This paper describes the architecture of second
generation current conveyor (CCCII)and designing an
amplifier using second generation current conveyor. The
designed amplifier through CCCII+ can be used in various
analog computation circuits and is superior in
performance than the classical opamp. It provides better
gain with higher accuracy. The presented approach over
here is to design current amplifiers and voltage amplifiers
using current controlled current conveyor (CCCII). The
second generation CCCII has the advantage of electronic
adjustability over the CCII i.e. in CCCII, the X-terminal
intrinsic resistance can be adjusted througha bias current
is possible. The CCCII has been designed to work both as
current amplifier and voltage amplifier. Various
simulations have been carried out to obtain the desired
results.
3. simulation of 11 level hybrid cascade stack (hcs) inverter with reduced nu...EditorJST
This paper presents a new multilevel topology based on cascaded hybrid multi-level (HCS)
inverter. There are different topologies for cascaded inverters for reducing the switches, power loss. The output
voltage is increased and the number of switches is reduced with the HCS inverter. Due to this reduction in
number of on-state switches, power loss and voltage drop is reduced. Simulation results for 11 level symmetric
form of converter is described.
Simulation and Hardware Implementation of Shunt Active Power Filter Based on ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes about the Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) for the elimination of the current harmonics in the line side. The Active Power Filter is based on the Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) topology. The Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory based control strategy is utilized for SAPF. The SAPF has the better performance for compensation of harmonics. The simulation of shunt active power filter is performed in MATLAB/Simulink. The SAPF is implemented in hardware protptype with ATMEGA 8 Microcontroller. The Simulation and Hardware result shows that the current harmonics are eliminated in the system.
Low Power Full Adder using 9T Structureidescitation
In this paper, we propose a new 9T 1-bit full adder.
The main objective is full output voltage swing, low power
consumption and temperature sustainability. The proposed
design is more reliable in terms of power consumption, Power
Delay Product (PDP) and temperature sustainability as
compared to the existing full adder designs. The design has
been implemented 45nm technology on Tanner EDA Tool
version 13.0. The simulation results demonstrate the power
consumption, delay and power delay product at different input
voltages ranging 0.4V to 1.4V.
Power Quality Enhancement Using the Interline Power Flow ControllerIJPEDS-IAES
Interline power flow controller (IPFC) is one of the latest generation Flexible
AC Transmission system (FACTS). It is able to control simultaneously the
power flow of multiple transmission lines. This paper presents a study of the
impact the IPFC on profile of voltage, real and reactive power flow in
transmission line in power system. The results without and with IPFC are
compared in terms of voltage and active power flows to demonstrate the
performance of the IPFC model.
The paper describes the single stage AC-AC converter. This converter is a good alternative to quasi direct back to back converter. This single stage converter is called Matrix Converter. Matrix converter is an array of controlled semiconductor switches that connects three phase source to the three phase load. This converter provides bidirectional power flow, sinusoidal input and output waveforms and they have no dc link storage elements. Simulation model and results presented showing Venturini control method of matrix converter.
Performance analysis of PV powered multilevel inverterIJECEIAES
This article deals with the PV based DC/DC boost chopper integrated nine level inverter. This topology requires 7 switches in minimum to obtain a nine level stepped wave output. So the main objective of this paper is to develop a 9 level AC output using PV based DC/DC boost chopper. In the case of conventional multi-level inverter, 16 switches were utilized and the number of sources needed was also more. Here the proposed system comprises of single PV panel and the switches used are also less. Also PV is integrated with DC/DC boost chopper is used to increase the source input level of the inverter. Using MATLAB platform, the proposed system is simulated with a resistive and inductive load. The similar results are obtained in prototype which validates the designed converter.
Design of New Single-phase Multilevel Voltage Source InverterIAES-IJPEDS
Multilevel inverters with more number of levels can produce high quality voltage waveforms. In this paper, a new single-phase structure for multilevel voltage source inverter is proposed which can generate a large number of levels with reduced number of IGBTs, gate driver circuits and diodes. Three algorithms for determination of dc voltage sources’ magnitudes are presented which provide odd and even levels at the output voltage waveform. A comparison is presented between proposed multilevel inverter and conventional cascade topology. The proposed topology is analyzed by the experimental and simulation results.
3. simulation of 11 level hybrid cascade stack (hcs) inverter with reduced nu...EditorJST
This paper presents a new multilevel topology based on cascaded hybrid multi-level (HCS)
inverter. There are different topologies for cascaded inverters for reducing the switches, power loss. The output
voltage is increased and the number of switches is reduced with the HCS inverter. Due to this reduction in
number of on-state switches, power loss and voltage drop is reduced. Simulation results for 11 level symmetric
form of converter is described.
Simulation and Hardware Implementation of Shunt Active Power Filter Based on ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes about the Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) for the elimination of the current harmonics in the line side. The Active Power Filter is based on the Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) topology. The Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory based control strategy is utilized for SAPF. The SAPF has the better performance for compensation of harmonics. The simulation of shunt active power filter is performed in MATLAB/Simulink. The SAPF is implemented in hardware protptype with ATMEGA 8 Microcontroller. The Simulation and Hardware result shows that the current harmonics are eliminated in the system.
Low Power Full Adder using 9T Structureidescitation
In this paper, we propose a new 9T 1-bit full adder.
The main objective is full output voltage swing, low power
consumption and temperature sustainability. The proposed
design is more reliable in terms of power consumption, Power
Delay Product (PDP) and temperature sustainability as
compared to the existing full adder designs. The design has
been implemented 45nm technology on Tanner EDA Tool
version 13.0. The simulation results demonstrate the power
consumption, delay and power delay product at different input
voltages ranging 0.4V to 1.4V.
Power Quality Enhancement Using the Interline Power Flow ControllerIJPEDS-IAES
Interline power flow controller (IPFC) is one of the latest generation Flexible
AC Transmission system (FACTS). It is able to control simultaneously the
power flow of multiple transmission lines. This paper presents a study of the
impact the IPFC on profile of voltage, real and reactive power flow in
transmission line in power system. The results without and with IPFC are
compared in terms of voltage and active power flows to demonstrate the
performance of the IPFC model.
The paper describes the single stage AC-AC converter. This converter is a good alternative to quasi direct back to back converter. This single stage converter is called Matrix Converter. Matrix converter is an array of controlled semiconductor switches that connects three phase source to the three phase load. This converter provides bidirectional power flow, sinusoidal input and output waveforms and they have no dc link storage elements. Simulation model and results presented showing Venturini control method of matrix converter.
Performance analysis of PV powered multilevel inverterIJECEIAES
This article deals with the PV based DC/DC boost chopper integrated nine level inverter. This topology requires 7 switches in minimum to obtain a nine level stepped wave output. So the main objective of this paper is to develop a 9 level AC output using PV based DC/DC boost chopper. In the case of conventional multi-level inverter, 16 switches were utilized and the number of sources needed was also more. Here the proposed system comprises of single PV panel and the switches used are also less. Also PV is integrated with DC/DC boost chopper is used to increase the source input level of the inverter. Using MATLAB platform, the proposed system is simulated with a resistive and inductive load. The similar results are obtained in prototype which validates the designed converter.
Design of New Single-phase Multilevel Voltage Source InverterIAES-IJPEDS
Multilevel inverters with more number of levels can produce high quality voltage waveforms. In this paper, a new single-phase structure for multilevel voltage source inverter is proposed which can generate a large number of levels with reduced number of IGBTs, gate driver circuits and diodes. Three algorithms for determination of dc voltage sources’ magnitudes are presented which provide odd and even levels at the output voltage waveform. A comparison is presented between proposed multilevel inverter and conventional cascade topology. The proposed topology is analyzed by the experimental and simulation results.
CHB VSI Based Shunt Active Power Filter for PV Connected DSTATCOM in Three Ph...ijsrd.com
This paper presents a compensating system for the harmonic currents, the reactive power and source neutral conductor current in three-phase four-wire distribution system by using a five-level cascaded H-bridge voltage source inverter (CHB-VSI) based shunt active power filter (SAPF). A controller based on the d-q-0 theory (synchronous reference frame) and in-phase disposition (IPD) modulation technique is introduced for the SAPF. The distribution network which supplies mixed non-linear loads and employing CHB-VSI based SAPF is simulated by MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The performance of SAPF is analyzed by using the proposed control technique on the total harmonic distortion of source current, power factor and reactive power. Besides, it is illustrated by extensive simulation results, the effectiveness of five-level SAPF on source neutral conductor current.
This paper studies the Asymmetric cascaded three phase multilevel inverter developed with hybrid modulation technique applied for an industrial application. The aim of this paper to reduce the Total harmonics distortion in the cascaded multi level inverter by introducing the new concept to develop the three phase CMLI. This inverter has two segments, one segment has H-bridge inverter and another segment has sequential arrangement of power semi conductor switches with asymmetrical voltage source in the ratio of 1:2. Similarly develop the segments for other phases. This new topology is called as Hybrid MLI. This hybrid MLI is used to reduce the no of semiconductor device requirement and the Total harmonics distortion. The inverter is controlled by Phase disposition (PD) and alternative phase opposition disposition PWM technique (APOD). This control technique is used to minimize the current harmonic and increase the system performance. The circuit is simulated using Matlab circuit and its performance is compared using PD and APOD PWM techniques and verified with simulation results.
Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Using SPWM and MSPWM StrategiesIJERA Editor
Nowadays, the multilevel inverter is growing hugely in medium voltage-high power applications. It produces staircase output voltage near sinusoidal waveform. The multilevel inverter is as compared to a two level inverter has high output voltage at high switching frequency , less EMI (electro-magnetic interference), lower THD (total harmonics distortion), low voltage stress (dv/dt) and it reduces the size of the filter components. In this paper various techniques cascaded H-bridges inverter are designed and implemented. Single phase sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and modified sinusoidal pulse width modulation (MSPWM) topologies of (three, five and seven) levels inverters are designed and implemented. The results in percentage value of THD before and after filter are compared. The simulink/matlab and proteus are used to simulate the systems and finally, result are obtained experimentally using microcontroller (arduino mega 2560). When the number of levels is increased using SPWM technique the THD reduced, THD improves in MSPWM technique too, and comparison table II illustrated that.
This paper presents an analytical comparison between two-level inverter and three-level neutral point diode clamped inverters for electric vehicle traction purposes. The main objective of the research is to declare the main differences in the performance of the two inverter schemes in terms of the switching and conduction losses over an entire domain of the modulation index and the phase angle distribution, steady-state operation, transient operation at a wide range of speed variation, and the total harmonic distortion THD% of the line voltage output waveform. It also declares the analysis of the three-level neutral point diode clamped inverter (NPCI) obstacle and the unbalance of the DC-link capacitor voltages. The introduced scheme presents an Induction Motor (IM) drive for electric vehicle (EV) applications. Considering the dynamic operation of the EV, the speed of the three-phase induction motor is controlled using a scalar V/Hz control for the full range of the IM power factor (PF). A comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink model for the proposed scheme is established.
A Three-Phase Grid-Connected PV System Based on SAPF for Power Quality Improv...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes a combined system of three-phase four-wire shunt active power filter
(SAPF), and photovoltaic generator (PVG), to solve the power quality problems such as harmonic currents,
poor power factor, and unbalanced load. In addition, the proposed system can inject the issued energy
from the PVG into the utility grid. To increase the efficiency of the PVG and extract the maximum
photovoltaic (PV) power under variable atmospheric conditions, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
technique based on perturb and observe (P&O) is implemented in the DC/DC boost converter. The
effectiveness of the proposed PVG-SAPF (PVG and SAPF) based on the use of synchronous reference
frame theory (SRF theory) under unbalanced nonlinear load. The proposed PVG-SAPF is validated
through numerical simulations using Matlab/Simulink software. The simulation results show the
effectiveness of the proposed PVG-SAPF.
Multilevel inverters play a crucial part in the
areas of high and medium voltage applications. Among the three
main multilevel inverters used, the capacitor clamped multilevel
inverter(CCMLI) has advantage with respect to voltage
redundancies. This work proposes a switching pattern to improve
the performance of chosen H-bridge type CCMLI over
conventional CCMLI. The PWM technique used in this work is
Phase Opposition Disposition PWM(PODPWM). The
performance of proposed H-bridge type CCMLI is verified
through MATLAB-Simulink based simulation. It has been
observed that the THD is low in chosen CCMLI compared to
conventional CCMLI.
This paper proposes an asymmetrical cascaded single phase H-bridge inverter. The proposed inverter consists of two modules with unequal and isolated dc sources. Each module is composed of dc source, conventional four switches H-bridge and single bidirectional switch. To increase the output voltage levels, the tertiary ratio, 1:3, between its two dc sources is adopted. Both the fundamental frequency and the multicarrier pulse width modulation (PWM) control schemes are employed to generate switches signals. By controlling the inverter modulation index, the proposed inverter can generate an output voltage having up to seventeen levels by using only two modules. The proposed topology has also the feature of modularity which means that it can be extended to any levels by adding new modules. The proposed topology is simulated using an inductive load and some selected simulation results have been provided to validate the proposed inverter.
Cost implication of Line Voltage variation on Three Phase Induction Motor ope...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Globally, there is a drive toward ensuring energy efficiency in all aspect of production operations
and power supply systems. Industries are the backbone of our modern word, and a significant percentage
of industrial operations are motor driven. Three Phase Induction Motor is massively deployed in industries
due to its ruggedness, reasonable cost and ease of maintenance. The energy efficiency of the induction
motor is affected by the internal configurations of the motor and the nature of the supply. Power supply
fluctuations result in power quality issues and its attendant negative effects on equipment operation. This
research, studies the cost and performance implication of the effects of balanced over voltage, balanced
voltage, balanced under voltage and unbalance voltage on the operation of the three phase induction
motor using the peculiarities of Nigeria. The result shows that, there is an increase in operational cost due
to increased energy loss in the windings as a result of voltage variations from th e balanced state, with
balanced over voltage operation showing more cost severity among the voltage variations considered.
Supplementary material for the article: “Pseudo DC-link EV Home Charger with ...Hamed Heydari
THE supplementary information for the paper:” Pseudo DC-link EV Home Charger with a High Semiconductor Device Utilization Factor” [1] is presented in this document. [1] H. Heydari-doostabad, S. H. Hosseini, R. Ghazi, and T. O’Donnell, “Pseudo DC-link EV Home Charger with a High Semiconductor Device Utilization Factor,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electro., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 1, 2021.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Harmonic elimination at the fundamental frequency is very much appropriate for high and medium range of power generation and applications. This paper considers a new technique for selective harmonic elimination (SHE), in which the total harmonic distortion (THD) is minimized when compared with that of the conventional one. With this technique, the harmonics at lower order are eliminated, which are more predominant than the higher ones.Cascaded H-Bridge inverter fed by a single DC is considered which is simulated with the switching angles generated by both the conventional method of SHE and the new method of SHE. The simulated results of the load voltage and the waveforms of the harmonic analysis are shown. The THD values are compared for the two techniques. The experimental results are also shown for the new technique. The switching angles are generated with the help of field programmable gated array (FPGA) in the hardware. The value of experimental THD of voltage is compared with that of simulated THD and the comparison prove that the results are satisfactory.
Analysis and improvement of the efficiency of frequency converters with pulse...IJECEIAES
In order to identify the best control algorithm, the effects of modulation control algorithms on the energy characteristics of a two-level autonomous frequency converter inverter were studied. The research was carried out by the methods of mathematical and simulation modeling. The equa-tions of mathematical description were compiled taking into account a number of generally accepted assumptions. An equivalent circuit of a two-level autonomous inverter was created. Comparisons of pulse-width modulation algorithms with carrier signals of various shapes and frequencies were made. Three different forms of carrier signal were used: triangular, sawtooth with a falling edge and sawtooth with a leading edge. Studies were conducted at frequencies of 3,000, 6,000 and 9,000 Hz. Conclusions were made about the identity of the spectral composition of the front and rear edges of the sawtooth signal, it was also noted that with the triangular waveform, being the part of the har-monics, present in the sawtooth form is removed, so, the triangular shape provides the best result of the autonomous inverter. Also, by increasing in the carrier frequency, it was noted that pulse packets appear at different harmonic numbers, shift, and the amplitude and distortion factor decrease, that means, the best performance was obtained at the maximum frequency studied. In the study of the voltage at the output of the chokes at different frequencies of the carrier signal, it was noted that at a higher frequency, the ripple of the output voltage decreases. Throttles do not eliminate harmonics, but only reduce their amplitude. Based on the results, it was concluded that the algorithm with a triangular carrier signal and the maximum frequency provides the best harmonic composition of the output voltage of the frequency converter.
Analysis of Binary DC Source Reduced Switch 7-level InverterIAES-IJPEDS
This paper proposes a binary DC source reduced switch 7-level inverter. Binary DC source reduced switch inverter is triggered by the Unipolar PWM strategy having sinusoidal and trapezoidal reference with triangular carriers. These pulse width modulating (PWM) strategies include phase disposition (PD), alternate phase opposition disposition (APOD), carrier overlapping (CO). Performance factors like total harmonic distortion (THD), VRMS (fundamental) and crest factor are evaluated for various modulation indices. Simulations were performed using MATLAB-SIMULINK. It is observed that UPDPWM strategy with trapezoidal reference provides output with relatively low distortion and UCOPWM strategy with trapezoidal reference provides relatively higher fundamental RMS output voltage.
A single phase Z source inverter is developed for better voltage boosting and inversion ability suited for photovoltaic power generation systems. The operation of the Z source inverter is described with relevant equations. Simple boost scheme is used for switching actions of the inverter. The performance of the inverter used for photovoltaic applications can be checked with simulation and experimental results, which prove that it has single-stage buck and boost capability and improved reliability.
