This vehicle is suitable for physically challenged or disabled people. I proposed complete
customized solutions for physically challenged drivers and patents also. This proposed vehicle
successfully dealing with electric and Hybrid vehicle Conversions. In the market they are so many
vehicles are designed for physically challenged peoples but my proposed system is a luxurious vehicle.
Luxurious means vehicle which is automotive electrical vehicle and provide good hospitality to PCP’s.
Vehicle conversion products which enable the person to drive a vehicle with the help of his/her hands or
using only one limb. With a disability, it can be very difficult to drive. Hand controls can make this much
easier with more control and faster response times. Vehicle hand controls are suitable for almost any
make and model car on the road today.
8th sem project report of wheel chair k-10655Hariom Rathore
The document discusses the design of an improved manual wheelchair. It begins by describing the types of existing wheelchairs and issues with their design, such as difficulties with defecation and shifting patients. The proposed new design includes features like a commode for easier defecation, sliding arm rests for improved patient transfer, and an alarm button. The conceptual design was developed using quality function deployment and other methodologies. Materials and an estimated cost are provided. The improved wheelchair aims to address current design limitations and increase comfort and independence for wheelchair users.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document proposes the design of a multi-function wheelchair that can be operated using switches and head movements to help physically disabled users gain independence. It discusses the objectives to create a lightweight and strong wheelchair with components like DPDT switches to allow forward and backward movement. The proposed design would include a wiper motor, axle, battery, and Arduino microcontroller. This new wheelchair aims to simplify daily tasks for handicapped individuals without legs or hands so they can move without assistance.
Driverless Vehicles: Future Outlook on Intelligent TransportationIJERA Editor
Numerous technologies have been deployed to assist and manage transportation .But recent concerted efforts in academia andindustry point to a paradigm shift in intelligent transportation systems. Vehicles will carry computing and communication platforms,and will have enhanced sensing capabilities .They will enable new versatile systemsthat enhance transportation efficiency. This article surveys the sate-of-art approaches towards the future outlook on intelligent transportation. Current capabilities as well as limitations and opportunities of key enabling technologies are reviewed along with details of numerous notable projects that have been done around the world. Finally report also reviews the legal and regulatory uncertainties.
This document reviews various methods that have been developed to control wheelchairs. It begins by discussing preliminary studies on wheelchair interfaces and needs of elderly users. It then categorizes the different control methods that have been proposed, including hand control using gloves or joysticks, voice control, hybrid control combining multiple inputs, and control methods for users with reduced strength. The document also examines powered wheelchairs, communication-based control using technologies like Bluetooth, and stair-climbing wheelchairs. Finally, it briefly discusses some tests that have been conducted to evaluate wheelchair control interfaces and stability.
The document defines robots and robotics, and discusses the key components and subsystems of robots, including power sources, actuation, sensing, manipulation, locomotion, environmental integration, human-robot interaction, and control. It also discusses tasks that are suitable for robots and difficult for humans, as well as the future development of more intelligent robots.
The document discusses Google's driverless car technology. It describes how the cars use sensors like LIDAR, RADAR, cameras and position sensors along with software to operate without a driver. The purpose is to study this technology and how it could provide more efficient, balanced and safer transportation through autonomous systems. The scope focuses on using current technology as a stepping stone towards fully autonomous vehicles in the future that could communicate with each other to avoid accidents and congestion.
8th sem project report of wheel chair k-10655Hariom Rathore
The document discusses the design of an improved manual wheelchair. It begins by describing the types of existing wheelchairs and issues with their design, such as difficulties with defecation and shifting patients. The proposed new design includes features like a commode for easier defecation, sliding arm rests for improved patient transfer, and an alarm button. The conceptual design was developed using quality function deployment and other methodologies. Materials and an estimated cost are provided. The improved wheelchair aims to address current design limitations and increase comfort and independence for wheelchair users.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document proposes the design of a multi-function wheelchair that can be operated using switches and head movements to help physically disabled users gain independence. It discusses the objectives to create a lightweight and strong wheelchair with components like DPDT switches to allow forward and backward movement. The proposed design would include a wiper motor, axle, battery, and Arduino microcontroller. This new wheelchair aims to simplify daily tasks for handicapped individuals without legs or hands so they can move without assistance.
Driverless Vehicles: Future Outlook on Intelligent TransportationIJERA Editor
Numerous technologies have been deployed to assist and manage transportation .But recent concerted efforts in academia andindustry point to a paradigm shift in intelligent transportation systems. Vehicles will carry computing and communication platforms,and will have enhanced sensing capabilities .They will enable new versatile systemsthat enhance transportation efficiency. This article surveys the sate-of-art approaches towards the future outlook on intelligent transportation. Current capabilities as well as limitations and opportunities of key enabling technologies are reviewed along with details of numerous notable projects that have been done around the world. Finally report also reviews the legal and regulatory uncertainties.
