This document summarizes a research paper on an automatic tire pressure inflation system. It discusses how underinflated tires can negatively impact fuel efficiency, braking distance, handling, and tire life. It then describes the key components of the proposed automatic system, including a compressor, storage tank, pressure switch, battery, and solenoid valve. The system would monitor tire pressure and automatically inflate tires using compressed air from the tank when pressure drops below the recommended level. The document provides background on the importance of proper tire inflation and the impacts of underinflation.
Traditionally, tyres are made up with simple process. But now, manufacturers are trying to make high performance and safe tyres. These processes are complex than traditional process. This documentation will help to understand latest technology about tyres.
Learn how to protect yourself and your vehicle from unexpected accidents or maintenance. Protecting your tires and keeping them in good condition goes a long way in keeping you safe! Learn all about it on our tire safety tips infographic!
Traditionally, tyres are made up with simple process. But now, manufacturers are trying to make high performance and safe tyres. These processes are complex than traditional process. This documentation will help to understand latest technology about tyres.
Learn how to protect yourself and your vehicle from unexpected accidents or maintenance. Protecting your tires and keeping them in good condition goes a long way in keeping you safe! Learn all about it on our tire safety tips infographic!
M.A.R.S - Mechanized Air Refilling Systemijistjournal
Every section of an automobile is getting automated except one- Tires. To inflate a tire, the driver has to go to a gas station or he has to attach a pump manually. Both these involve human labor. This project is aimed at removing such unwanted strain and save time. The system has a dedicated unit for filling air whenever required. A control unit which is a pic microcontroller is the brain of the system. When the pressure level is below the threshold value chosen by the driver, the system displays it. The driver then may choose to refill the air automatically. A compact pump does the job. Another problem in tires is a puncture. A sudden puncture can cause the driver to lose control, culminating in an accident. The project’s minor objective revolves around this. During a puncture the air pressure reduces suddenly. This reduction in pressure over a time limit is identified as a puncture. It warns the driver of a puncture and saves life. The other way of detecting a puncture is by calculating the ON time of the pump. If the pump is in ON state for a long time and there is no improvement in the pressure level it is recognized as a puncture. It also saves a lot of money by giving more longevity to the tire and better mileage. As the tire is filled with optimum air, the friction between the tire and the road is maintained properly. Henceforth, the tire is not damaged much and the fuel consumption is reduced. The project is destined to be a life and money saver.
M.a.r.s mechanized air refilling systemijistjournal
Every section of an automobile is getting automated except one- Tires. To inflate a tire, the driver has to go
to a gas station or he has to attach a pump manually. Both these involve human labor. This project is
aimed at removing such unwanted strain and save time. The system has a dedicated unit for filling air
whenever required. A control unit which is a pic microcontroller is the brain of the system. When the
pressure level is below the threshold value chosen by the driver, the system displays it. The driver then may
choose to refill the air automatically. A compact pump does the job. Another problem in tires is a puncture.
A sudden puncture can cause the driver to lose control, culminating in an accident. The project’s minor
objective revolves around this. During a puncture the air pressure reduces suddenly. This reduction in
pressure over a time limit is identified as a puncture. It warns the driver of a puncture and saves life. The
other way of detecting a puncture is by calculating the ON time of the pump. If the pump is in ON state for
a long time and there is no improvement in the pressure level it is recognized as a puncture. It also saves a
lot of money by giving more longevity to the tire and better mileage. As the tire is filled with optimum air,
the friction between the tire and the road is maintained properly. Henceforth, the tire is not damaged much
and the fuel consumption is reduced. The project is destined to be a life and money saver.