Source current harmonic mitigation of distorted voltage source by using shunt...IJECEIAES
In this paper, three-phase, four-wire shunt active power filter (SAPF) is utilized to mitigate system harmonics of distorted voltage source for unbalanced and nonlinear loads. Basically, the source voltage should be pure sinusoidal waveform to get a good mitigation of source current harmonics. In this under study system, the source voltage is assumed to be harmonic distortion non-sinusoidal voltage source. The phase locked loop (PLL) control circuit is wielded for extracting the fundamental component of the distorted source voltage to use it as an input signal to the SAPF control. Another input signal to the SAPF is the distorted load current. The SAPF control system uses (p-q) theory to calculate the optimum instantaneous current to be injected by the SAPF to mitigate the source current harmonics even the source voltage is harmonic distorted. MATLAB/SIMULINK software package is utilized to simulate the system under study. The effect of SAPF is tested when it’s used with and without the PLL control circuit. The simulation results show that, the THD of source current when using the PLL control circuit is improved to comply with the harmonic limits given in the IEEE 519-1992 and IEC 61000-4-7 standards.
— The automation of fault detection in material
science is getting popular because of less cost and time. Steel
plates fault detection is an important material science problem.
Data mining techniques deal with data analysis of large data.
Decision trees are very popular classifiers because of their simple
structures and accuracy. A classifier ensemble is a set of
classifiers whose individual decisions are combined in to classify
new examples. Classifiers ensembles generally perform better
than single classifier. In this paper, we show the application of
decision tree ensembles for steel plates faults prediction. The
results suggest that Random Subspace and AdaBoost.M1 are the
best ensemble methods for steel plates faults prediction with
prediction accuracy more than 80%. We also demonstrate that if
insignificant features are removed from the datasets, the
performance of the decision tree ensembles improve for steel
plates faults prediction. The results suggest the future
development of steel plate faults analysis tools by using decision
tree ensembles.
Multiagent Based Methodologies have become an
important subject of research in advance Software Engineering.
Several methodologies have been proposed as, a theoretical
approach, to facilitate and support the development of complex
distributed systems. An important question when facing the
construction of Agent Applications is deciding which
methodology to follow. Trying to answer this question, a
framework with several criteria is applied in this paper for the
comparative analysis of existing multiagent system
methodologies. The results of the comparative over two of them,
conclude that those methodologies have not reached a sufficient
maturity level to be used by the software industry. The
framework has also proved its utility for the evaluation of any
kind of Multiagent Based Software Engineering Methodology
CHB VSI Based Shunt Active Power Filter for PV Connected DSTATCOM in Three Ph...ijsrd.com
This paper presents a compensating system for the harmonic currents, the reactive power and source neutral conductor current in three-phase four-wire distribution system by using a five-level cascaded H-bridge voltage source inverter (CHB-VSI) based shunt active power filter (SAPF). A controller based on the d-q-0 theory (synchronous reference frame) and in-phase disposition (IPD) modulation technique is introduced for the SAPF. The distribution network which supplies mixed non-linear loads and employing CHB-VSI based SAPF is simulated by MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The performance of SAPF is analyzed by using the proposed control technique on the total harmonic distortion of source current, power factor and reactive power. Besides, it is illustrated by extensive simulation results, the effectiveness of five-level SAPF on source neutral conductor current.
This paper studies the Asymmetric cascaded three phase multilevel inverter developed with hybrid modulation technique applied for an industrial application. The aim of this paper to reduce the Total harmonics distortion in the cascaded multi level inverter by introducing the new concept to develop the three phase CMLI. This inverter has two segments, one segment has H-bridge inverter and another segment has sequential arrangement of power semi conductor switches with asymmetrical voltage source in the ratio of 1:2. Similarly develop the segments for other phases. This new topology is called as Hybrid MLI. This hybrid MLI is used to reduce the no of semiconductor device requirement and the Total harmonics distortion. The inverter is controlled by Phase disposition (PD) and alternative phase opposition disposition PWM technique (APOD). This control technique is used to minimize the current harmonic and increase the system performance. The circuit is simulated using Matlab circuit and its performance is compared using PD and APOD PWM techniques and verified with simulation results.
Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Using SPWM and MSPWM StrategiesIJERA Editor
Nowadays, the multilevel inverter is growing hugely in medium voltage-high power applications. It produces staircase output voltage near sinusoidal waveform. The multilevel inverter is as compared to a two level inverter has high output voltage at high switching frequency , less EMI (electro-magnetic interference), lower THD (total harmonics distortion), low voltage stress (dv/dt) and it reduces the size of the filter components. In this paper various techniques cascaded H-bridges inverter are designed and implemented. Single phase sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and modified sinusoidal pulse width modulation (MSPWM) topologies of (three, five and seven) levels inverters are designed and implemented. The results in percentage value of THD before and after filter are compared. The simulink/matlab and proteus are used to simulate the systems and finally, result are obtained experimentally using microcontroller (arduino mega 2560). When the number of levels is increased using SPWM technique the THD reduced, THD improves in MSPWM technique too, and comparison table II illustrated that.
This paper presents an analytical comparison between two-level inverter and three-level neutral point diode clamped inverters for electric vehicle traction purposes. The main objective of the research is to declare the main differences in the performance of the two inverter schemes in terms of the switching and conduction losses over an entire domain of the modulation index and the phase angle distribution, steady-state operation, transient operation at a wide range of speed variation, and the total harmonic distortion THD% of the line voltage output waveform. It also declares the analysis of the three-level neutral point diode clamped inverter (NPCI) obstacle and the unbalance of the DC-link capacitor voltages. The introduced scheme presents an Induction Motor (IM) drive for electric vehicle (EV) applications. Considering the dynamic operation of the EV, the speed of the three-phase induction motor is controlled using a scalar V/Hz control for the full range of the IM power factor (PF). A comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink model for the proposed scheme is established.
A Three-Phase Grid-Connected PV System Based on SAPF for Power Quality Improv...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes a combined system of three-phase four-wire shunt active power filter
(SAPF), and photovoltaic generator (PVG), to solve the power quality problems such as harmonic currents,
poor power factor, and unbalanced load. In addition, the proposed system can inject the issued energy
from the PVG into the utility grid. To increase the efficiency of the PVG and extract the maximum
photovoltaic (PV) power under variable atmospheric conditions, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
technique based on perturb and observe (P&O) is implemented in the DC/DC boost converter. The
effectiveness of the proposed PVG-SAPF (PVG and SAPF) based on the use of synchronous reference
frame theory (SRF theory) under unbalanced nonlinear load. The proposed PVG-SAPF is validated
through numerical simulations using Matlab/Simulink software. The simulation results show the
effectiveness of the proposed PVG-SAPF.
Multilevel inverters play a crucial part in the
areas of high and medium voltage applications. Among the three
main multilevel inverters used, the capacitor clamped multilevel
inverter(CCMLI) has advantage with respect to voltage
redundancies. This work proposes a switching pattern to improve
the performance of chosen H-bridge type CCMLI over
conventional CCMLI. The PWM technique used in this work is
Phase Opposition Disposition PWM(PODPWM). The
performance of proposed H-bridge type CCMLI is verified
through MATLAB-Simulink based simulation. It has been
observed that the THD is low in chosen CCMLI compared to
conventional CCMLI.
This paper proposes an asymmetrical cascaded single phase H-bridge inverter. The proposed inverter consists of two modules with unequal and isolated dc sources. Each module is composed of dc source, conventional four switches H-bridge and single bidirectional switch. To increase the output voltage levels, the tertiary ratio, 1:3, between its two dc sources is adopted. Both the fundamental frequency and the multicarrier pulse width modulation (PWM) control schemes are employed to generate switches signals. By controlling the inverter modulation index, the proposed inverter can generate an output voltage having up to seventeen levels by using only two modules. The proposed topology has also the feature of modularity which means that it can be extended to any levels by adding new modules. The proposed topology is simulated using an inductive load and some selected simulation results have been provided to validate the proposed inverter.
Cost implication of Line Voltage variation on Three Phase Induction Motor ope...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Globally, there is a drive toward ensuring energy efficiency in all aspect of production operations
and power supply systems. Industries are the backbone of our modern word, and a significant percentage
of industrial operations are motor driven. Three Phase Induction Motor is massively deployed in industries
due to its ruggedness, reasonable cost and ease of maintenance. The energy efficiency of the induction
motor is affected by the internal configurations of the motor and the nature of the supply. Power supply
fluctuations result in power quality issues and its attendant negative effects on equipment operation. This
research, studies the cost and performance implication of the effects of balanced over voltage, balanced
voltage, balanced under voltage and unbalance voltage on the operation of the three phase induction
motor using the peculiarities of Nigeria. The result shows that, there is an increase in operational cost due
to increased energy loss in the windings as a result of voltage variations from th e balanced state, with
balanced over voltage operation showing more cost severity among the voltage variations considered.