This document reviews various methods that have been developed to control wheelchairs. It begins by discussing preliminary studies on wheelchair interfaces and needs of elderly users. It then categorizes the different control methods that have been proposed, including hand control using gloves or joysticks, voice control, hybrid control combining multiple inputs, and control methods for users with reduced strength. The document also examines powered wheelchairs, communication-based control using technologies like Bluetooth, and stair-climbing wheelchairs. Finally, it briefly discusses some tests that have been conducted to evaluate wheelchair control interfaces and stability.
The document defines robots and robotics, and discusses the key components and subsystems of robots, including power sources, actuation, sensing, manipulation, locomotion, environmental integration, human-robot interaction, and control. It also discusses tasks that are suitable for robots and difficult for humans, as well as the future development of more intelligent robots.
The document discusses Google's driverless car technology. It describes how the cars use sensors like LIDAR, RADAR, cameras and position sensors along with software to operate without a driver. The purpose is to study this technology and how it could provide more efficient, balanced and safer transportation through autonomous systems. The scope focuses on using current technology as a stepping stone towards fully autonomous vehicles in the future that could communicate with each other to avoid accidents and congestion.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document provides an overview of Google's driverless car technology. It describes the various sensors used in the car, including LIDAR, RADAR, video cameras, and a position estimator. The sensors gather information about the vehicle's environment and location. Artificial intelligence software integrates this sensor data and helps operate the vehicle without human assistance. The document discusses the history and development of driverless cars. It examines the components, working, advantages, disadvantages, and potential future applications and predictions for this emerging technology.
Low Cost Self-assistive Voice Controlled Technology for Disabled PeopleIJMER
The document describes a proposed voice-controlled wheelchair and home automation system for disabled individuals. The system uses a microcontroller connected to a voice recognition module to recognize spoken commands. The commands control the motion of an electric wheelchair and operation of home appliances like lights. The system was tested for accuracy of wheelchair motion and home appliance control in response to voice commands, achieving 80% accuracy in a silent environment. The goal is to allow disabled people to control a wheelchair and home devices independently using only their voice.
Driverless cars are being developed by Google through a project called Google Chauffeur. The technology was pioneered by Stanford professor Sebastian Thrun in 2005 when his robotic vehicle Stanley won the DARPA Grand Challenge. Nevada was the first state to pass a law allowing driverless cars in 2011. Google has now logged over 300,000 accident-free miles with its driverless car prototypes. While the technology is still being tested, it aims to eventually make commercial autonomous vehicles available.
The Google Self-Driving Car Project report summarizes their progress and testing results from May 2015. They have 23 Lexus SUVs testing autonomously in Mountain View, CA and have driven over 1 million autonomous miles since 2009. In the past month, their vehicles demonstrated the ability to respond safely to emergency vehicles and navigate complex situations with multiple moving objects at night. The report also provided details on 12 minor accidents the autonomous vehicles have been in since 2009, noting the self-driving cars were never the cause of an accident.
This document provides a literature review of different control mechanisms that have been used for autonomous wheelchairs. It discusses control mechanisms based on image analysis using head gestures and eye tracking, bio-potential signals like EMG and EOG, motion signals using head and hand gestures, and voice signals. For each method, some examples of systems developed are described along with the algorithms and techniques used. The review covers issues with different approaches and highlights some algorithms that have shown high accuracy like Adaboost for face detection and TICA/MRP for identity authentication.
Google has been working on driverless car technology since 2005 through a formal team of 15 engineers starting in 2010. While driverless cars are still illegal in most states, Nevada was the first to pass a law allowing operation of driverless cars in 2011. Google has received the first and only license to operate a modified Prius without a driver in Nevada. The technologies behind Google's driverless car include laser sensors, radar sensors, GPS, and cameras which work together to map surroundings with no blind spots. Some benefits include reduction in car accidents, optimal speed control, more efficient use of highways, increased productivity for passengers, and saving of parking space. However, challenges remain around costs, regulations, impacts on industries, and social acceptance of
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses several issues related to assessing self-driving car (SDC/AV) technology. It begins by defining terms like SDC and autonomous vehicle. It then discusses reasons for SDCs like safety and reduced costs from accidents. However, it notes traffic deaths are already declining. It also estimates bugs in SDC software code, with a potential 1250 lethal bugs. It raises issues like testing limitations, driver skill degradation during handoffs, and how passengerless miles bias safety statistics. Overall, the document outlines both benefits and risks of the technology from various perspectives to inform a comprehensive assessment.
This document is a lab report submitted by two students, B. Haridhar and G. Akhil, for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It describes the design of a pick and place robot for loading and packing lead battery cells. The report provides background on industrial robots and pick and place robots. It discusses the classification of robots, key components of pick and place robots like actuators and sensors, and how basic pick and place robot movement works through rotary joints. The overall aim is to analyze problems in automated battery loading and design a robot solution.