Effect of Tyre Overload and Inflation Pressure on Rolling Loss (resistance) a...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Pressure Pro gives you peace of mind knowing that your tires, your only contact with the road, are inflated properly for optimum performance and handling. Properly inflated tires last longer. The life of your tire is extended due to less tread wear. The Department of Transportation estimates that 5.4 million gallons of fuel per day (over 2 billion per year) are wasted due to low tire pressure
An evaluation of jute epoxy-hybrid composite materials for automotive frontal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present work evaluates the occupant safety and the mechanical behavior of the Jute-Epoxy-Glass hybrid composite materials and to carry out dynamic analysis of an automobile car frontal components like Bumper beam by using Jute-Epoxy-Glass Hybrid composite material by FE approach. In the present study, HYPERMESH and LS-DYNA software is employed to obtain a better composite material. Durability, NVH, Crash safety and Aesthetics are some of the important vehicle attributes that need to be meet the vehicle manufacturer. While the crash safety for NHTSA requires the G level should be less then 40G'S at the occupant seat. Initially manufacturing of 4 ply, 6 ply (Jute-Epoxy) and 5 ply (Jute-Glass-Epoxy) laminates is done and there characterization is done under Quasi static (1mm/min) and Impact High strain rate loading (100mm/min and 200mm/min) for tensile tests. The mechanical properties obtained are set for the existing bumper beam of a meshed model. For bumper beam of a car with a given velocity of 56 km/h according to the NHTSA high speed crash test. For a high speed crash speed test of bumper beam the G levels is taken into consideration so that the G levels acting upon the occupant doesn't cross 40 G'S as safer. The results obtained from high strain rate of 200mm/min tensile tests explore to bumper beam for which G level acting on the occupant is 35 G's for hybrid jute glass epoxy with 6mm thickness which is found to be best suited composite material which is safer for the occupant and also the weight reduction is also considered where conventionally used steel is 6.6 kgs and the hybrid material of Jute-Glass-Epoxy is 2.9 kgs these weight savings leads to fuel efficiency of the car. Keywords: Hybrid composites, NHTSA, Ls-Dyna, High strain rate And G levels etc…
PS2 Tyre Fluid™ is an industrial tyre fluid solution that will protect your vehicle tyres from leaks, blowouts and wear & tear. PS2 Tyre Fluid™ ensures that tyre pressure stability is maintained and leaks are sealed as soon as they appear.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUND...Ijrdt Journal
The present study is carried out to assess the water quality parameters of both surface water and ground water of Singanallur lake region a rivulet from river Noyyal. Parameters like pH, FC, DO, BOD, Turbidity, Total phosphates, Nitrates and Total dissolved solids are measured and compared for both summer and rainy season. Results revealed parameters varied to greater extent for surface water compared to ground water. So the surface water of Singanallur region is highly polluted due to runoff from industries, domestic waste and agricultural
Numerical modeling and analysis of slabsIjrdt Journal
This paper presents numerical modelling of slabs, linear modelling and analyzing of two way slab in a finite element based programming software ATENA and comparing with SAP for accuracy, The difference in result came to 14.3% hence, tolerable. Considering this, further nonlinear modelling and analysis is done in ATENA for one way and two way rectangular slabs, which includes both material and geometric modelling.Flexural load is applied for analysis of one way and two way slab. The displacement contour and crack pattern of slabs is presented which shows the appropriate behavior of slabs.
Literature review on need of composite additives for s.i engineIjrdt Journal
One of the major drawbacks of IC engines is low efficiency and pollution resulting from incomplete combustion. In order to improve the emission properties and performance an additive is blended with gasoline. The main objective of this paper was preparation of premium gasoline. The paper do literature study on effect of different additive on engine performance and emission. Through the study of literature survey, effect of different additives has been studied, it is found that different additive had some negative effect when used individually which conclude that there is need for new composite additives having better performance in respect of engine performance and emission control.
A mobile agent based approach for data management to support 3 d emergency pr...Ijrdt Journal
In present-day, technology is moving towards Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET), which creates temporary network in environments that have no previous network infrastructure. 3D Mobile Collaborative Virtual Environments (3D MCVEs) to support emergency preparedness scenario such as security sensitive operations (firefighter, biological attacks ) and military training, have made a considerable impact on both commercial and academic fields over the last few years. In such systems, users will share a 3D virtual environment through their mobile devices in order to accomplish specific missions. Effective data management is vital due to the massive amount of data that need to be exchanged and displayed. When the mobile devices resource capabilities are smaller than the 3D virtual environment, we need an efficient approach to maintain and manage active data in the device memory. Traditional data management schemas become inadequate when applied in mobile environment, because it is important to guarantee the existence of the VE even when many users leave suddenly the virtual environment with critical data such as (3D geometric data, score credits etc...). To meet this challenge, we propose a novel approach using decision-based mobile agent that enables nodes to autonomously make intelligent decision about data computation and node state in the network. The resulting approach limits the damage of application interest and offers a realistic virtual environment. We also provide an example of how this approach can be implemented in a real-life emergency preparedness scenario.
Segmentation of medical images using metric topology – a region growing approachIjrdt Journal
A metric topological approach to the region growing based segmentation is presented in this article. Region based growing techniques has gained a significant importance in the medical image processing field for finest of segregation of tumor detected part in the image. Conventional algorithms were concentrated on segmentation at the coarser level which failed to produce enough evidence for the validity of the algorithm. In this article a novel technique is proposed based on metric topological neighbourhood also with the introduction of new objective measure entropy, apart from the traditional validity measures of Accuracy, PSNR and MSE. This measure is introduced to prove the amount of information lost after segmentation is reduced to greater extent which elucidates the effectiveness of the algorithm. This algorithm is tested on the well known benchmarking of testing in ground truth images in par with the proposed region based growing segmented images. The results validated show the validation of effectiveness of the algorithm.