Supplementary material for the article: “Pseudo DC-link EV Home Charger with ...Hamed Heydari
THE supplementary information for the paper:” Pseudo DC-link EV Home Charger with a High Semiconductor Device Utilization Factor” [1] is presented in this document. [1] H. Heydari-doostabad, S. H. Hosseini, R. Ghazi, and T. O’Donnell, “Pseudo DC-link EV Home Charger with a High Semiconductor Device Utilization Factor,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electro., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 1, 2021.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Harmonic elimination at the fundamental frequency is very much appropriate for high and medium range of power generation and applications. This paper considers a new technique for selective harmonic elimination (SHE), in which the total harmonic distortion (THD) is minimized when compared with that of the conventional one. With this technique, the harmonics at lower order are eliminated, which are more predominant than the higher ones.Cascaded H-Bridge inverter fed by a single DC is considered which is simulated with the switching angles generated by both the conventional method of SHE and the new method of SHE. The simulated results of the load voltage and the waveforms of the harmonic analysis are shown. The THD values are compared for the two techniques. The experimental results are also shown for the new technique. The switching angles are generated with the help of field programmable gated array (FPGA) in the hardware. The value of experimental THD of voltage is compared with that of simulated THD and the comparison prove that the results are satisfactory.
Analysis and improvement of the efficiency of frequency converters with pulse...IJECEIAES
In order to identify the best control algorithm, the effects of modulation control algorithms on the energy characteristics of a two-level autonomous frequency converter inverter were studied. The research was carried out by the methods of mathematical and simulation modeling. The equa-tions of mathematical description were compiled taking into account a number of generally accepted assumptions. An equivalent circuit of a two-level autonomous inverter was created. Comparisons of pulse-width modulation algorithms with carrier signals of various shapes and frequencies were made. Three different forms of carrier signal were used: triangular, sawtooth with a falling edge and sawtooth with a leading edge. Studies were conducted at frequencies of 3,000, 6,000 and 9,000 Hz. Conclusions were made about the identity of the spectral composition of the front and rear edges of the sawtooth signal, it was also noted that with the triangular waveform, being the part of the har-monics, present in the sawtooth form is removed, so, the triangular shape provides the best result of the autonomous inverter. Also, by increasing in the carrier frequency, it was noted that pulse packets appear at different harmonic numbers, shift, and the amplitude and distortion factor decrease, that means, the best performance was obtained at the maximum frequency studied. In the study of the voltage at the output of the chokes at different frequencies of the carrier signal, it was noted that at a higher frequency, the ripple of the output voltage decreases. Throttles do not eliminate harmonics, but only reduce their amplitude. Based on the results, it was concluded that the algorithm with a triangular carrier signal and the maximum frequency provides the best harmonic composition of the output voltage of the frequency converter.
Analysis of Binary DC Source Reduced Switch 7-level InverterIAES-IJPEDS
This paper proposes a binary DC source reduced switch 7-level inverter. Binary DC source reduced switch inverter is triggered by the Unipolar PWM strategy having sinusoidal and trapezoidal reference with triangular carriers. These pulse width modulating (PWM) strategies include phase disposition (PD), alternate phase opposition disposition (APOD), carrier overlapping (CO). Performance factors like total harmonic distortion (THD), VRMS (fundamental) and crest factor are evaluated for various modulation indices. Simulations were performed using MATLAB-SIMULINK. It is observed that UPDPWM strategy with trapezoidal reference provides output with relatively low distortion and UCOPWM strategy with trapezoidal reference provides relatively higher fundamental RMS output voltage.
A single phase Z source inverter is developed for better voltage boosting and inversion ability suited for photovoltaic power generation systems. The operation of the Z source inverter is described with relevant equations. Simple boost scheme is used for switching actions of the inverter. The performance of the inverter used for photovoltaic applications can be checked with simulation and experimental results, which prove that it has single-stage buck and boost capability and improved reliability.
Source current harmonic mitigation of distorted voltage source by using shunt...IJECEIAES
In this paper, three-phase, four-wire shunt active power filter (SAPF) is utilized to mitigate system harmonics of distorted voltage source for unbalanced and nonlinear loads. Basically, the source voltage should be pure sinusoidal waveform to get a good mitigation of source current harmonics. In this under study system, the source voltage is assumed to be harmonic distortion non-sinusoidal voltage source. The phase locked loop (PLL) control circuit is wielded for extracting the fundamental component of the distorted source voltage to use it as an input signal to the SAPF control. Another input signal to the SAPF is the distorted load current. The SAPF control system uses (p-q) theory to calculate the optimum instantaneous current to be injected by the SAPF to mitigate the source current harmonics even the source voltage is harmonic distorted. MATLAB/SIMULINK software package is utilized to simulate the system under study. The effect of SAPF is tested when it’s used with and without the PLL control circuit. The simulation results show that, the THD of source current when using the PLL control circuit is improved to comply with the harmonic limits given in the IEEE 519-1992 and IEC 61000-4-7 standards.
— The automation of fault detection in material
science is getting popular because of less cost and time. Steel
plates fault detection is an important material science problem.
Data mining techniques deal with data analysis of large data.
Decision trees are very popular classifiers because of their simple
structures and accuracy. A classifier ensemble is a set of
classifiers whose individual decisions are combined in to classify
new examples. Classifiers ensembles generally perform better
than single classifier. In this paper, we show the application of
decision tree ensembles for steel plates faults prediction. The
results suggest that Random Subspace and AdaBoost.M1 are the
best ensemble methods for steel plates faults prediction with
prediction accuracy more than 80%. We also demonstrate that if
insignificant features are removed from the datasets, the
performance of the decision tree ensembles improve for steel
plates faults prediction. The results suggest the future
development of steel plate faults analysis tools by using decision
tree ensembles.
Multiagent Based Methodologies have become an
important subject of research in advance Software Engineering.
Several methodologies have been proposed as, a theoretical
approach, to facilitate and support the development of complex
distributed systems. An important question when facing the
construction of Agent Applications is deciding which
methodology to follow. Trying to answer this question, a
framework with several criteria is applied in this paper for the
comparative analysis of existing multiagent system
methodologies. The results of the comparative over two of them,
conclude that those methodologies have not reached a sufficient
maturity level to be used by the software industry. The
framework has also proved its utility for the evaluation of any
kind of Multiagent Based Software Engineering Methodology
The purpose of paper is to recommend strategies to
increase customer loyalty through complaint management and as
a tool to manage risk. The paper encompasses the theoretical
concepts which emerge from the extensive review of literature on
complaints and risk. It was found that complaints and risk have a
significant relation and through complaint management, risk can
be reduced. The study has proposed COMPSAT Grid (reinforced
with literature review) demonstrating the state of Banks based on
no. of complaints and loyalty of customers. COMPSAT Grid can
become a base to design the strategies to increase customer’s
loyalty. The study is limited to the customer’s perceived risk. The
paper stresses on the importance of complaints in managing the
risk. Through COMPSAT grid the service providers may
modulate existing strategies to increase customer loyalty. The
concepts will establish complaint management as a basis of
marketing strategy modulation. The model is a theoretical
approach which is based on the concepts
Change is the only thing which is constant in this
today’s era. Constant technology updates demand building up
and falling down of infrastructure along with cost involvement.
Today there is a need of adaptive infrastructure called Ad hoc
network.
Ad hoc network is a collection of two or more nodes with
wireless communication having network capability that they can
communicate without centralized manner. So, at any time host
devices may act as a router or as a node. Ad hoc networks can be
erected as wireless technology, comprising of Radio Frequency
(RF) and infrared frequency.
Wireless Ad hoc network is Temporary, Infrastructure less,
Decentralized, self-organized packet switched network. In this
network topology changes dynamically which can results change
in link failure or broken. In this paper we evaluate the
performance parameters like Throughput, End-to-End Delay and
Packet Delivery Ratio of AODV (ad hoc on Demand Vector) and
DSDV (Destination Sequential Distance Vector) protocol. The
simulation tool used is Network Simulator 2 -2.35
Abledate Online Mature Online dating, undoubtedly has made its symbol in the online world. Abledate Online relationship can discover you that special somebody in life. Abledate can switch the typical traditional connections that you have had in the previous. Abledate online dating website is a type of internet dating that is also enjoyable if you know how to make it really unique. Abledate online relationship is presently the hot craze and many persons are turning to our internet relationship sites to find buddies, romance, love and relationships. Abledate Online relationship might be the best solution to many that are dating. Abledate might be less complicated for them to locate somebody special, but Abledate might just be a way to date without a time constraint in USA. Hurry up start dating after signup at Abledate.com
The present study was attempted to examine the role of
paternal and maternal parenting styles as predictor of students’
academic achievement. Parental Authority Questionnaire (Buri,
1991) further translated in Urdu by (Babree, 1997) was used to
collect the information from participants. Student’s result of
previous final Exam was taken as Academic Achievement.
Sample of the present study was consist on the F.A/F.Sc students
(N= 350) of final year. Simple linear regression analysis was
applied to test the hypothesis. The result of the study showed that
maternal and paternal authoritative style was a positive predictor
of academic achievement of adolescent. While maternal and
paternal authoritarian styles of parents was found to be a
negative predictor of academic achievement. The results for
permissive parenting style of both mother and father were nonsignificant.
The present study provided an insight to the roles of
parenting to academic achievement
Implementation for Controller to Unified Single Phase Power Flow Using Digita...IJERA Editor
Presenting in his paper, Digital signal processor (DSP)-based implementation of a single phase unified power flow controller (UPFC). For shunt side and series side An efficient UPFC control algorithm is achieved. Discussing the laboratory experimental results using DC source are taken as an UPFC linked by two ll-bridge PWM voltage source converters.
