Climate smart livestock production aims to sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, reduce greenhouse gases, and achieve food security. Livestock accounts for 40% of global agricultural GDP and emits about 12-18% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. As the world population grows, demand for livestock products is projected to more than double by 2050. Climate change negatively impacts livestock through increased heat stress, changing feed availability, and disease emergence. Impacts include reduced intake, reproduction and immunity, posing challenges to global food security. Adaptation strategies are needed to ensure sustainable livestock production.

1. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
AND MANAGEMENT
SECTION
TOPIC:
CLIMATE SMART LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
PRESENTED
BY:
DR. ADIL RASOOL
PARAY
16-M-LP-01
F=A×fp
GHG=A×fe
GHG=(F/fp)×fe
GHG=F (fe/fp)

2.  The FAO has defined
CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE as one that :
 Sustainably increases productivity,
 Enhances resilience (adaptation),
 Reduces/removes greenhouse gases (mitigation), and
 Enhances achievement of national food security and development
goals.
(FAO,2006,2013)
Introduction
GHG = F (fe/fp)

3.  Livestock production provides on average 17% of food calories and more than a
third of protein to human diets. (Herrero et al., 2009).
 Over 35% of overall cereal use with cattle consuming over 1 billion tons of grain
each year.
 Consuming almost 60% of the global biomass harvest (Krausmann et al., 2008)
& dominating the agricultural nitrogen cycle. ( Bouwman et al., 2013)
 Accounts for 40% of global agricultural GDP . (FAO)
 It occupies 30% of the world’s land surface and 70% of all agricultural land.
 It accounts for over 8% of global water use.
(Peden et al., 2007, Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2010)
Sector trends

4.  Between 1960 and 2005 annual per capita consumption of
 Meat more than tripled;
 Milk almost doubled; and
 Eggs increased fivefold in the developing world.
 Rising incomes, population growth and urbanization have driven
growth in livestock product demand in the developing world.
(FAO, 2006; FAO, 2009)

5.  Expected growth of the world population - from 7.2 billion to 9.6 billion in
2050.
 Compared to consumption levels in 2000, it is projected that by 2030,
 demand for pork and eggs will increase by 65-70%;
 demand for beef, dairy products and mutton will increase by 80-100%;
 demand for poultry meat may increase by 170%.
(Robinson and Pozzi , 2011)
 Global production of meat is projected to more than double to 465 million
tonnes in 2050.
 Milk production is expected to increase by 80% to 1043 million tonnes.
(FAO, 2006)

6.  It has been estimated that livestock production contributes about 12%–18% of all
anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
 5% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions;
 44% of anthropogenic methane emissions; and
 53% of anthropogenic nitrous oxide emissions. (Gerber et al., 2013)
 Sources of emissions include:
 Direct sources such as enteric fermentation by ruminants (39% of emissions) and
manure (26%)
 Indirect sources such as the production, processing and transport of animal feed
(which accounts for 45% of sector emissions).
(Steinfeld et al., 2006; Westhoek et al., 2011)
OVERVIEW OF EMISSIONS

7.  Along the animal food chain, the major sources of emissions are:
 Land use and land-use change: 36 percent of the sector’s emissions.
 Feed production: 6 % of the sector’s emissions.
 Animal production: 27 % of the sector’s emissions.
 Manure management: 1 % of the sector’s emissions.
 Processing and international transport: less than 0.1 % of the sector’s emissions.
(FAO, 2006)

8.  It is estimated that the sector emits about 7.1 gig tonnes of CO2 equivalent.
EMISSION INTENSITY
 46.2 kg CO2 eqv. per kg of carcass weight (CW) for beef,
 6.1 kg CO2 eqv./kg CW for pork ,
 5.4 kg CO2 eqv./kg CW, for chicken meat, and
 2.8 kg CO2 eqv./kg of milk (FAO, 2013)
 At very low levels of milk production (200 kg per cow per year) emissions were
found to be 12 kg CO2 eqv./kg FPCM compared to 1.1 kg CO2 eqv./kg FPCM for high
production levels (about 8 000 kg of milk).
(Gerber et al., 2011)