This document presents a multimodal vision-based robotic system to assist quadriplegics in performing daily tasks. The system uses a Kinect camera for vision-based control and feedback. It can track a user's face and body to enable automatic drinking and shaving. A Bluetooth keyboard and 3D joystick were used for control, and a robotic arm was selected as the actuator. The system aims to allow quadriplegics to live more independently by assisting with activities of daily living and enabling hands-on laboratory work. Future work will involve testing the system with able-bodied and quadriplegic users to evaluate its effectiveness.
The document proposes a "Master Bicycle Rental Network" to address issues like air pollution, traffic, and obesity by promoting cycling. It details a pilot program in Mulund that saw over 2,000 trips in the first month using 30 bicycles. The program aims to make cycling the best public transportation option in India and establish rental networks nationwide for environmental and social impacts like job creation and student savings. Risks are analyzed and plans made to scale the model.
The document summarizes the activities of the Indus Robotics Club at Indus University. It discusses the club's mission to win the International Asia-Pacific Robot Contest. It introduces the ROBOCON team and their faculty advisors. It describes various workshops and competitions organized by the club on topics like robot building, electronics, programming. It also discusses the club's community service event of cleaning using robots. In summary, the document outlines the goals, team, events, and achievements of the Indus Robotics Club.
Review of Environment Perception for Intelligent VehiclesDr. Amarjeet Singh
Overview of environment perception for intelligent
vehicles supposes to the state-of-the-art algorithms and
modeling methods are given, with a summary of their pros
and cons. A special attention is paid to methods for lane and
road detection, traffic sign recognition, vehicle tracking,
behavior analysis, and scene understanding. Integrated lane
and vehicle tracking for driver assistance system that
improves on the performance of both lane tracking and
vehicle tracking modules. Without specific hardware and
software optimizations, the fully implemented system runs at
near-real-time speeds of 11 frames per second. On-road
vision-based vehicle detection, tracking, and behavior
understanding. Vision based vehicle detection in the context of
sensor-based on-road surround analysis. We detail advances
in vehicle detection, discussing monocular, stereo vision, and
active sensor–vision fusion for on-road vehicle detection. The
traffic sign detection detailing detection systems for traffic
sign recognition (TSR) for driver assistance. Inherently in
traffic sign detection to the various stages: segmentation,
feature extraction, and final sign detection.
Blue Eyes technology aims to create machines that have human-like perceptual abilities using cameras, microphones, and sensors to identify user actions and emotions. It uses Bluetooth for wireless communication and analyzes eye movements to obtain information. This technology is needed to build machines that can understand emotions, listen, talk, verify identity, and interact naturally. It uses techniques like Emotion Mouse, MAGIC pointing, speech recognition, SUITOR, and eye movement sensors. Applications include retail customer tracking, vehicles, games, interactive displays, and control rooms. The goal is to make computing more intuitive and bridge the gap between electronic and physical worlds.
Numerical Analysis of Header Configuration of the Plate-Fin Heat ExchangerIJMER
Numerical analysis of a plate fin heat exchanger accounting for the effect of fluid flow
maldistribution onthe inlet header configuration of the heat exchanger is investigated. In this analysis , it
was found that flow maldistribution has effect on the flow perpendicular to its velocity direction. The peak
velocity occurs in the central zone of the header while the velocityalong the perpendicular direction of the
inlet flow diminishes more and more. By this investigation,the results of the flow maldistribution are
presented for a plate fin heat exchangerwhich is reduced as compare to theexisting configuration of the
plate fin heat exchanger.
Voice over IP (VOIP) Security Research- A ResearchIJMER
This document summarizes research on Voice over IP (VoIP) security. It begins with an overview of SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), a commonly used VoIP standard, and a taxonomy of VoIP security threats. It then surveys existing research on VoIP security classified according to the threat categories. The research covers threats like eavesdropping, denial of service attacks, toll fraud, and spam over IP telephony (SPIT). Approaches studied include encryption, authentication, reputation systems, audio fingerprinting, and Turing tests to detect automated SPIT callers. The goal is to identify gaps and guide future work on analyzing VoIP attackers and improving the security and resilience of VoIP systems.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method to enhance security in a video copy detection system using content-based fingerprinting. The paper discusses how existing video fingerprinting systems are not robust against content-changing attacks like changing the background of a video. To address this, the paper proposes using an interest point matching algorithm to extract fingerprints. The interest point matching algorithm detects interest points in video frames using the Harris corner detection method. It then constructs correspondences between interest points to form fingerprints. The fingerprints extracted with this method are claimed to be more robust against content-changing attacks compared to existing fingerprinting methods. The proposed algorithm is tested on videos with distortions and is found to have high detection rates and low false positive rates.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document provides an overview of Google's driverless car technology. It describes the various sensors used in the car, including LIDAR, RADAR, video cameras, and a position estimator. The sensors gather information about the vehicle's environment and location. Artificial intelligence software integrates this sensor data and helps operate the vehicle without human assistance. The document discusses the history and development of driverless cars. It examines the components, working, advantages, disadvantages, and potential future applications and predictions for this emerging technology.