Large scale grid amalgamation of renewable energy sources in indian power systemIjrdt Journal
Renewable energy sources integrated to utility grid always depends on the rate of power generation. Large scale power generations are connected to transmission systems where as small scale distributed power generation is connected to distribution systems. There are certain challenges and issues in the integration of both types of systems directly.
The plans for the development of electricity from renewable energy sources cause three major challenges. Firstly, renewable change the geographical distribution of generation centres compared to the load centres. Secondly, a share of the renewable will be connected to distribution grids and will thus change the vertical distribution of generation. Thirdly, wind and solar energy are two dominant technologies which depend directly on the natural supply of renewable energy and thus are variable and intermittent energy sources. This report addresses the most relevant measures which can be taken in order to deal with these challenges. This paper presents a review in the issues, challenges, causes, impacts and utilization of renewable energy sources Grid Integration.
Thickener waste management in mineral processing to prevent environmental pol...Ijrdt Journal
Water plays a vital role in mineral processing and about 2-3 tons of water is used for the treatment of one ton of ore. The objective of water recovery in thickener is to increase the solids concentration at the underflow to obtain clear water at the overflow. The particle size distribution, that follows the Rosin- Rammler equation, is considered as the most important factors affecting thickener choosing and waste water treatment. If solids below 200mesh include 8% or more of weight of feed, flocculant should be used to increase the sedimentation rate and the water clarity. Increasing the concentration of solids in the feed (up to 25 wt %) reduces the size and cost of the equipments required for separating. If a high concentration of solids in the feed is used with flocculant, thickener overflow can dilute feed and can increase sedimentation rate and clarity. An extra depth should be added to thickener depth due to the space lost by the turbulence of the fluid resistance force.
Multi turbine micro hydro power generationIjrdt Journal
Increase in human population has increased the demand for energy. Fossil fuels are the major source to meet the world energy requirements, but its rapidly dwindling supply and its adverse effects on our ecological system are of major concern. In India over 70 % of the electricity generated is from coal based power plants. Other renewable such as wind, geothermal, solar, and hydroelectricity represent a 2% share of the Indian fuel mix. Fossil fuels (coal) are a major source of power production in India. Our concept features the run of river active setup of micro hydro power generation using simple gear mechanism. This concept is based on the collection of mechanical energy from two rotors spinning by the effect of higher river velocity and transmission of power from the rotors to a small pinion gear which runs the generator shaft, through two large driver gears attached to the shafts of two rotors. This method of power production is comparatively simpler than others. The objectives of our project include low cost, higher output, environment friendly power production, multiple setups in one row, and decrease the power shortage in India.
Enhancement of heat transfer in tube in-tube heat exchangers using twisted in...Ijrdt Journal
Heat exchangers have several industrial and engineering applications. There are different methods to enhance heat transfer in heat exchangers. Passive technique of heat transfer is the most economical and best suited one. The role of inserts in internal forced convection has been widely acknowledged as a passive device in the heat transfer enhancement. One of such technique is introduction of twisted inserts which enhances the heat transfer coefficient. Twisted aluminium inserts when placed in the path of the fluid flow, creates a high degree of turbulence resulting in an increase in the heat transfer rate. By placing inserts, it is expected that the benefits due to the increased heat transfer coefficient overcome the higher cost involved because of the increased frictional losses. The work mainly focuses on increasing the heat transfer of tube-in-tube heat exchangers by using twisted aluminium inserts. The results obtained from the tube with twisted aluminium insert are compared with those without twisted insert using standard properties of heat transfer (LMTD & Effectiveness). The relations based on the data gathered during this work for predicting the heat transfer coefficient of the horizontal pipe with twisted taped insert are proposed. According to the results, in order to obtain maximum heat transfer, the twist ratio must be at the lowest level.