9. Distribution of methane density in India
(Swamy and Bhattacharya, 2006)
(Gg/sq.km/yr) Methane emission

10. EMISSIONS FROM :
 Europe and North America - 1.6 and 1.9 kg CO2 eqv. per kg milk
 Sub-Saharan Africa - 9.0 kg CO2 eqv./kg milk } highest emissions.
 Latin America ,East and North Africa and South Asia- 3 and 5 kg CO2 eqv./kg milk
 global average - 2.8 kg CO2 eqv.
(FAO, 2013).
VARIATION IN EMISSIONS ACROSS THE DIFFERENT REGIONS

11. • Since 1860
– CO2 concentration in atmosphere has increased by 24%.
– CH4 concentration in atmosphere has doubled.
– Mean global temperature has increased by 2 0F.
– 10 hottest years on record have occurred since 1980.
(Wolfe, 2007)
Evidence for Global Warming
(Wood et al., 1998)

12. – 168 million cattle affected due to draught in India
in 1987.
– Orissa, 1999 : Tropical cyclone, death toll about
55,000 cattle .
– WB, 2000: Due to flood 83.6 thousand cattle died.
(CSO, 2000)
–Rajasthan, 2000: 40 million cattle affected due to draught damaging 7.8 million
ha cropped area and fodder availability fell to 127 million from 140 million.
–Gujarat: out of 34 million cattle 18 million died before commencing next
monsoon.

13. The impact of climate change on livestock
 Global warming is the cause, climate change is the effect.
 Climate change directly affects the
health, reproduction, nutrition etc. of animals resulting in:
o poor performance .
o inferior product quality.
o outbreak of novel diseases.
(Hayhoe et al., 2007; Frumhoff et al., 2006)

14.  Indirect impacts will be experienced through:
 change in soil fertility.
 Modifications in ecosystems.
 Increased competition for resources.
 Changes in the yields, quality and type of feed crops.
 changes in the productivity of rangelands.
 Emergence of new diseases due to change in epidemiology
of diseases.
(Thornton and Gerber, 2010; Ghahramani and Moore, 2013)

15. DIRECT AND INDIRECT IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Grazing system Non-grazing system
DIRECT
impacts
• increased frequency of extreme
weather events
• increased frequency and magnitude of
droughts and floods
• productivity losses (physiological
stress) due to temperature increase
• change in water availability (may
increase or decrease, according to region)
• change in water availability
(may increase or
decrease, according to region)
• increased frequency of
extreme weather events
(impact less acute than for
extensive system)
INDIRECT
impacts
Agro-ecological changes and ecosystem
shifts leading to:
• alteration in fodder quality and
quantity
• change in host-pathogen interaction
resulting in an increased incidence of
emerging diseases
• disease epidemics
• increased resource prices
(e.g. feed, water and energy)
• disease epidemics
• increased cost of animal
housing (e.g. cooling
systems)

16. IMPACTS ON DRY MATTER
INTAKE (DMI)
 Decrease in feed intake . (Mader et al .)
 Starts to decline at 25 to 27 0C and voluntary feed intake can be decreased by
10-35% when ambient temperature reaches 35 0C and above.
(Rhoads et al., 2013)
 Decreased rumen motility and increased water intake results in gut-fill
which in turn reduce feed intake.
 Thermal stress may have direct effect in appetite centre in hypothalamus to
inhibit feed intake.
(Baile and Forbes, 1974)

17. EFFECTS ON ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Reduced concentration of thyroxine (T4) and increased concentration of
triiodothyronine (T3) in plasma . (Johnson et al.)
 Reduced thyroid activity reduces GI tract motility and rate of ingesta
passage .
 Secretion of adrenal hormone aldosterone is decreased..
 Increased Level of catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) and
glucocorticoides (hydrocortisone).
(Burton et al., 2003)
 Increased level of prolactin.