Low Cost Self-assistive Voice Controlled Technology for Disabled PeopleIJMER
The document describes a proposed voice-controlled wheelchair and home automation system for disabled individuals. The system uses a microcontroller connected to a voice recognition module to recognize spoken commands. The commands control the motion of an electric wheelchair and operation of home appliances like lights. The system was tested for accuracy of wheelchair motion and home appliance control in response to voice commands, achieving 80% accuracy in a silent environment. The goal is to allow disabled people to control a wheelchair and home devices independently using only their voice.
Driverless cars are being developed by Google through a project called Google Chauffeur. The technology was pioneered by Stanford professor Sebastian Thrun in 2005 when his robotic vehicle Stanley won the DARPA Grand Challenge. Nevada was the first state to pass a law allowing driverless cars in 2011. Google has now logged over 300,000 accident-free miles with its driverless car prototypes. While the technology is still being tested, it aims to eventually make commercial autonomous vehicles available.
The Google Self-Driving Car Project report summarizes their progress and testing results from May 2015. They have 23 Lexus SUVs testing autonomously in Mountain View, CA and have driven over 1 million autonomous miles since 2009. In the past month, their vehicles demonstrated the ability to respond safely to emergency vehicles and navigate complex situations with multiple moving objects at night. The report also provided details on 12 minor accidents the autonomous vehicles have been in since 2009, noting the self-driving cars were never the cause of an accident.
This document provides a literature review of different control mechanisms that have been used for autonomous wheelchairs. It discusses control mechanisms based on image analysis using head gestures and eye tracking, bio-potential signals like EMG and EOG, motion signals using head and hand gestures, and voice signals. For each method, some examples of systems developed are described along with the algorithms and techniques used. The review covers issues with different approaches and highlights some algorithms that have shown high accuracy like Adaboost for face detection and TICA/MRP for identity authentication.
Google has been working on driverless car technology since 2005 through a formal team of 15 engineers starting in 2010. While driverless cars are still illegal in most states, Nevada was the first to pass a law allowing operation of driverless cars in 2011. Google has received the first and only license to operate a modified Prius without a driver in Nevada. The technologies behind Google's driverless car include laser sensors, radar sensors, GPS, and cameras which work together to map surroundings with no blind spots. Some benefits include reduction in car accidents, optimal speed control, more efficient use of highways, increased productivity for passengers, and saving of parking space. However, challenges remain around costs, regulations, impacts on industries, and social acceptance of
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses several issues related to assessing self-driving car (SDC/AV) technology. It begins by defining terms like SDC and autonomous vehicle. It then discusses reasons for SDCs like safety and reduced costs from accidents. However, it notes traffic deaths are already declining. It also estimates bugs in SDC software code, with a potential 1250 lethal bugs. It raises issues like testing limitations, driver skill degradation during handoffs, and how passengerless miles bias safety statistics. Overall, the document outlines both benefits and risks of the technology from various perspectives to inform a comprehensive assessment.
This document is a lab report submitted by two students, B. Haridhar and G. Akhil, for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It describes the design of a pick and place robot for loading and packing lead battery cells. The report provides background on industrial robots and pick and place robots. It discusses the classification of robots, key components of pick and place robots like actuators and sensors, and how basic pick and place robot movement works through rotary joints. The overall aim is to analyze problems in automated battery loading and design a robot solution.
This document presents a multimodal vision-based robotic system to assist quadriplegics in performing daily tasks. The system uses a Kinect camera for vision-based control and feedback. It can track a user's face and body to enable automatic drinking and shaving. A Bluetooth keyboard and 3D joystick were used for control, and a robotic arm was selected as the actuator. The system aims to allow quadriplegics to live more independently by assisting with activities of daily living and enabling hands-on laboratory work. Future work will involve testing the system with able-bodied and quadriplegic users to evaluate its effectiveness.
The document proposes a "Master Bicycle Rental Network" to address issues like air pollution, traffic, and obesity by promoting cycling. It details a pilot program in Mulund that saw over 2,000 trips in the first month using 30 bicycles. The program aims to make cycling the best public transportation option in India and establish rental networks nationwide for environmental and social impacts like job creation and student savings. Risks are analyzed and plans made to scale the model.
The document summarizes the activities of the Indus Robotics Club at Indus University. It discusses the club's mission to win the International Asia-Pacific Robot Contest. It introduces the ROBOCON team and their faculty advisors. It describes various workshops and competitions organized by the club on topics like robot building, electronics, programming. It also discusses the club's community service event of cleaning using robots. In summary, the document outlines the goals, team, events, and achievements of the Indus Robotics Club.