Improvement of signal coverage using wcdma signal repeater for 3 g systemsIjrdt Journal
Wireless communication has become an indispensable technology for the society. In broadband wireless data transmission technique, 3G cellular systems are expected to provide high data rate and less probability of error. This repeater finds application in areas of poor signal coverage and connectivity. The repeater consists of a patch panel antenna for receiving WCDMA signals from the base station and amplifying the signals using a wideband RF amplifier. The signals are then retransmitted to the weak coverage area using a directional Yagi-Uda antenna. The antenna characteristics such as return loss and VSWR are measured using a Network analyzer. The component of the repeater are mounted in a stand and the performance of the entire unit was evaluated using a WCDMA generator, act as a base station, transmitting at 869 MHz and 5dBm output power. A spectrum analyzer with WCDMA analyzer is used as a receiver, the RF signal level and constellation plots with error vector magnitude are determined
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
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When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Planning Of Procurement o different goods and services
Ijrdt11 140005
1. International Journal For Research & Development in Technology
Volume: 1, Issue: 1, MAY 2014 ISSN (Online):-2349-3585
34 Copyright 2014- IJRDT www.ijrdt.org
Tire Pressure Inflation System
Sachin Joji Mathew1
,Sibin Thomas2
Varghese,VishnuVijayan3
,Yedukrishnan4
, G.Anilkumar5
1234
UG Student
, 5
Associate Professor, Saintgits College of Engineering
12345
Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Saintgits College of
Engineering Kerala
E-mail:- 1
sachin.joji@gmail.com,2
sibin91t@gmail.com,3
vishnuv677@gmail.com,
4
yedukrishnan464@gmail.com,5
anilkumar.g@saintgits.org
Abstract–Tire pressure plays an important role in ensuring
safe and economical driving. Improperly inflated tires can
affect stopping distance increases the chance of tire
delaminating, reduces the handling characteristics which in
turn affects the control of vehicle. Even then, many vehicles
with under inflated tires are observed to be on the road due
to the unawareness of the fact that properly inflated tires can
safe tire life up to 20%, save fuel from 4% to 10%, increase
braking efficiency up to 20%, lightens the steering system
and can help in ease self-steer. In every month, there is a
pressure drop of 10KPa to 20KPa in a car. Drop of each
10KPa is equivalent to adding a 70Kg person into the car
and causes over loading due to virtual passenger condition
in the car. To address this problem, an automatic tire
pressure inflation system has been idealized to ensure
correct pressure is inflated into the tires regardless of the
setting on the pressure source. The device will alert the user
upon reaching the appropriate pressure by a LED
indication. The system consists of a storage tank, dc
compressor, pressure switch, battery and solenoid valve. Air
taken from the atmosphere is compressed in the compressor
and is transferred to the tire when the pressure reduces from
the recommended value.
Key word:- Inflation Pressure, Pressure switch ,Pressure
guage, Solenoid control valve, DC Compressor.
I.INTRODUCTION
Tire pressure plays an important role in ensuring safe and
economical driving. Proper tire inflation pressure improves
fuel economy by 4% to 10%, reduces braking distance,
improves handling, and can safe tire life upto 20% which is
nine months more of its life span, while under inflation creates
overheating, increases the chance of tire delaminating, which
could lead to a sudden tire failure, increase the wear of tire
treads which will lead to a higher chance of aquaplaning in
wet, cause longer stopping distances and reduce the control of
vehicles which can lead to accidents. Approximately 3/4 of all
automobiles operate with at least one underinflated tire. The
main causes of under inflation are natural leakage,
temperature changes, and road hazards.
Drivers typically do not check tire pressure unless they notice
unusual vehicle performance. Visual checks are often
insufficient to determine under inflation.
In 2000, the U.S. Transportation Recall Enhancement,
Accountability, and Documentation Act (TREAD) requested
that the National Highway Transport Safety Authority
(NHTSA) investigate the implementation of a pressure drop
warning system on vehicles. Beginning with 2006 models, all
passenger cars and trucks in the United States are required to
have tire-pressure inflation systems (TPMSs). A TPMS is a
driver-assist system that warns the driver when the tire
pressure is below or above the prescribed limits. Tires are
designed and built with great care to provide thousands of
miles of excellent service. But for maximum benefit they must
be maintained properly. Therefore a method of how to ease
the users to inflate their tires is engineered and invented.
Automatic tire pressure controller has been idealized to ensure
correct pressure is inflated into tires regardless of the setting
on the pressure source. The device will alert the driver upon
reaching the appropriate pressure by a LED indication. This
device will often attracts many users especially ladies who
often being the second driver who are always unsure of the
pressure in their tires.