18. IMPACT ON ENERGY BALANCE AND METABOLISM
 Negative energy balance.
 Increased level of circulating insulin.
 20-30% more maintenance energy requirement .
 Decreased nutrient absorption.
 Reduction in blood glucose levels.
(Baumgard et al, 2007)

19. IMPACT ON ELECTROLYTE AND ACID BASE BALANCE
 Increased potassium loss through skin due to increased sweating
together with increased urinary sodium excretion.
 Electrolyte imbalance in rumen fluid and plasma.
 Decreased net mineral intake due to reduced appetite and
reduced absorption of minerals .
 Respiratory alkalosis as blood carbonic acid concentration
decreases.
(Benjamin M.M., 1978)
 Urinary bicarbonate loss as an attempt to balance the ratio of
carbonic acid to bicarbonate in blood.
( Helal et al., 2010)

20. IMPACTS ON RUMEN
HEALTH AND PH
 Lower volume of saliva and also buffering action of saliva is impaired due to this
which results in disturbances in rumen pH.
 This leads to rumen acidosis , laminitis and reduction in milk fat production .
(Kadzere et al., 2002)
 Rumination also decreases during thermal stress. (Attebery and Johnson)
 Molar percentage of acetate is increased and that of propionate is decreased.
(Kelley et al. )

21. IMPACTS ON REPRODUCTION
 Imbalance in secretion of hormones. (Coller and Zimbelman, 2007)
 Low plasma progesterone level in animals. (Khodaei et al., 2011)
 Poor quality of ovarian follicles . (Badinga et al.)
 Low Conception rates . (Chebel et al., 2004)
 Claves borne are of lower body weight . (Lacetera et al.)
 Low intensity and duration of estrus caused by reduced luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol
secretion. (Allrich et al.)
 Reduced libido, impaired spermatogenesis, lower concentration of semen, motility and
spermatozoa per ejaculation. (Balic et al., 2012)

22. IMPACT ON IMMUNITY
 Passive transfer of immunity through colostrum decreases.
 Concentration of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA) in colostrum
lowers.
 Increase in plasma cortisol leads to downregulation of L-selectin
expression on neutrophil surface.
(Burton J.L, Ronald J.E., 2003)
 Poor L-selectin expression causes failure of nutrophills to move into
the tissue being invaded by pathogens.
(Kansas G.S., 1996)
 Increased incidence of mycotoxicosis during hot ambient
temperature also compromise immunity in animals.
(Lacetera et al.,2005)

23. IMPACTS ON MILK PRODUCTION
 Reduction in milk production.
 35% due to decreased feed intake .
 65% due to direct effect of thermal stress.
 Quantity of milk protein and solid not fat (SNF) reduces.
(Kadzere et al., 2011)
 1.8 million tonnes total milk production in India
decreases due to global warming impact, accounting to a
whopping Rs. 2661.62 crores per year.
(Upadhyay et al., 2009)

24.  Feed and fodder deficit in India
-Dry fodder- 22%
-Green fodder-62%
-Concentrate- 64%
-Pasture and grassland area- 3.4% (GOI, 2002)
 Fodder crop yield projected to fall by 10-20% in tropics and subtropics by 2050.
(Jones and Thornton, 2003)
 Climate change affects the yield, quality and price of forage and
concentrate crops.
(Laszlo Babinszky et al., 2011)
IMPACTS ON PASTURES, FORAGE CROP PRODUCTION,
QUALITY AND PRICE

25. IMPACTS ON ANIMAL HEALTH
 Simple physiological disturbances, organ dysfunction or
even death.
 Cardiovascular disturbances.
 Reduced disease resistance of the animals.
 Reduced liver function and oxidative stress.
 Negative energy balance which compromise health.
(Rhoads et al., 2009)
 Nutrient absorption from GIT decreases.
 Deterioration of animal’s body condition score.
(Lacetera et al., 1996)

26. Via effects on:
- Pathogens
- Hosts
- Vectors
(Sutherst et al., 1996)
EFFECTS ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF ANIMALS

27.  Longer Summer increase the number of pathogen’s life cycles.
 Climate affects pathogen development time & survival.
 Climate change affect disease seasonality.
 Ability of Pathogen to mutate.
(Brault et al., 2004)
Rapid spread of pathogens may expose native populations to new diseases.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND PATHOGENS