Review of Environment Perception for Intelligent VehiclesDr. Amarjeet Singh
Overview of environment perception for intelligent
vehicles supposes to the state-of-the-art algorithms and
modeling methods are given, with a summary of their pros
and cons. A special attention is paid to methods for lane and
road detection, traffic sign recognition, vehicle tracking,
behavior analysis, and scene understanding. Integrated lane
and vehicle tracking for driver assistance system that
improves on the performance of both lane tracking and
vehicle tracking modules. Without specific hardware and
software optimizations, the fully implemented system runs at
near-real-time speeds of 11 frames per second. On-road
vision-based vehicle detection, tracking, and behavior
understanding. Vision based vehicle detection in the context of
sensor-based on-road surround analysis. We detail advances
in vehicle detection, discussing monocular, stereo vision, and
active sensor–vision fusion for on-road vehicle detection. The
traffic sign detection detailing detection systems for traffic
sign recognition (TSR) for driver assistance. Inherently in
traffic sign detection to the various stages: segmentation,
feature extraction, and final sign detection.
Blue Eyes technology aims to create machines that have human-like perceptual abilities using cameras, microphones, and sensors to identify user actions and emotions. It uses Bluetooth for wireless communication and analyzes eye movements to obtain information. This technology is needed to build machines that can understand emotions, listen, talk, verify identity, and interact naturally. It uses techniques like Emotion Mouse, MAGIC pointing, speech recognition, SUITOR, and eye movement sensors. Applications include retail customer tracking, vehicles, games, interactive displays, and control rooms. The goal is to make computing more intuitive and bridge the gap between electronic and physical worlds.
Numerical Analysis of Header Configuration of the Plate-Fin Heat ExchangerIJMER
Numerical analysis of a plate fin heat exchanger accounting for the effect of fluid flow
maldistribution onthe inlet header configuration of the heat exchanger is investigated. In this analysis , it
was found that flow maldistribution has effect on the flow perpendicular to its velocity direction. The peak
velocity occurs in the central zone of the header while the velocityalong the perpendicular direction of the
inlet flow diminishes more and more. By this investigation,the results of the flow maldistribution are
presented for a plate fin heat exchangerwhich is reduced as compare to theexisting configuration of the
plate fin heat exchanger.
Voice over IP (VOIP) Security Research- A ResearchIJMER
This document summarizes research on Voice over IP (VoIP) security. It begins with an overview of SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), a commonly used VoIP standard, and a taxonomy of VoIP security threats. It then surveys existing research on VoIP security classified according to the threat categories. The research covers threats like eavesdropping, denial of service attacks, toll fraud, and spam over IP telephony (SPIT). Approaches studied include encryption, authentication, reputation systems, audio fingerprinting, and Turing tests to detect automated SPIT callers. The goal is to identify gaps and guide future work on analyzing VoIP attackers and improving the security and resilience of VoIP systems.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method to enhance security in a video copy detection system using content-based fingerprinting. The paper discusses how existing video fingerprinting systems are not robust against content-changing attacks like changing the background of a video. To address this, the paper proposes using an interest point matching algorithm to extract fingerprints. The interest point matching algorithm detects interest points in video frames using the Harris corner detection method. It then constructs correspondences between interest points to form fingerprints. The fingerprints extracted with this method are claimed to be more robust against content-changing attacks compared to existing fingerprinting methods. The proposed algorithm is tested on videos with distortions and is found to have high detection rates and low false positive rates.
The document discusses the three "woes" that are mentioned in Revelation when the last three trumpets sound. Each trumpet signals a period of "woe" or great tribulation on earth. The first woe lasted from 1299-1449, the second woe spans from 1449 until the close of probation, and we are currently living during the time of the second woe. The third woe will occur from the close of probation until the end of the world and the beginning of the seven last plagues.
A digital footprint can impact job applications, school admission, and people's perceptions by leaving an online record of what users post, share, join, and upload. The document advises being careful about personal information disclosed on websites, forms, and photos due to a digital footprint consisting of all internet content related to an individual posted by themselves or others.
Effect of Chemical Reaction and Radiation Absorption on Unsteady Convective H...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This document discusses a model that studies a consolidated system of events, causes, and an n-qubit quantum register for quantum computation. The model analyzes the properties and behavior of this system using equations. It is argued that including events and causes enhances the "quantumness" of the system and brings quantum computation more in line with classical analysis. Additional variables of space-time are said to provide a framework for studying quantum space-time. The introduction discusses the notion of events having pre-existing destinies and discusses relating events to human behavior and system behavior through "problematizing" events.
Analysis and Performance evaluation of Traditional and Hierarchal Sensor NetworkIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The Reliability in Decoding of Turbo Codes for Wireless CommunicationsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Interstellar Communication Theories and its PossibilitiesIJMER
This paper reviews and discusses the research dimensions in four dimensional time travel and
time dependencies of future and past on the basis of present. The paper investigates the theories that
support time travel in any manner and explore possibilities based on them for interstellar communication
The temple of God in heaven was opened and within it was seen the ark of his testament. There were then lightning, voices, thunderings, an earthquake, and great hail. The document discusses a passage from Revelation 11:19 where God's law or testament is described as being located within his heavenly temple.