Current model predictive control for three-phase active power filter using ca...nooriasukmaningtyas
Different technologies in particular in the medium and high-power
conversion were implemented and taken into consideration in the last few
years. These inverter topologies have been demonstrated to ensure the
generation of high-quality voltage waveforms based on power half-conductor
switches, which operate on the fundamental frequency. The multilevel
inverter H-bridge is a promising alternative among the available multi-level
inverter topologies. A predictional current control algorithm for multi-level
converters and use on a three-phase cascaded inverter H-bridge. This article
reports on a comparison of two check methods associated with a shunt active
power filter based on the cascaded inverter of the three-Level type. The first
approach is the traditional PI control unit and the second is the predictive
current control unit. The reference current for the shunt active power filter is
provided by the p-q control strategy for reactive power compensation and
current harmonics. The cascade-type three-level inverter has more
advantages over a two-leaved inverter; the simulation output of APF is
checked by MATLAB/Simulink. The predictive controlled the APF
associated with the three-level inverter shows more performances and
efficiency compared to the conventional control algorithms.
This work presents investigation of passive filter performance on three-phase inverter with 180° conduction mode. The simulation model of the inverter is developed by using MATLAB/Simulink. The power circuit used Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) as switching device. The inverter is controlled by using bipolar Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique. The IGBT was set to 25 kHz for switching frequency (fs). Three types of passive filters which are LC, RC and PI filters are used to investigate the ability to remove the unwanted signal that occurred on the inverter. The result is analyzed based on the performances of output filter in term of Total Harmonic Distortion in voltage (THDv), current (THDi), shape of output voltage and current. The THD must be less than 5% at rated inverter output voltage or current by referring to IEC 61727 Standard. The passive filter is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink environment to study the characteristics and performance of the filters.
A Comparative Analysis of MPWM & SPWM Techniques to Reduce Harmonic Distortio...paperpublications3
Abstract: In the modern world, the demand of electricity is increasing day by day. The main reasons of increasing demand are the population, the economy growth and rapid depletion of fossil based energy reserve. Then it must research for an alternative source of power generation. One of the sources is a renewable energy which is not possibly harmful on environment. The need of power rating inverter is required to operate electrical and electronics appliances smoothly. Static UPS are virtually perfect electric generators. They are highly reliable and, by nature, ensure the uninterrupted availability of electric power. As regards electrical characteristics, the inverter (which constitutes the UPS generator) possesses from the point of view of frequency stability as well as voltage stability, performances superior to those of the mains. The only doubtful characteristic is, in the opinion of any engineer, its ability to deliver a sinusoidal voltage regardless of the shape of the current drawn by the load. Most of the available commercial uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) are actually square wave inverter or quasi square wave inverters. Electronic devices, managed by these inverters will be damaged due to content of harmonics.In this paper a comparative harmonic distortion analysis is presented between and square wave and sine wave i.e. (MSPWM & SPWM) inverters.
The steady increase in non-linear loads on the power supply network such as, AC variable speed drives,
DC variable Speed drives, UPS, Inverter and SMPS raises issues about power quality and reliability. In this
subject, attention has been focused on harmonics . Harmonics overload the power system network and cause
reliability problems on equipment and system and also waste energy. Passive and active harmonic filters are
used to mitigate harmonic problems. The use of both active and passive filter is justified to mitigate the
harmonics. The difficulty for practicing engineers is to select and deploy correct harmonic filters , This paper
explains which solutions are suitable when it comes to choosing active and passive harmonic filters and also
explains the mistakes need to be avoided.
A Synchronizing Devicefor Power Electronic ConvertersIJERA Editor
In this paper we introduce a synchronizing device for power electronic converters with single-phase or threephase
AC input voltage. The voltage synchronizing transformer in this device has been replaced by a current
transformer and a double galvanic isolation has been realized by means of optical media. Results from computer
simulation and experimental studies have been brought out.
Design and analysis of operational transconductance amplifier using pspiceeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Efficient Design of Differential Trans- Conductance Amplifier with Sub-Thresh...IJEEE
In this paper, a low voltage differential CMOS trans-conductance amplifier using 180nm on cadence is presented. This design operates in sub threshold region of ±0.5V-1.5V and biasing stabilization has been checked by observing relationship between differential voltage and biasing variations on Nano-scale. Simulation results shows maximum differential output is obtained when biasing current reaches 500nA with CMRR 88db and static power consumption on normal input conditions is 241nW. In this paper, layout of OTA has been presented after verifying DRC and LVS by using assura tool of cadence suite.
Renewable Energy Based on Current Fed Switched Inverter for Smart Grid Applic...MangaiK4
Abstract - Renewable energy is used in the current fed switched inverter for high power production. High voltage support, wide yield ranges of operation, shoot-through resistance are a portion of the desired properties of an inverter for a reliable, versatile and less ripple AC inversion. This paper proposes a single stage, high boost inverter with buck-boost capacity which has a few particular advantages over traditional voltage source inverters (VSI) like better EMI noise, wide input and output voltage range of operation, and so on. The proposed inverter is named as Current-Fed Switched Inverter (CFSI). A renewable energy based converter structure of CFSI has been created which supplies both AC and DC loads, at the same time, from a single DC supply which makes it reasonable for DC smart grid application. This paper proposes the operation and control of a CFSI based converter which directs the AC and DC conversion voltages at their reference. The advancement of the proposed converter from essential current fed DC/DC topology is explained. The closed loop controller is verified by using the MATLAB/ Simulink environment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ANALYSIS OF TUNED FILTERS FOR MITIGATION OF HARMONIC CURRENT DISTORTION OF R...ijiert bestjournal
Harmonics are the by - products o f modern electronic devices that are nonlinear loads which create harmonics by drawing current in rather than smooth sinusoidal manner. Any distribution circuit feeding nonlinear loads will contain some degree of harmonic frequencies. Due to the rapidly in creasing number of non - linear loads in distribution systems,the harmonic distortion of the current and voltage increases. N on - linear loads are personal computer,television set (TV),fluorescent tube with electronic ballast,compact fluorescent lamp,batt ery charger,uninterrupted power supply (UPS) and any other equipment powered by switched - mode power supply (SMPS) unit. The harmonic distortion produced in residential buildings has not been given proper attention as linear loads were predominant earlier. As the number of harmonics - producing loads in residences has increased over the years,it has become increasingly necessary to address their effects on the distribution system. Power Quality of di stribution networks is a ffected due to the flow of generate d harmonics. Harmonic currents generated by nonli near loads can cause problems on equipments of distribution network .
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Abstract: The output voltage of an inverter has in general non-sinusoidal shape. The required AC output quantity – frequency and voltage – is created by a sequence of segments properly cut out from the input variable quantity, which is a DC-voltage. The required output quantities, AC voltage amplitude and frequency, are created either from rectangular pulses or by the pulse-width- modulation (PWM). Power source with a non-sinusoidal voltage applied to a electric equipment brings some undesirable effects. For example, it can cause additional losses in the windings and ferromagnetic circuits of transformers. In AC motors the additional losses are higher and operating characteristics of motors are worse. In photovoltaic power sources, the use of inverters must be carefully considered, because a wide range of harmonics can be generated. This would greatly decline the quality of produced and transmitted electric energy. Demand for high-voltage, high power converters capable of producing of producing high-quality waveform while utilizing low voltage devices and reduced switching frequency has led to the multilevel inverter development with regard to semiconductor power switch voltage limit. In this paper an overview is presented of different Multilevel inverter techniques to reduce the total harmonic distortion of output voltage in a inverter.
The work presented in this paper is devoted to the control of a photovoltaic system connected to grid by a three level diode clamed inverter. A control structure based on three parts: dc link voltage control, power injected control and current control is proposed. In this work, the random PWM strategy is used to generate control signals for the multilevel inverter used us an interface to connect photovoltaic generators to the grid. Numerical simulations are performed using MATLAB / Simulink software, the simulation results for the proposed system indicate the performances of the proposed control structure, minimization of harmonics by the random PWM strategy applied and injection to the grid more active power by the multilevel inverter structure.
This paper introduces the modelling of a novel three phase AC-AC converter with indirect use of a capacitor as DC voltage link. The proposed converter has high efficiency because it uses Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) technique at both rectificier and inverter stages to operate the pulse width modulation in IGBT switches. The novel converter is equipped with a power factor control to shape the rectifier input current waveform to be sinusoidal and to be in phase with the input voltage. To keep the DC voltage stable, the converter utilizes PI controllers. Simulations are conducted for output voltage from 120 to 300 Volts with output frequency ranging from 30 Hz to 60 Hz. The simulation results show that the converter is able to maintain stable the DC voltage and current. Furthermore, the model demonstrates the benefits of proposed converter in terms of acquiring high input power factor and sinusoidal current waveform at the output side of the inverter.