The most important factors in tire care are:
· Proper Inflation Pressure
· Proper Vehicle Loading
· Proper tire Wear
· Regular Inspection
· Good Driving Habits
· Vehicle Condition
The Benefits of Proper Inflation:
With the right amount of air pressure, you will achieve
optimum tire performance. This means your tires wear longer,
save fuel and help prevent accidents. The "right amount" of air
is the pressure specified by the vehicle manufacturer, which
may be different on the front than the rear tires on your
2. International Journal For Research & Development in Technology
Volume: 1, Issue: 1, MAY 2014 ISSN (Online):-2349-3585
35 Copyright 2014- IJRDT www.ijrdt.org
particular model car or light truck. The correct air pressure is
shown on the tire placard (or sticker) attached to the vehicle
door edge, door post, glove box door or fuel door. If your
vehicle doesn't have a placard, check the owner's manual or
consult with the vehicle manufacturer, tire manufacturer or
your local tire dealer for the proper inflation. The tire placard
tells you the maximum vehicle load, the cold tire air pressures
and the tire size recommended by the vehicle manufacturer. If
you don't take proper care of your tires, the results can be
serious. Most tire companies are either supplying a handbook
or are molding a safety warning right onto the tire sidewall. A
typical warning is shown on this page.
As you see, it points out that serious injury may result from
tire failure due to under inflation or overloading. Motorists are
strongly advised to follow the vehicle owner's manual or the
tire placard in the vehicle for proper inflation and loading.
Fig.1.1 Tire under different conditions
placard in the vehicle for proper inflation and loading.
II SIGNIFICANCE OF TYRE PRESSURE
A. EFFECT OF UNDERINFLATED TIRE
Severe defects and danger could occur onto underinflated tires
where they are exposed to overload and excessive heating
conditions. Fig.2.1 and Fig.2.2 clearly show the respective
phenomena which occur due to this condition.
· Overload Condition
The phenomena and analysis of underinflated tires
which cause terrible overloading onto automobile is clearly
shown in Fig.2.1.
Fig.2.1 Overload Effect
· Heated up Condition
Under inflated tires cause excessive heat dissipation
Fig.2.2 Thermal Imaging of Tire Pressure
where it increases wear rate, easily damages the tire and
exposed to risk of explosion. Thermal imaging of tires with
different inflated conditions (a),(b),(c), are shown in Fig.2.2
Some of the other effects related to under inflated tires are as
described below:
-Endurance
Driving on under-inflated tires reduces their endurance
capabilities, leading to deterioration that could even result in a
rapid deflation. 7 psi (0.5 bar) or more under inflated results in
danger
-Road Holding
With under- inflated tires, the vehicle's steering is less
precise. If a bend can be taken at 62 mph (100 km/h) at a tire
pressure of 29 psi (2.0 bar), this speed drops to 54 mph (87
km/h) at 15 psi (1.0 bar), or about 8 mph (13 km/h) less.
Lower pressures results worse road holding
-Aquaplaning
If tire pressures are 30% below the recommended pressure
there is a sharp increase in the risk of aquaplaning. Lower
pressures results higher risk of aquaplaning
-Braking
In addition, tests show that braking distances from 56 mph
(90 km/h) to 43 mph (70 km/h) are 40 metres at 29 psi (2.0
bar) but 45 metres at 15 psi (1.0 bar), that's 5m longer. 15 psi
(1.0 bar) under inflation results 5m longer braking distance
-Fuel Consumption
Tires under inflated by 15 psi (1 bar) have increased rolling
resistance leading to around 6% greater fuel consumption.
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B. EFFECT OF TIRE PRESSURE ON ROLLING
RESISTANCE
Fig.2.3 Variation of Tire Pressure on Rolling Resistance
Rolling resistance can be defined as the force that acts in the
opposite direction that makes the tire less efficient. The graph
showing the variation of tire pressure on rolling resistance is
as shown in the figure below.
C. VARIATION OF MILEAGE WITH TIRE PRESSURE
National Research Council estimates reducing tire rolling
resistance to 10%, promises 1-2% fuel savings for ~220
million light vehicles in U.S. Annual national fuel savings
estimated at up to 2 billion gallons of gasoline which is
equivalent to taking about 4 million cars and light trucks off
the road. Average individual car annual savings estimated at
about 10 gallons/year. Average savings
Fig.2.4 Mileage Versus Tire Pressure
Rolling resistance which is caused by deformation of the tire
in contact with the road surface is brought about as a result of
the deviations in the tire pressures of a vehicle. The increases
in the rolling resistance of the tire have also resulted in the
increase of energy needed in order to move a vehicle.
III WORKING OF THE SYSTEM
Apparatus consist of a DC compressor and 12 v
battery arrangements. DC compressor is operated with the
help of this 12v battery. The maximum pressure that the
compressor can develop is 300psi/20.7 bar. The compressed
air is then stored in a storage tank. A pressure gauge is
provided to check the pressure in the tank periodically. A non-
return valve is used to connect the DC compressor with the
storage tank. Compressed air is given to the 2/2 solenoid valve
inlet. The pressure switch is used to sense the tire pressure.