The document summarizes the implementation and performance analysis of MIMO in Digital Video Broadcasting-T2 (DVB-T2). It discusses how MIMO-OFDM was implemented to support multiple antenna transmission and reception in DVB-T2. The DVB-T2 transmitter and receiver were simulated using MATLAB. MIMO processing replaced the existing MISO processing to allow multiple transmitting and receiving antennas. The implementation aimed to reduce peak-to-average power ratio and support robustness levels for both fixed and portable devices. Simulation results showed accurate constellations and a decreasing bit error rate graph with increasing SNR.
Multistage interconnection networks (MIN) are among the most efficient switching architectures for the number of switching Element (SE). Optical crosstalk in optical multistage interconnection network on the omega network topology Switches are arranged in multiple stages. These switches also referred to as switching element (SEs) have two input and two output ports, interconnected to the neighboring stages in a shuffle exchange connected pattern message routing in such a network is determined by the interstate connection pattern.
Optical Multistage interconnection networks (OMIN) are advanced version of MINs. The main Problem with OMIN is crosstalk. The main purpose of this paper is to Present crosstalk free modified omega network, which is based on time domain approach. This paper presents the source and destination based Algorithm (SDBA) .SDBA does the scheduling for source and their respective destination addresses for the message routing. SDBA is compared with the crosstalk modified omega network (CFMON).CFMON also Minimizes the crosstalk. This paper is the modified form of the omega network.
(MCKIBBEN’S MUSCLE) Robots Make Our Work Lighter, But We Have Made the Robots...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
The document discusses the simulation and development of a stepper motor to control the position of a shuttle disc in a badminton playing robot. It includes:
1) A description of the system components including the stepper motor, drive circuit, batteries, and shuttle disc load.
2) A MATLAB simulation of the stepper motor model to analyze performance at no load and rated load conditions.
3) Hardware implementation of the system to rotate the shuttle disc using a stepper motor and microcontroller drive. Testing showed accurate rotation within 0.02 degrees of the target position even with shuttles loaded.
Product Marketing Management Services In. Pln (Persero) In ManadoIJMER
This study was conducted to determine how much influence marketing management product to the consumer's decision to buy the product in smart electrical services at PT. PLN (Persero) Manado area. The method used methods of quantitative analysis. The data analysis using the analysis of a single table and then testing the hypothesis using the Spearman Rank correlation studies seeking a relationship between two variables, namely the relationship between the variables X (Management product marketing services) and variable Y (Decision consumers). The population in this study amounted to 202 is a consumer and a sample of 67 respondents taro Yamane with a confidence level of 90%, 10% precision. Based on the results of the calculation of Spearman rank correlation coefficient, ie rs = 0.97, prove that there is a positive effect of the variable X (product marketing management services) with variable Y (Decision consumers) in a smart buying electrical products at. PLN (Persero) Manado area. The calculation of the coefficient of determination: (Kp = (rs) 2 x 100%) which shows the influence of variable X (Management product marketing services) with variable Y (Decision consumer) to purchase the product. The results obtained indicate Kp is equal to 94%, meaning that the presence of a smart electrical product marketing promotions, consumers / communities interested in using / buying smart electricity for their lighting needs at PT PLN (Persero) Manado Area. This is due to the influence of marketing management services to market products through smart electrical products marketing campaign that is sebsar 94%, while the remaining 6% is influenced by other factors not examined
This document proposes a model for organizing the production of energy-efficient products in 3 steps:
1) It begins with determining customer requirements and product ideas.
2) It then recommends developing a customized flowchart to guide the product development and manufacturing process.
3) The flowchart should incorporate principles of quality management and energy efficiency throughout the product's lifecycle from design to recycling.
The model is intended to help companies systematically produce energy-efficient products by outlining the key phases and considerations.
Area Efficient and high-speed fir filter implementation using divided LUT methodIJMER
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decrease the circuit scale, and can be applied to a variety of areas for its great flexibility and high
reliability
This document summarizes a journal article about using wireless sensor networks in intelligent transportation systems. It discusses how wireless sensor networks can be used to obtain information about traffic conditions from spatially distributed sensors. This allows for more effective management of traffic. It then provides details about the design of sensor nodes, including subsystems for data collection, processing, communication, and power. Sensor nodes are designed to balance requirements like processing power, low power consumption, cost, and security. Wireless sensor networks have potential applications in monitoring traffic flow, parking lots, and traffic intersections.
Smart wheel chair based on voice recognition for handicappedSagar Bayas
This project aims to develop a voice controlled wheelchair system using a speech recognition module. The goal is to allow disabled or elderly people who have difficulty moving to control a wheelchair independently using their voice. The system uses a microcontroller and DC motors to move the wheelchair based on voice commands detected by the microphone. The voice commands will allow the user to move the wheelchair forward, backward, left, right, or stop. This aims to give users more independence and a better quality of life without relying on caregivers for mobility assistance.
Multi-faceted Wheelchair control InterfaceIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a proposed multi-faceted wheelchair control interface that allows users to control a wheelchair through both a touchscreen and voice commands.