This paper presents an analysis of virtual-flux direct power control (VFDPC) technique for the three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) ac-dc converter. The proposed VFDPC is developed by assuming the grid voltage and converter line filters quantities are related to a virtual three-phase ac motor. The controller works with less number of sensors by eliminating the voltage sensors used for measuring the three-phase grid voltage. The grid virtual flux which is proportional to the grid voltage will be estimated from the information of converter switching states, line current, and dc-link output voltage. Several analyses are performed in order to study the steady state and dynamic performance of the converter, particularly during the load and DC voltage output reference variations. The proportional integral (PI) controller at the outer voltage control loop of VFDPC is tuned properly and the entire PWM ac-dc converter system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to ensure the dc output voltage follow the desired output voltage under steady state and dynamic conditions. Ac-dc converter utilizing the proposed VFDPC is able to generate three-phase input current waveforms that are almost sinusoidal with low harmonics contents which is less than 5% and near unity power factor (pf) operation.
Single Phase Thirteen Level Inverter using BI Directional Switches and reduce...Editor IJMTER
Renewable energies have advantages of zero fuel cost and reduced environmental
impacts. This paper proposes an Asymmetrical Thirteen level H-Bridge inverter circuit. Two inputs
from solar PV panels are given to the converter and maximum power is extracted by using maximum
power point tracking method. Integrated converter is DC to DC Boost converter. The output is given
to H- inverter which converts dc to ac and the thirteen level output voltage is applied to the load.
Operational analysis and simulation results are given for the proposed circuit.
Recent joint surgery studies reveal increased
revisions and resurfacing of the metal on metal hip joints. Metal
on metal hip implants were developed more than thirty years ago
and their application has been refined because of availability of
advanced manufacturing techniques and partly by advancements
in material science and engineering. Development of composite
materials may provide greater durability to metal-on-metal hip
implants .This review article is a study of the latest literature of
metal-on-metal hip implants and its various modeling techniques.
Numbers of methods are used for convergence and numerical
solution to investigate the performance of metal-on-metal hip
implant for accurate stable solution. This paper presents analysis
done by various researchers on metal-on-metal hip implants for
wear, lubrication, fatigue, bio-tribo-corrosion, design, toxicity
and resurfacing. After in vivo and in vitro studies, it is found that
all these methods have limitations. There is a need of more
insight for lubrication analysis, geometry of bearings, materials
and input parameters. The information provided in this work is
intended as an aid in the assessment of metal-on-metal hip joints.
Background Hospital contributes significantly tangible and intangible resources on a concurred plan by the scheduling of surgery on the OT list. Postponement decreases efficiency by declining throughput leads to wastage of resources hence burden to the nation. Patients and their family face economic and emotional implication due to the postponement. Postponement rate being a quality indicator controls check mechanism could be developed from the results. Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of the operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families are also caused by postponements. Moreover, the day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extent of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology A cross-sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from March 1st to September 30th, 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing Officer) and they were further evaluated time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for moving average technique. Results Total 958 surgeries were scheduled and 772 surgeries performed were and 186 surgeries were postponed with a postponement rate of 19.42% in the cardiac surgery department during the study period. Month-wise postponement Rate exponential smoothing of time series data shows the dynamic of operating suits. To test throughput Postponement rate was plotted the postponed surgeries and on regression analysis is in a perfect linear relationship.
Introduction: Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families also caused by postponements. Moreover, day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extend of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology: A cross sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from march 1st to September 30th 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (Surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing officer) and they were further evaluated Time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for Moving average Technique. Results: total 2,466 surgeries were scheduled and 1,980 surgeries were performed and 486 surgeries were postponed in the general surgery department during the study period. Month wise postponement forecast was in accordance with the performed surgeries and on regression analysis postponed surgeries were in perfect linear relationship with the postponement Rate.
In the present paper the experimental study of
Nanotechnology involves high cost for Lab set-up and the
experimentation processes were also slow. Attempt has also
been made to discuss the contributions towards the societal
change in the present convergence of Nano-systems and
information technologies. one cannot rely on experimental
nanotechnology alone. As such, the Computer- simulations and
modeling are one of the foundations of computational
nanotechnology. The computer modeling and simulations
were also referred as computational experimentations. The
accuracy of such Computational nano-technology based
experiment generally depends on the accuracy of the following
things: Intermolecular interaction, Numerical models and
Simulation schemes used. The essence of nanotechnology is
therefore size and control because of the diversity of
applications the plural term nanotechnology is preferred by
some nevertheless they all share the common feature of control
at the nanometer scale the latter focusing on the observation
and study of phenomena at the nanometer scale. In this paper,
a brief study of Computer-Simulation techniques as well as
some Experimental result
Solar cell absorber Kesterite- type Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). UV–vis absorption spectra measurement indicated that the band gap of as-synthesized CZTS was about1.68 eV, which was near the optimum value for photovoltaic solar conversion in a single-band-gap device. The polycrystalline CZTS thin films with kieserite crystal structure have been obtained by XRD. The average of crystalline size of CZTS is 27 nm
- In this paper, we introduce a practical mechanism of
compressing a binary phase code modulation (BPCM) signal
according to Barker code with 13 chips in presence of additive
white Gaussian noise (AWGN) by using a digital matched filter
(DMF) corresponding to time domain convolution algorithm of
input and reference signals using Cyclone II EP2C70F896C6
FPGA from ALTERA placed on education and development
board DE2-70 with the following parameters: frequency of
BPCM signal fIF=2 MHz, sampling frequency
f MHz SAM 50
,pulse period
T 200s
, pulse width
S 13sc
, chip width
CH 1sc
, compressing factor
KCOM 13
, SNRinp=1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 and processing
gain factor SNRout/SNRinp=11.14 dB.
The results of filter operation are evaluated using a digital
oscilloscope GDS-1052U to display the input and output signals
for different SNRinp.
Flooding is one of the most devastating natural
disasters in Nigeria. The impact of flooding on human activities
cannot be overemphasized. It can threaten human lives, their
property, environment and the economy. Different techniques
exist to manage and analyze the impact of flooding. Some of these
techniques have not been effective in management of flood
disaster. Remote sensing technique presents itself as an effective
and efficient means of managing flood disaster. In this study,
SPOT-10 image was used to perform land cover/ land use
classification of the study area. Advanced Space borne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image of 2010 was
used to generate the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The image
focal statistics were generated using the Spatial Analyst/
Neighborhood/Focal Statistics Tool in ArcMap. The contour map
was produced using the Spatial Analyst/ Surface/ Contour Tools.
The DEM generated from the focal statistics was reclassified into
different risk levels based on variation of elevation values. The
depression in the DEM was filled and used to create the flow
direction map. The flow accumulation map was produced using
the flow direction data as input image. The stream network and
watershed were equally generated and the stream vectorized. The
reclassified DEM, stream network and vectorized land cover
classes were integrated and used to analyze the impact of flood on
the classes. The result shows that 27.86% of the area studied will
be affected at very high risk flood level, 35.63% at high risk,
17.90% at moderate risk, 10.72% at low risk, and 7.89% at no
risk flood level. Built up area class will be mostly affected at very
high risk flood level while farmland will be affected at high risk
flood level. Oshoro, Imhekpeme, and Weppa communities will be
affected at very high risk flood inundation while Ivighe, Uneme,
Igoide and Iviari communities will be at risk at high risk flood
inundation level. It is recommended among others that buildings
that fall within the “Very High Risk” area should be identified
and occupants possibly relocated to other areas such as the “No
Risk” area.
Without water, humans cannot live. Since time began,
we have lived by the water and vast tracts of waterless land have
been abandoned as it is too difficult to inhabit. At any given
moment, the earth’s atmosphere contains 4,000 cubic miles of
water, which is just 0.000012% of the 344 million cubic miles of
water on earth. Nature maintains this ratio via evaporation and
condensation, irrespective of the activities of man.
There is a certain need for an alternative to solve the water
scarcity. Obtaining water from the atmosphere is nothing new -
since the beginning of time, nature’s continuous hydrologic cycle
of evaporation and condensation in the form of rain or snow has
been the sole source and means of regenerating wholesome water
for all forms of life on earth.
An effective method to generate water is by the separation of
moisture present in air by condensation. In this study, the water
present in air is condensed on the surface of a container and then
collected in an external jacket provided on the container.
Insulations are provided to optimize the inner temperature of the
container.
The method is although uncommon but has certain advantages
which make it a success. The process is economical and does not
require a lot of utilities. It also helps in further reducing the
carbon footprint.
In every moment of functioning the Li-Ion
battery must provide the power required by the user, to have a
long operating life and to and to provide high reliability in
operation. The methods for analysis and testing batteries are
ensuring that all these conditions imposed to the batteries are
met by being tested depending on their intended use.
The success rate of real estate project is
decreasing as there is large scale of project and participation of
entities. It is necessary to study the risk factors involved in the
project. This paper focused on types of risks involved in the
project, risk factors, risk management tools & techniques.
Identification of risk of the project in terms of the total cost of the
project has been divided under Technical, Financial, Sociopolitical
and Statutory cost centers. Large real estate projects
have to tackle the following issues: land acquisition, skilledlabour
shortage, non-availability of skilled project managers, and
mechanization of the construction process to cater to the growing
demands. Non- availability of supporting infrastructure, political
issues like instability of the government leading to regulatory
issues, social issues, marketing forms an important part in these
projects as this is a onetime investment and the purchase cycle is
long , long development period makes the same project be at
different points in the real estate value cycle.