The required tire pressure is set by the pressure switch
reading. This pressure switch is used to sense the current
pressure and this output signal is given to the solenoid valve.
Whenever the tire pressure is below the set valve the
pressure switch activate the solenoidvalve.The compressed air
goes to the tire with the help of quick release coupling which
is used to rotating the wheel freely. The quick joint coupling is
used to connect the freely rotating wheel with the other
stationary components such as the tubing of solenoid valves
etc.
Fig.3.1. Schematic View of Tire Pressure Inflation System
The required pressure is filled then the pressure switch will be
deactivated the solenoid valve so that the tire pressure will be
maintained in constant level. Whenever there is a drop in
pressure from the recommended pressure, this solenoid valve
will be activated and required air flow takes place into the tire
to regulate the pressure. This is the basic working of
Automatic tire pressure regulation system. The entire system
can be well understood by viewing the detailed sketch shown
below.
When driving a car with TPMS, make sure that you know how
it will communicate a drop in tire pressures to you. There may
be several different ways, such as a light on the dashboard, an
audio signal or a diagram of the car with the tire suffering the
decreased pressure highlighted. If it is by a light on the
dashboard then make sure you understand what it looks like as
there have been several ways developed to communicate a
decrease in tire pressure.
A driver should still perform regular tire checks of his vehicle,
which involve testing the pressure with an accurate gauge,
checking the tire wall for damage, and making sure that the
tread is not worn. A tread depth of 1.6 mm is the legal
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minimum although 3mm and above provides significantly
greater safety benefits.
A. Major components of the system
Pressure switch
A pressure switch is a form of switch that closes an
electrical contact when a certain set pressure has been reached
on its input. The switch may be designed to make contact
either on pressure rise or on pressure fall. Another type of
pressure switch detects mechanical force; for example, a
pressure-sensitive mat is used to automatically open doors on
commercial buildings. Industrial Pressure Switch (IPS) is an
electromechanical device that senses changes in pressure and
provides electrical contact closures at predetermined pressure
values.
Fig.3.2 A hydraulically formed seamless Phosphor
Generally they are small in sizes. Such small cracks are
known to propagate due to fluctuating stress conditions. If
these propagating cracks remain undetected and reach .
Micro-switch is at desired pressure settings. The cut-in and cut
out points are adjustable over the entire range. IPS Pressure
Switch may be used to activate an alarm or may directly
control the process. In an alarm application, the switch
protects valuable equipment by an audible signal. Indirect
control application, the switch can be linked electrically to
other equipment, for trip or interlock.
Fig.3.3 Circuit Diagram for Pressure Switch
installation and maintenance of couplings, substantial savings
can be made in reduced
Fig.3.4 Quick Joint Coupling
maintenance costs and downtime. So in order to connect the
rotating wheel and stationary solenoid valve , we use a quick
joint coupling here.
Solenoid Control Valve
Solenoid control valves control the way the air passes and
used for controlling the commencement, termination and
direction of air flow. Depending on the number of paths the air
is allowed to take, directional valves are termed as two way,
three way, and four way or multi way valves. The different
number of ways by means the number of controlled
connections of the valve, inlet connections to the compressed
air supply. The Outlet connection is given to the air consumer
and exhaust connection is given to the atmosphere.
Here pressure switch is in normally closed condition, therefore
current flows through the coil in solenoid valve and thereby
the plunger of valve will be lifted up due to the
electromagnetic field created in the system. Thus required air
flow to tire takes place through the valve until desired set
condition is arrived.
When the pressure switch is in normally open condition,
therefore current will not flows through the coil in solenoid
valve and thereby the plunger of valve will be lowered in the
absence of air.
Quick Joint Coupling
A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at
their ends for the purpose of transmitting power. Couplings do
not normally allow disconnection of shafts during operation,
however there are torque limiting couplings which can slip or
disconnect when some torque limit is exceeded. Pressure Gauge
Fig.3.5 Solenoid Valve
The primary purpose of couplings is to join two
pieces of rotating equipment while permitting some degree of
misalignment or end movement or both. By careful selection,
Instruments used to measure pressure are called
pressure gauges or vacuum gauges. A manometer could also
refer to a pressure measuring instrument, usually limited to
measuring pressures near to atmospheric. The term manometer
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Volume: 1, Issue: 1, MAY 2014 ISSN (Online):-2349-3585
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is often used to refer specifically to liquid column hydrostatic
instruments.