28.  Affect vector distributions, population sizes & seasonality.
 Liver fluke transmitted through snails and expanding in range.
(Pritchard et al., 2005)
 An increase in the emergence of gastro-intestinal parasites.
(Wall and Morgan, 2009).
 Change in the frequency of extreme events may favour some vector-borne
disease (Q fever, babesiosis, Anaplasmosis).
 Heavy rainfall triggers epidemics of mosquito born diseases.
(Ahern and Kovtas, 2006)
CLIMATE CHANGE AND VECTORS

30. NATIONAL INITIATIVE ON CLIMATE RESILIENT
AGRICULTURE (NICRA)
 Centres at:
 NDRI for livestock production, and,
 IVRI for livestock diseases aspects.
OBJECTIVES
 Understand the unique traits in indigenous livestock
responsible for higher heat tolerance.
 Develop data base on genetic adaptation in cattle and
buffalo.
 Identify molecular markers under different stresses.

31.  Develop adaptation and mitigation strategies to thermal stress.
 Develop models for disease forecasting.
 Identify markers for disease resistance.
 Carry out epidemiological studies.
 Technology dissemination and farmers awareness.
CONT...

32. Strategies to reduce GHG emission from Livestock Production
Management
strategies Nutritional
Strategies
Other
Strategies
Grazing Management
Animal Breeding and
Improved genetic selection
Pasture management, and
Improved nutrition
Reducing animal numbers
Production enhancing agents
Agroforestry practices
Improved Waste Management
Concentrate
supplementation
Oil
supplementation
Propionate
enhancers
Defaunation
Ionophores Supplementation
Diet modification
– NH3, Molasses
Tannin
Supplementation
Immunization
Recombinant
technology
Reducing livestock
numbers
Reducing livestock
products
Chemical
inhibitors
Rumen
microbial
intervention
(Veerasamy et al., 2011)
Extended lactation

33. GRAZING
MANAGEMENT
 Grazing pressure to be reduced as a means of stopping land degradation or
rehabilitating degraded lands . (Conant and Paustian, 2002).
 Rotational grazing -reduces CH4 emissions per unit of LWG.
(Eagle et al., 2012).
 Increasing livestock mobility - nomadic and transhumant herders.
 Land tenure reforms to deal with the encroachment of cultivated lands and
other land uses that impede livestock mobility will be needed. (Morton, 2007)

34. ANIMAL BREEDING
 Select more productive animals to enhance productivity
and thereby lower CH4 emission intensities.
 Cross-breeding strategies that make use of locally
adapted breeds, which are not only tolerant to heat and
poor nutrition, but also to parasites and diseases.
(Hoffmann, 2008).
 Breeding more disease resistant animals.
 Adaptation to climate change through switching of
livestock species. (Sperling, 1987).

35. PASTURE
MANAGEMENT
 Sowing of improved varieties of pasture, replacement of grasses with
higher yielding and more digestible forages. (Bentley et al., 2008).
 The intensification of pasture production.
 Improving grass quality by chemical and/or mechanical treatments
and ensiling.
 In tropical grazing systems, substantial improvements in farm
productivity and reductions in enteric emission intensities, are
possible by replacing natural vegetation with deep-rooted pastures
such as Brachiaria.
(Thornton and Herrero, 2010).

36. FEEDING
STRATEGIES
 Feed efficiency can be increased by:
 Developing breeds that grow faster, are more hardy, gain weight more quickly,
or produce more milk.
 Improving herd health through better veterinary services, preventive health
programmes and improved water quality.
• Methanogenesis tends to be lower when forages are ensiled and finely ground or
pelleted feed. (Beauchemin et al., 2008)
• The starch and concentrates diet promote propionate formation, through a shift to
amylolytic bacteria, and a reduction in ruminal pH.
• (Kessel and Russell, 1996)
• Cell wall fibre digestion increases methane production, by increasing the amount of
acetate produced in relation to propionate. (Johnson and Johnson, 1995)

37. •Increased lipid content in the feed decreases methanogenesis.
(Eugene et al.,2008)
•In New Zealand , a transgenic approach is being used to
accumulate fat in the leaves of ryegrass. (Winichayakul et al., 2008)
• Sunflower oil resulted in 11.5–22.0% reduction in methanogenesis .
(McGinn et al., 2004)
• Linseed oil supplemented at a level of 5% of DM to lactating dairy
cows resulted in a 55.8% reduction in grams of methane per day .
(Martin et al., 2008)
• Coconut oil-extent of the reduction varies from 13–73%, depending
on the inclusion level, diet, and ruminant species used .
( Jordan et al., 2006)

38. AGROFORESTRY
PRACTICES
 An integrated approach to production of trees and animals on the same
piece of land.
 Important for carbon sequestration, improved feed and consequently
reduced enteric methane.
 Shade trees reduce heat stress on animals and help increase productivity.
 Trees can help reduce overgrazing and curb land degradation.
(Thornton and Herrero, 2010).

