1,2,1),subimage(a),title('Original Image');
subplot(1,2,2),subimage(b),title('contrast
Image'),xlabel(sprintf('Contrast increased by a factor of
%g',x));
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 14
Contrast Stretching By Multiplication of each pixel with a scalar.
16. Contrast Stretching
Matlab code: % program to increase the contrast of an image
x=input('Enter the factor which contrast should be
increased');
a=imread('clown.png');
[m,n]=size(a);
for i=1:1:m
for j=1:1:n
if(a(i,j)<50)
b(i,j)=a(i,j);%slope of transfer function between i/p
and o/p is 1
elseif (a(i,j)>200)
b(i,j)=a(i,j);
else
b(i,j)=a(i,j)*x;%slope of transfer function between i/p
and o/p is x.Hence contrast of some particular pixel value
range increased
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 16
Contrast Stretching by using threshold function.
19. Contrast Stretching
Matlab code : % program to increase the contrast of an image by histogram
equivalent
a=imread('clown.png');
b=histeq(a);
subplot(2,2,1),subimage(a),title('Original Image');
subplot(2,2,2),subimage(b),title('contrast
Image'),xlabel(sprintf('Contrast increased by Histogram
equivalent'));
subplot(2,2,3),imhist(a),title('Histogram of Original Image');
subplot(2,2,4),imhist(b),title('Histogram of Contrast Image');
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 19
Contrast Stretching By Histogram Equalisation.
21. Thresholding
Extreme Contrast Stretching yields Thresholding.
Thresholded image has maximum contrast as it has
only BLACK & WHITE gray values.
In Contrast Stretching figure, if l & n slope are made
ZERO & if m slope is increased then we get
Thresholding Transformation
If r1 = r2, s1 = 0 & s2 = L-1 ,then we get Thresholding
function.
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 21
22. Expression goes as under:
s = 0; if r = a
s = L – 1 ; if r >a
where, L is number of
gray levels.
Thresholding Function
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 22
24. Thresholding
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 24
Matlab code: % program for image thresholding
a=imread('pout.tif');
[m,n]=size(a);
for i=1:1:m
for j=1:1:n
if(a(i,j)<125)
b(i,j)=0;%pixel values below 125 are mapped to zero
else
b(i,j)=255;%pixel values equal or above 125 are mapped to 255
end
end
end
subplot(1,2,1),subimage(a),title('Original Image');
subplot(1,2,2),subimage(b),title('threshold Image');
26. Brightness Enhancement
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 26
Brightness Enhancement is shifting of intensity
values to a higher level.
The darker and the lighter pixels both get their
values shifted by some constant value.
Example : In x-ray images brightness can be
enhanced to find the darker spots.
27. Brightness Enhancement
Matlab code : % program to increase the brightness of an image
x=input('Enter the factor which brightness should be increased');
a=imread('clown.png');
[m,n]=size(a);
for i=1:1:m
for j=1:1:n
b(i,j)=a(i,j)+x;
end
end
subplot(1,2,1),subimage(a),title('Original Image');
subplot(1,2,2),subimage(b),title('Brighter
Image'),xlabel(sprintf('Brightness increased by a factor of %g',x));
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 27
29. The log transformation is given by the expression
s = c log(1 + r)
where c is a constant and it is assumed that r≥0.
This transformation maps a narrow range of low-
level grey scale intensities into a wider range of
output values.
Similarly maps the wide range of high-level grey scale
intensities into a narrow range of high level output
values.
This transform is used to expand values of dark pixels
and compress values of bright pixels.
Log Transformation
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 29
31. Log Transformation
Matlab code: % program for image enhancement using logarithmic
transformation
A=input('Enter the value of constant A');
a=imread('clown.jpg');
a=rgb2gray(a);
[m,n]=size(a);
a=double(a);
for i=1:1:m
for j=1:1:n
b(i,j)=A*log(1+a(i,j));
end
end
figure,subplot(1,2,1),subimage(uint8(a)),title('Original Image');
subplot(1,2,2),subimage(uint8(b)),title('Image after logarithmic
transformation'),xlabel(sprintf('Constant is %g',A));
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 31
33. Power Law Transformation
s = c *(r γ )
Expression for power law transformation is given by:
s is the output pixels value.
r is the input pixel value.
c and γ are real numbers.
For various values of γ different levels of
enhancements can be obtained.
This technique is quite commonly called as Gamma
Correction , used in monitor displays.
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 33
34. Power Law Transformation
Different display monitors display images at different
intensities and clarity because every monitor has built-in
gamma correction in it with certain gamma ranges .
A good monitor automatically corrects all the images
displayed on it for the best contrast to give user the best
experience.
The difference between the log-transformation function
and the power-law functions is that using the power-law
function a family of possible transformation curves can
be obtained just by varying the γ .
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 34
36. Power Law Transformation
Matlab code:
% program for image enhancement using power law
A=input('Enter the value of constant A');
x=input('Enter the value of power x');
a=imread('clown.png');
[m,n]=size(a);
for i=1:1:m
for j=1:1:n
b(i,j)=A*(a(i,j)^x);
end
end
subplot(1,2,1),subimage(a),title('Original Image');
subplot(1,2,2),subimage(b),title('Image after power law
transformation'),xlabel(sprintf('Constant is %gnPower is
%g',A,x));
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING 36