- In the present scenario carbon emission and sand
mining are major concern due to its hazardous effect to
environment and making serious imbalance to the ecosystem.
Various studies have been conducted to reduce severe effect on
environment, using byproducts like copper slag as partial
replacement of fine aggregate. Different researchers have also
revealed numerous uses of copper slag as a replacing agent in
determining the strength of concrete. A comprehensive review of
studies has been presented in this paper for scope of replacement
of fine aggregate from copper slag in concrete
- Security is a concept similar to being cautious
or alert against any danger. Network security is the condition of
being protected against any danger or loss. Thus safety plays a
important role in bank transactions where disclosure of any data
results in big loss. We can define networking as the combination
of two or more computers for the purpose of resource sharing.
Resources here include files, database, emails etc. It is the
protection of these resources from unauthorized users that
brought the development of network security. It is a measure
incorporated to protect data during their transmission and also
to ensure the transmitted is protected and authentic.
Security of online bank transactions here has been
improved by increasing the number of bits while establishing the
SSL connection as well as in RSA asymmetric key encryption
along with SHA1 used for digital signature to authenticate the
user
Background: Septoplasty is a common surgical
procedure performed by otolaryngologists for the correction of
deviated nasal septum. This surgery may be associated with
numerous complications. To minimize these complications,
otolaryngologists frequently pack both nasal cavities with
different types of nasal packing. Despite all its advantages,
nasal packing is also associated with some disadvantages. To
avoid these issues, many surgeons use suturing techniques to
obviate the need for packing after surgery.
Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of trans-septal
suture technique in preventing complications and decreasing
morbidity after septoplasty in comparison with nasal packing.
Patients and methods: Prospective comparative study. This
study was conducted in the department of Otolaryngology -
Head and Neck Surgery, Rizgary Teaching Hospital - Erbil,
from the 6th of May 2014 to the 30th of November 2014.
A total of 60 patients aged 18-45 years, undergoing septoplasty,
were included in the study. Before surgery, patients were
randomly divided into two equal groups. Group (A) with transseptal
suture technique was compared with group (B) in which
nasal packing with Merocel was done. Postoperative morbidity
in terms of pain, bleeding, postnasal drip, sleep disturbance,
dysphagia, headache and epiphora along with postoperative
complications including septal hematoma, septal perforation,
crustation and synechiae formation were assessed over a follow
up period of four weeks.
Results: Out of 60 patients, 37 patients were males (61.7%)
and 23 patients were females (38.3%). Patients with nasal
packing had significantly more postoperative pain (P<0.05)><0.05). There was no significant difference between
the two groups with respect to nasal bleeding, septal
hematoma, septal perforation, crustation and synechiae
formation.
Conclusion: Septoplasty can be safely performed using transseptal
suturing technique without nasal packing.
The basic reason behind the need to
monitor water quality is to verify whether the examined
water quality is suitable for intended usage or not. This
study is conducted on Al -Shamiya al- sharqi drain in
Diwaniya city in Iraq to make valid assessment for the
level of parameters measured and to realize their effects
on irrigation. In order to assess the drainage water
quality for irrigation purposes with a high accuracy, the
Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) will be examined
and upgraded (integrated with GIS) to make a
classification for drainage water. For this purpose, ten
samples of drainage water were taken from different ten
location of the stuay area. The collected samples were
analyzed chemically for different elements which affect
water quality for irrigation.These elements are :
Calcium(Ca+2), Sodium(Na+
), Magnesium(Mg+2),
Chloride( ), Potassium(K+
), Bicarbonate(HCO3),
Nitrate(NO3), Sulfate( , Phosphate( , Electrical
Conductivity(EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) and pH-values (PH). Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Content (Na%)
have been also calculated. Results suggest that, the use of
GIS and Water Quality Index (WQI) methods could
provide an extremely interesting as well as efficient tool
to water resource management. The results analysis of
(IWQI) maps confirms that: 52% of the drainage water
in study area falls within the "Low restriction" (LR) and
47%of study area has water with (Moderate
restriction)(MR),While 1% of drainage water in the
study area classified as (Sever restriction) (SR). So, the
drainage water should be used with the soil having high
permeability with some constraints imposed on types of
plant for specified tolerance of salts
The cable-hoisting method and rail cable-lifting
method are widely used in the construction of suspension bridge.
This paper takes a suspension bridge in Hunan as an example,
and expounds the two construction methods, and analyzes their
respective merits and disadvantages.
Baylis-Hillman reaction has been achieved on
different organic motifs but with completion times of three to
six days. Micellar medium of CTAB in water along with the
organic base DABCO has been used to effect the BaylisHillman
reaction on a steroidal nucleus of Withaferin-A for the
first time with different aromatic aldehydes within a day to
synthesize a library of BH adducts (W1a –W14a) and (W1bW14b)
as a mixture of two isomers and W15 as a single
compound. The isomers were separated on column and the
major components were chosen for bio-evaluation. Cytotoxic
activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against a
panel of four cancer cell lines Lung A-549, Breast MCF-7,
Colon HCT-116 and Leukemia THP-1 along with 5-florouracil
and Mitomycin-C as references. All the compounds exhibited
promising activity against screened cell lines and were found to
possess enhaunced activity than parent compound. BH adducts
with aromatic systems having methoxy and nitro groups were
found to be more active.
This paper presents the details on the
experimental investigation carried out to get the desired fresh
properties of the SCC. Tests were performed on various mixtures
to obtain the required SCC. In the present research work we
have replaced 15% of cement with class F fly ash. By varying the
quantity of water and sand the mortar mix was prepared. Later
varying percentage of coarse aggregate was added to the mortar
to obtain the desired SCC.
The batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles
consists of several cells with voltages between 3.6V battery and
4.2 V in series or parallel combinations of configurations for
obtaining the necessary available voltages in the operation of a
hybrid electric vehicle. How malfunction of a single cell affects
the behavior of the entire battery pack, BMS main function is to
protect individual cells against over-discharge, overload or
overheating. This is done by correct balancing of the cells. In
addition BMS estimates the battery charge status
This project aims at using (PD-MCPWM) Phase
disposition multi carrier pulse width modulation technique to
reduce leakage current in a transformerless cascaded multilevel
inverter for PV systems. Advantages of transformerless PV
inverter topology is as follows, simple structure, low weight and
provides higher efficiency , but however this topology provides a
path for the leakage current to flow through the parasitic
capacitance formed between the PV module and the ground.
Modulation technique reduces leakage current with an added
advantage without adding any extra components.
Many people in Africa depend on water from
rivers and borehole, but purity of the drinking water from these
sources remains questionable. Mudzira River being the longest
River in a village called Vimtim located in Mubi North Local
government area in Adamawa State was studied in the months of
September to December, 2012 to ascertain the suitability of the
water for human consumption and other related uses. Five study
point: inlet (A, B), middle (C) and out let (D, E) were adopted for
monitoring the physico-chemical parameters using standard
procedures. The mean total temperature values were A (25.000C),
B (24.500C), C (25.500C), D (24.000C) and E (24.000C. Average P
H
values were A (8.00), B (7.87), C (8.20) D (8.37) and E (8.13). The
average conductivity values were A (73.90
1 cms
), B
(73.11
1 cms
), D (74.00
1 cms
) and E (73. 80
1 cms
). The
average total dissolves solid value of each sample were A (17.10),
B (17.10), C (20.00) D (21.64) and E (21.60.). The average
turbidity value of sample were A (47.00), B (47.00), C (50.00) D
(53.00) and E (50.00). Average total hardness value are A
(20.00mg/l), B (20.00mg/L) C (24.00mg/L), D (20.00mg/L) and E
(20.00mg/L). The average chloride content were A (12mg/L), B
(16mg/L), C (12 mg/L) D (16mg/L) and E (16mg/L). The average
calcium content were A (0.3mg/L) B (0.4mg/L), C (0.3mg/L), D
(0.3mg/L) and E (0.2mg/L). The average content of magnesium
were A (12mg/L), B (16mg/L), C (16Mg/L), D (12mg/L), E
(12mg/L). The lead content of River Mudzira water was
negligible. The mean coliform count were A (4), B (3), C (6), D
(7), and E (4).The values of the parameters studied were within
the WHO/NAFDAC recommended standards, excepts for total
coliform levels. In conclusion Vimtim residents consuming
untreated water from River Mudzira are potentially exposed to
possible acute, sub chronic or even chronic water borne diseases
like typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhea etc.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
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• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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1. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 6 (Nov-Dec 2014), PP. 107-110
107 | P a g e
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE SECOND
GENERATION CURRENT CONTROLLED
CONVEYOR (CCCII) AND ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT AMPLIFIER BASED
ON IT
Nupur Mittal1, Imran Ullah Khan2, Firdaus Majeed3, Md. Amir Ansari4
1,3 & 4
Assistant Professor, Dept. Electronics & Comm. Eng., Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh,India
2
Jr.Associate Professor,Dept. Electronics & Comm. Eng., Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh ,India
mittalnupur2004@gmail.com, imranuk79@gmail.com, Firdausmajeed11@gmail.com , aamir.elex@gmail.com
Abstract- This paper describes the architecture of second
generation current conveyor (CCCII)and designing an
amplifier using second generation current conveyor. The
designed amplifier through CCCII+ can be used in various
analog computation circuits and is superior in
performance than the classical opamp. It provides better
gain with higher accuracy. The presented approach over
here is to design current amplifiers and voltage amplifiers
using current controlled current conveyor (CCCII). The
second generation CCCII has the advantage of electronic
adjustability over the CCII i.e. in CCCII, the X-terminal
intrinsic resistance can be adjusted througha bias current
is possible. The CCCII has been designed to work both as
current amplifier and voltage amplifier. Various
simulations have been carried out to obtain the desired
results.