39. IMPROVED WASTE
MANAGEMENT
 Improved livestock diets, as well as feed additives and proper manure
storage. (FAO, 2006)
 Capture of CH4 by covering manure storage facilities (biogas collectors).
 Cover manure storage and reduce storage time.
 Reduce moisture.
 Manure acidification.
 Most methane emissions from manure derive from swine and beef
cattle feedlots and dairies.
(Gerber et al., 2008).

40. • Treatments include copper sulphate, acids, surface-active chemicals,
triazine, lipids, tannins, ionophores, and saponins.
(Hobson and Stewart, 1997)
• CH4 emission decreased by 20% for a period of 2 years in
defaunated sheep.
(Morgavi et al., 2008)
(DEFAUNATION)
• Methanogens associated with the
ciliate protozoa, are responsible for
9 to 37% of the methane production
in the rumen.
(Machmuller et al., 2003)

41. MITIGATION THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGIES
Immunisation and biological control
 Vaccines against methanogens in the rumen . (Wright and Klieve, 2011).
 Vaccine would stimulate the ruminant’s immune system to produce antibodies against
methane-producing methanogens. (Wright et al, 2004)
 The highly diverse methanogenic community and replacement of the ecological niche
left by the targeted species by another methanogens might account for immunisation
failures. (Wright et al., 2007; Williams et al., 2009)

42. Propionate enhancers
 A decrease in CH4 production up to 20–50% by suppression of methanogens and
energetic efficiency to 2– 5% of digestion.
(Atwood and McSweeney , 2008)
 20% decrease in CH4 after 48 h of incubation of mixed rumen microorganisms in the
presence of alfalfa and a live yeast product.
(Lynch and Martin, 2002)
 Yeasts decreased methanogenesis by increasing microbial synthesis.
(Newbold and Rode, 2006; Chaucheyras et al., 1995)
Alternate hydrogen sinks

43. Tannins: Direct or indirect effect on hydrogen production due to lower feed degradation .
(Tavendale et al., 2005)
 Condensed tannin reduced CH4 production in small ruminants by up to 30% without
altering digestibility . (Carulla et al., 2005; Puchala et al., 2005)
Saponin-containing plants is a possible means of suppressing or eliminating protozoa in the
rumen without inhibiting bacterial activity . (Agarwal et al., 2006; Patra and Saxena, 2009)
Tea saponin decreased methanogenesis (8%) as well as the protozoal abundance (50%).
(Guo et al., 2008)
Garlic oil and some of its components decreased CH4 production
(Macheboeuf et al., 2006; Pearson et al., 2005)
PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES

44. Timeline for development Mitigation practice for the dairy industry Expected reduction in
methane
Immediate Feeding oils and oilseeds 5 - 20%
Higher grain diets 5 - 10%
Using legumes rather than grasses 5 - 15%
Using corn silage or small grain silage rather than grass
silage or grass hay
5 - 10%
Ionophores 5 - 10%
Herd management to reduce animal numbers 5 - 20%
Best management practices that increase milk production per
cow
5 - 20%
5 years Rumen modifiers (yeast, enzymes, directly fed microbials) 5 - 15%
Plant extracts (tannins, saponins, oils) 5 - 20%
Animal selection for increased feed conversion efficiency 10 - 20%
10 years Vaccines 10 - 20%
Strategies that alter rumen microbial populations 30 - 60%
Methods of reducing methane emissions from dairy cows and expected timeline
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), 2012

45. CONCLUSION
Livestock contribution to environmental problems is on a
massive scale and its potential contribution to their solution
is equallylarge.
The impact is so significant that it needs to be addressed
withurgency.