2) It aims to provide elderly and disabled individuals with greater independence and mobility by making wheelchair control more user-friendly.
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This document provides details about a project to create a smart wheelchair that can be controlled through hand gestures. A robotic arm is attached to the wheelchair to allow objects to be manipulated. The wheelchair and arm will be controlled by an Arduino using image processing of hand gestures from a camera. Inverse kinematics algorithms will be used to position the robotic arm. The project aims to help people with disabilities move freely and interact with objects.
PPT Format For Project Stage - 1 Presentation 2022-23.pptxshubhamrakshe6
The document provides details of a project to develop a hand gesture controlled wheelchair. It includes an introduction describing the need for such a wheelchair and how existing systems have limitations. It outlines the aims and objectives of making the wheelchair simple, cheap and easy to operate. It also includes sections on the literature survey, system development including block diagrams, circuit diagrams, PCB layout, flowchart, component list and costing. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages as well as potential applications and includes a project schedule. It provides conclusions on capabilities and potential future improvements with references cited.
IRJET- An Ameliorated Methodology of Smart Assistant to Physically Challenged...IRJET Journal
This document presents a proposed system for an improved smart assistant for physically challenged persons using the Internet of Things. The system would provide an intelligent wheelchair with accident and fall detection, live tracking via GPS, and an emergency alert button. It aims to increase independence and safety for disabled users. The wheelchair would detect if the user falls using an accelerometer sensor and notify caregivers or emergency services. It would also allow caregivers to view the wheelchair's real-time location through a mobile app. The system aims to reduce accidents and response times to help physically challenged people.
IRJET- Advanced Voice Operating Wheelchair using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed design for an advanced voice-operated wheelchair using Arduino. It begins with an abstract that outlines using voice recognition to help quadriplegics control an electric wheelchair. It then reviews related literature on voice-controlled wheelchairs. The document presents the problem that some wheelchair users have difficulty using standard joystick controls. It proposes a model using Arduino, a voice recognition module, motors, and other components. Finally, it explains the methodology and working process, where voice commands are recognized and used to send signals controlling the wheelchair motors and motion.
Self-Balancing Two-wheeler (Segway) was once a mysterious invention created by Dean Lawrence Kamen. The Self-Balancing Two-wheeler (Segway) Human Transporter is a personal transport device that uses a built-in computer to remain upright. The aim of this project is to mimic the design of the Self-Balancing Two-wheeler (Segway) and build a low-cost Segway. The first stage of this project is to design the mechanical structure of the transport device. According to different power and functional requirements, different mechanical and electronic components have been chosen for the implementation. The rider shifting weight and a manual turning mechanism on the handlebar are used to control the speed and direction of the Self-Balancing Two-wheeler (Segway). Gyroscope and variable resistor are used to monitor user’s physical motion. The Segway is an intelligent vehicle which uses gyroscopic sensors to detect the motion of rider, so that he can accelerate, brake or steer the vehicle. The conventional Segway available in the market are very costly as they are not available locally. Hence the need to design and fabricate a cost-efficient Segway which could be affordable and the same time be reliable to withstand a rider up to 70-80kgs. In this project an attempt has been made to design and fabricate a Segway with minimum resources.
Design and Development of Smart Wheelchair for Physically Disable peopleIRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed system to control a wheelchair using eye movements. Key points:
1. The system uses a camera mounted on the wheelchair to capture images of the user's eyes.
2. Eye movement detection software analyzes the images to determine gaze direction and sends commands to an Arduino board.
3. The Arduino board controls motors that move the wheelchair in the direction corresponding to the user's eye gaze, allowing quadriplegic users to navigate independently.
It consisting Mobile app, Arduino, Bluetooth Receiver module, L293D ic etc. The movement of robot is controlled by the voice which catch by the microphone inside the mobile.
IRJET- Design and Construction of Electric Drive -A Smart System for Disabled...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and construction of an electric wheelchair with multiple control systems and therapy facilities. The wheelchair can be controlled through a joystick, voice commands using an Android app, or obstacle detection sensors. It also includes several therapy features like arm exercises, vibration pads, and heating/cooling elements. The goal is to provide various mobility and therapy options in a single affordable wheelchair to help disabled users live more independently.
The document describes a voice-controlled wheelchair system that allows users to control the wheelchair's movements through spoken commands. The system uses a microphone to receive voice commands, which are sent to a voice recognition processor linked to a PIC microcontroller. The microcontroller controls motors to move the wheelchair forward, backward, left, right, and stop based on the commands. An infrared sensor is also used for obstacle avoidance. The system was prototyped using a small vehicle and further additions are needed for completion.
Iot operated wheel chair / smart wheelchair YOGEESH M
This document describes a project to create an IOT operated wheelchair that can be controlled through hand gestures using an accelerometer sensor. The wheelchair is intended to help elderly and physically disabled users navigate inside their home independently. It uses a Raspberry Pi microcontroller along with sensors like an IR sensor for obstacle detection and a camera for live video streaming. The wheelchair's motion in four directions is controlled by tilting the hand in those directions which is detected by the accelerometer sensor. This provides independent mobility assistance without requiring another person's help.