Key words: Amplifier, Current controlled conveyor,
DOCCCII, Tunable current amplifier, Tunable voltage
amplifier.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the field of signal processing Current conveyors are most
promising device and have the features like high bandwidth,
greater linearity, larger dynamic range, low power
consumption, simple circuitry and occupy less chip area. The
second generation current controlled conveyor (CCCII) has
the advantage of electronic adjustability over the CCII i.e. in
CCCII; adjustment of the X-terminal intrinsic resistance via a
bias current is possible. The CCCII has been designed to work
both as current amplifier and voltage amplifier. Various
simulations have been carried out to obtain the desired results.
The outcomes show good results and an amplified waveform
has been obtained in both the cases.
II. THE SECOND GENERATION CURRENT
CONVEYOR (CCII)
The second-generation current-conveyor was developed by
Sedra in 1970. A current conveyor is a building block similar
to an operational amplifier and capacitors and diodes, can
implement several useful analog sub-systems such as
amplifiers, integrators, and rectifiers. which, when used in
conjunction with other components such as resistors, The
second generation current conveyor is a three terminal device.
Its symbol is shown in figure 1.
The current conveyor's response is given by equat ion
z
x
y
z
x
y
V
I
V
00
001
000
I
V
I
……(1)
Impedance is finite and must be taken into
consideration in the circuit design. When a voltage is applied
at node Y, that voltage is replicated at node X. This is similar
to the virtual short on an op-amp. Also when a current is
injected into node X, that same current gets copied into node
Z. The notation CCII+ denotes a positive Z output current
conveyor (= + 1) whereas CCII- denotes a negative Z output
current conveyor (= - 1). Thus the terminal Y exhibits infinite
input impedance. The voltage at X follows that applied to Y,
thus X exhibits zero input impedance. The current supplied to
X is conveyed to the high impedance output terminal Z where
it is supplied with either positive polarity (in CCII+) or
negative polarity (in CCII-). One model used to analyze a
CCII+ is shown in figure 2. The op-amp in unity-gain
feedback configuration ensures that Vx is equal to Vy, and the
current mirrors ensure that Iz is equal to Ix. Here the op-amp's
output stage has infinite output impedance.
2. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 6 (Nov-Dec 2014), PP. 107-110
108 | P a g e
III. AMPLIFIER & Its ANALYSIS
A. Tunable Voltage Amplifier
An electronic circuit whose function is to accept an input
voltage and produce a magnified accurate replica of this
voltage as an output voltage. The voltage gain of the amplifier
is the amplitude ratio of the output voltage to the input
voltage.
Fig.3 Circuit of Tunable Voltage Amplifier
The analysis of the amplifier circuit [9] shown in Figure 3 is
as follows;
We know for CCCII+
VY= VX +IXRX …………………………………….………..(2)
Since VX= 0, VY=VIN ……………...…………....(3)
V0=IZR1=IXR1…………………………..……….(4)
V0=VIN(R1/RX)…………………………..……....(5)
Where RX depends on bias current Ib.
For realization, of the above voltage amplifier, CMOS design
of CCCII+ is adopted, and the voltage amplifier of figure 3 is
simulated on HSPICE .The input voltage is applied at node Y
of the CCCII+ of the magnitude of 4mV peak to peak. The
output is seen on Z+ node of the conveyor. The bias current Ib
is taken as 10μA.The simulation results of the voltage
amplifier are presented in Figure 4. The output obtained after
the simulation is of value 38.4mV (peak to peak). The output
is seen on Z+ node of the conveyor. The bias current Ib is
taken as 10μA and theoretically 10 is selected as the gain of
the voltage amplifier.
The simulation results of the voltage amplifier are presented in
Figure 4. The output obtained after the simulation is of value
38.4mV (peak to peak) that means the practical value of gain
is 9.6.
Fig. 4 Graph for Transient Response of Amplifier for
f=10MHz
Figure 5 shows the frequency response of the above
mentioned amplifier. AC analysis is performed to know about
the bandwidth which is an important parameter and can be
determined as the frequency at which the power of the load is
at least 50%.This condition in absolute units corresponds to
70.7% and 3 dB in decibels units.
Fig.5 Frequency Response of Amplifier
B. Tunable current amplifier
Fig.6 Circuit of Tunable Current Amplifier
The analysis of the current amplifier circuit shown in fig 6 is
as follows
3. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 6 (Nov-Dec 2014), PP. 107-110
109 | P a g e
We know for CCCII+
VY= VX +IXRX……………………………………..(6)
Since VX=0,
VY= IXRX =IIN RIN……………………………..…(7)
IX =IIN RIN/RX =IZ………………………………...(8)
Current Gain A=IZ/IIN= RIN/RX…………................(9)
For realization, of the above current amplifier, CMOS design
of CCCII+ is adopted, and the current amplifier of fig 6 is
simulated on HSPICE .The input current is applied at node Y
of the CCCII+ of the magnitude of 2μA peak to peak. The
output is seen on Z+ node of the conveyor. The bias current Ib
is taken as 10μA. The simulation results of the current
amplifier are presented in Fig 7. The output obtained after the
simulation is of value 18.8 μA (peak to peak).
Fig. 7 Transient analysis for current amplifier
Figure 8 given below shows the frequency response of the
above mentioned amplifier. AC analysis is performed to know
about the bandwidth which is an important parameter and can
be determined as the frequency at which the power of the load
is at least 50%.This condition in absolute units corresponds to
70.7% and 3 dB in decibels units.
Fig 8 Frequency response for Current Amplifier
IV. SIMULATION & IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS
Some Simulation results shown above in Figures 4, 5, 7 & 8
respectively.
Table 1 shows values of the voltage gain with bias current in
μA The graph shown below in figure 9 is plotted across the
voltage gain to the device bias current in μA . As can been
seen from the graph that the voltage gain increases with the
increase in device bias current Ib. As bias current varies from 0
μA to
100 μA, voltage gain increases from 1.1 to 1.8.
Table 1-Voltage gain Vs Bias Current
S.No. Bias
Current(Ib) in
µA
Voltage Gain
1 5 1.1
2 10 1.22
3 20 1.35
4 30 1.46
5 50 1.58
6 70 1.69
7 90 1.77
8 100 1.8
Fig. 9. Graph between Voltage Gain & Bias Current,
R1=1K constant
V. CONCLUSION
Current-mode circuits are undoubtedly the most widely
accepted operational devices in continuous time and current
mode signal processing. In addition a number of novel circuit
functions such as amplifier, integrator, summer, differentiator,
etc. and topologies like filters and oscillator have been
explored on a front of current mode analogue circuits, opening
up wider area of interest.
The circuit of CCCII+ is verified through HSPICE
simulation results. The circuit of CCCII+ and the designed
amplifier is verified through HSPICE simulation results.
REFERENCES
[1] C. Toumazou, F. J. Lidgey, and D. G. Haigh, ‘Analogue IC
design: the current-mode approach’, London: Peter
Peregrinus, 1990.
[2] Fabre, A, ‘Third-generation current conveyor: A new
helpful active element’, Elec. Letters, Vol. 31, No.5, pp.
338-339, Mar. 1995
4. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 6 (Nov-Dec 2014), PP. 107-110
110 | P a g e
[3] Ahmed A. El-Adawy et al,”A Novel Fully Differential
Current Conveyor and Applications for Analog VLSI”,
IEEE transactions on circuits and systems–ii: analog and
signal digital processing, Vol. 47, No. 4, April 2000.
[4] Awad, A., Soliman, A. M. “Inverting second generation
current conveyor the missing building block, CMOS
realizations and applications”, Int. JL electonics,86(5),
414–432, 1999.
[5] Awad, I. A., Soliman, A. M. "New CMOS Realization of
the CCII-", IEEE trans. Circuit Syst., Vol. 46, No 4, pp.
460 -463, 1999.
[6] Barthelemy,H., Fabre, A. “A second generation current-
controlled conveyor with negative intrinsic resistance”,
IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems-I, 49(1), 63–65, 2002.
[7] Bohr. M, S.S. Ahmed, S.U. Ahmed, M. Bost, T. Ghani, J.
Greason, R. Hainsey, C. Jan, P. Packan, S.Sivakumar, S.
Thompson, J. Tsai, and S. Yang, IEDM Technical Digest,
p. 847, 1996.
[8] Majeed Firdaus, Yasin.M.Y. ,”Low Voltage Low Power
Redesign of CCCII in 45nm CMOS Technology and its
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