A vacuum gauge is used to measure the pressure in a vacuum-
which is further divided into two subcategories, high and low
vacuum (and sometimes ultra-high vacuum). The applicable
pressure ranges of many of the techniques used to measure
vacuums
periodically. A non-return valve is used to connect the DC
compressor with the storage tank. The storage tank and the
DC compressor will be placed in the vehicle whichhelps in
maintaining the recommended pressure in the vehicle whenever the
pressure in the vehicle tire drops. This is done with the help of a
solenoid valve pressure switch assembly, where the valve opens to
make the air flow from storage tank to the tire whenever pressure
drop occurs.
have an overlap.
Fig.3.6 Pressure gauge
Fig.3.8 Storage Tank
Wheel Arrangement
The simple wheel is fixed to the frame stand.
Rotation of the wheel is obtained by using a pulley motor
arrangement. Therefore tire pressure regulation can be well
explained during the running condition of wheel.
Frame Stand
Hence, by combining several different types of
gauge, it is possible to measure system pressure continuously
from 10 mbar down to 10−11 mbar. The pressure in the
system can be directly obtained in the units of bar and pounds
per square inch (psi).
DC Compressor
The DC compressor used here takes the current from
the inbuilt 12v battery in the vehicle itself. The maximum
pressure that the compressor can develop is about 300psi or
20.7 bar. This DC compressor is used for storing the
compressed or high pressure air in the storage tank, which is
further used for inflation. DC compressor helps in maintaining
the required pressure in the storage tank of the system.
Fig.3.7 DC Compressor
Descriptions:
Dimensions: 16 x 13 x 8cm
Maximum Output: 300 PSI/20.7 bar
Robust and Durable Design
22" Nylon Air Hose.
Storage Tank
The compressed air is then stored in a storage tank. A
pressure gauge is provided to check the pressure in the tank
This is a supporting frame and is made up of mild
steel. It forms the base of the entire components of the system.
B. Working Model
Fig.3.9 Automatic Tire Pressure Inflation System
IV DESIGN OF BEARING AND SELECTION OF
SHAFT
An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear
.On wheeled vehicles the axle may be fixed to the wheels,
rotating with them. Bearings are provided at the mounting
points where the axle is supported. The design is based upon
maximum stress theory and torsion and bending theory.
Specifications of motor and pulley are as follows:
Motor
Speed of motor N1 =1440 rpm
Diameter D1 =30 mm
Power P1 =0.5 hp =373 W
Pulley
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bh + R ]
Speed N2 =201 rpm
Diameter D2 =240 mm
Thickness of belt = 5mm
Slip in the belt
N2 =[D1 + t ] × [100 - S]
N1 [D2 + t ] 100
201 =[30 + 5 ]× [100 - S]
1440 [240 +5] 100
S = 2.29 %
Assume power transferred from motor to pulley be same
due to low value of slip
P1 =2πN1T1
60
T1 =373 × 60
2π×1440
T1 = 2.47 Nm
P2 =2πN2T2
60
T2 =373 × 60
2π× 201
T2 = 17.72 Nm
Coefficient of friction, μ = 0.3
Angle of contact, θ = 220
t1 and t2 are the tensions on tight and slack sides
t1 = eμθ
t2
θ = 220 × [ π]
180
Ra= 104.19 N
For horizontal plane ƩMa = 0,
[t1 cos20 + t2 cos20 ]×0.1 = Rbh × 0.29
Rbh = [216.2+68.5]cos20 × 0.10
0.29
Rbh = 92.25 N
For thick cylinder
t >1
di 15
Let t =1
di 15
Torque equation
T2 = π×Ʈ×do
3
×[1-k4
]
16
Where k = di = di , T2 = 17.72 Nm
do di+2t
Assume Ʈ (for shaft material) = 50 N/mm2
From torque equation, do of the shaft = 16.6 mm
Bending moment equation
M = π×σb×do
3
×[1-k4
]
16
Where, M = 4.905 Nm
Bending stress (for shaft material), σb = 100 N/mm2
From bending moment equation
do= 8.59 mm
Suitable shaft outer diameter do= 16.6 mm
Selection of bearing
Net load on bearing, R
t1 = 3.164 t2
R = [R 2 2 0.5
bv
T2 = (t1–t2 ) × r2
(t1-t2) = 17.72
0.12
Ra + Rbv = 49.05 + 7.85 + 216.2 sin20 - 68.5 sin20
Ra + Rbv = 107.4 N
For vertical plane ƩMa = 0,
Rbv×0.29 = -49.05×0.1+7.85×0.1+216.2 sin20 × 0.1-
68.5sin20×0.1
Rbv = 3.21 N
Life of the bearing
Lhrs = 106
×Lmr , expected life in hours (Lhrs =8000 hrs)
60×N2
Lmr = 60×201×8000 = 96.48 millions of revolutions
106
Lmr = Cm
, m=3 (for ball bearing)
Rm
Dynamic load carrying capacity, C = Lmr
0.33
× R
C = 96.480.33
× 92.3
C = 423.3 N
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Fig. 4.2Shear Force And Bending Moment Diagram
Bearing designation
SKF 6203 and corresponding dynamic load carrying capacity
C = 1680 N
Therefore design is suitable.
V RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
.
Fig. 4.1 Forces acting on the shaft
Proper tire pressure thus always helps to improve the tire life,
attains greater braking efficiency, improved ride quality and
cargo safety due to reduction in the vehicle vibrations,
improved vehicle mobility due to the increase in traction when
tire pressures are lowered. When the required pressure in the
tire is reached, the buzzer will indicate it to the driver and the
solenoid valve will shut off the air supply to the tire. Thus on
implementing the Tire pressure inflation system to the four
wheeler vehicle, the system will helps the driver to regulate
and maintain proper pressure inside the tires.
The development of Tire pressure inflation system (TPIS) has
proven that the users inflate their tires more frequently at
home over the weekends and found to be as an easier
application towards sustaining correct tire pressure at all
times. Its ability to relief excessive air from over inflated tire
is also fully utilized as hooking up Automatic tire pressure
inflation system to the value without any other devices are
taken as advantage. The tire pressure inflation system is
working with satisfactory conditions.
Fig.5.1 Graph for Milage and variation in pressure
Rolling resistance which is caused by deformation of the tire
in contact with the road surface is brought about as a result of
the deviations in the tire pressures of a vehicle. The increases
in the rolling resistance of the tire have also resulted in the
increase of energy needed in order to move a vehicle. This has
therefore contributed to the rise of the fuel flow rate as a result
of changes in the tire pressure.
The mileage versus % variation of tire pressure is shown in
Fig. 5.1. Increased fuel efficiency can be obtained by
installing TPIS. The system maintains zero variation in tire
pressure, thus increase in mileage can be expected irrespective
of load conditions. On implementing the TPIS, an increase in
the life of new drive tires is possible and an increase in life of
rethreaded tires. The number of tires that were damaged after
the implementation of the TPIS will be greatly reduced. A
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Volume: 1, Issue: 1, MAY 2014 ISSN (Online):-2349-3585
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reduction in maintenance cost can be expected due to the
implementation of TPIS. Lowering the tire pressure to match
the road surface decreases vibration levels of the vehicles.
CONCLUSIONS
A Tire Pressure Inflation System has been designed and
fabricated to regulate tire pressure. Thereby a large amount of
energy is saved and it results in a smooth operation of vehicle.
The development of TPIS has proven that the users inflate
their tires more frequently at home over the weekends and
found to be as an easier application towards sustaining correct
tire pressure at all times.
Automatic tire pressure inflation systems have many
advantageous benefits in the transportation industry. These
benefits include, improved vehicle mobility due to the
increase in traction when tire pressures are lowered, improved
ride quality and cargo safety due to the reduction in vehicle
vibrations when the correct tire pressure is used for a
particular road condition, reduced road maintenance because
sediment production is limited and lowered road construction
costs, increased fuel efficiency and a considerable increase in
the tire life of vehicles.
The Tire Pressure Inflation System is working with
satisfactory conditions. Available facilities, materials and
expertise have been fully utilized for the design and the
fabrication of the system.
The efficiency curves obtained under different load conditions
has to be matches with that of theoretically plotted efficiency
curve.
REFERENCES
[1] Sivarao, T.J.S Anand and M. Warikh “Engineering of tyre
pressure controlling device: An invention towards successful
product development”, October 2009
[2] Miles Mullins, University of South Florida, “Effect of tyre
pressure on efficiency”, 2010
[3] Padmanabha S Pillai, “Effect of tyre overload and inflation
pressure on rolling loss (resistance) and fuel consumption on
automobile and truck/bus tyres”, July 2004
[4] Walter H. Waddell, Global Specialty Polymers
Technology”, Inflation pressure retention effects on tire
rolling resistance and vehicle fuel economy”, May 2001
[5] Emmanuel G. Fernando, “Evaluation of Effects of Tire
Size and Inflation Pressure on Tire Contact Stresses and
Pavement Response”, August 2006
[6] Laura Swenson, “Proper Tire Inflation Increases Fuel
Economy and Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions”, May 7
2007
[7] Arlington ,“Tire Pressure Monitoring and Inflation
Maintenance”, June 2010
[8] Larry Evans, John Harris, M. KamelSalaani, James
MacIsaac, Jr, “NHTSA Tire Rolling Resistance Test
Development Project”, December 2007.
.