This document presents a project proposal for developing a self-balancing two-wheeled robot (instructabot) using an Arduino microcontroller. The robot will use sensors to read its environment and a PID controller to balance itself. The aims are to demonstrate balancing techniques, design a discrete digital control system for stability, develop the chassis and software to read sensors and control actuators to enable the robot to stay upright. A literature review covers previous work on self-balancing robots and control systems. A planning chart outlines the project timeline over 16 weeks including proposal, purchasing, prototyping, testing and completion.
MOVING VEHICLE FOR A PERSON WITHOUT HAND PROJECT REPORTVanchhitrawat
This document discusses the need for a foot-operated vehicle for people without hands. It notes that over 27 million people in India, about 2.21% of the population, have some form of disability. Of those, 5.43 million have disabilities affecting their movement. Currently, people with disabilities in their upper or lower extremities have difficulties traveling long distances. While wheelchairs and other devices help with mobility, they are not suitable for outdoor transportation over 15-20 km. The project aims to design a foot-operated vehicle using a rack and pinion system to convert rotary foot motion into linear vehicle motion. This would provide independent long-distance transportation to people without the use of their hands.
The document summarizes the academic work and achievements of Jimmy Majumder. It includes details of his ongoing PhD thesis on developing a smart robotics walker system for Parkinson's disease rehabilitation and monitoring. It also lists his previous undergraduate thesis, research projects involving robotics and AI applications, publications, certifications, and roles mentoring students. The various projects described focus on assistive technologies, healthcare robots, home automation, and more.
This document describes an IOT-operated wheelchair that can be controlled through hand gestures. The wheelchair was implemented using an Android smartphone equipped with an accelerometer sensor for gesture recognition, a microcontroller, DC motors, an H-bridge motor driver, and Bluetooth. The wheelchair can move forward, backward, left and right based on gestures detected by the smartphone accelerometer. It is intended to help elderly and physically disabled users navigate inside their homes independently without external assistance. Some potential applications mentioned include use in hospitals and for disabled patients.
TONGUE DRIVE SYSTEM (TDS) OPERATED PATIENT FRIENDLY WHEEL CHAIRIJARIDEA Journal
This document describes a tongue-operated wheelchair system called the Tongue Drive System (TDS). The system uses a small permanent magnet attached to the tongue and Hall effect sensors mounted outside the mouth to detect tongue movements. When the tongue moves toward a sensor, it sends a signal to the wheelchair's microcontroller to move in a corresponding direction. The system is intended to allow disabled individuals to freely move about using only their tongue. It discusses the design of the TDS and wheelchair, including the hardware components like sensors, motors, and microcontrollers. The goal is to provide a low-cost assistive technology solution to help disabled people navigate and complete daily tasks.
Design and Simulation of Multipurpose AutomatorIRJET Journal
1. The document describes the design and simulation of a multipurpose automator device. The automator is intended to be attached to wheelchairs and small carts to help power their movement and reduce strain on users.
2. Key calculations are shown for determining the necessary motor torque and battery capacity based on the expected load of a wheelchair or cart. Dimensions are also analyzed from real wheelchairs.
3. The proposed design involves a chassis with a handle, perpendicular support arm, and wheel plate that can be detachably fixed to wheelchairs and carts using an adjustable fixture frame. This is intended to allow independent mobility while reducing physical demands.
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a voice-controlled reclining wheelchair. The wheelchair is designed to give physically handicapped individuals more independence and freedom of mobility. It uses a voice recognition module and microcontroller to allow users to control the wheelchair's movement and reclining position using voice commands. Servomotors and actuators enable the reclining functionality, allowing the chair to fully recline like a bed. The goal is to create an affordable assistive device that improves users' quality of life. The researchers describe the device's components, operation, advantages, and conclude it can help reduce caregivers' workload while enhancing disabled individuals' autonomy.
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Modeling and Manufacturing of Powered vehicle for physically challenged people
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 5 | May. 2014 | 1 |
Modeling and Manufacturing of Powered vehicle for physically
challenged people
G. Vijay Prakash1
, Dr. A. V. Ratna Prasad2
Reg.No:1050048. Ph.D (Mechanical Engineering), University College Of Engineering And Technology, Anu,
Nagarjuna Nagar-522510
M.TECH, Ph.D Prof. & HOD of Mechanical Dept, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, V. R. Siddardha
Engineering College, Kanuru, Vijayawada
Different operating options available are:
Hand Operated Brake.
Hand Operated Accelerator.
Automatic Clutch
Fitting Universal Handel for any Point of Disabilities
*The Hand Controls are customized & specially made for each user.*
Various disability measures and their solutions:
Persons with Right Limb Disability can use a Manual Transmission Vehicle fitted with a Hand Operated
Brake & Accelerator
Persons with Both Limbs Disability can use an Automatic Transmission Vehicle fitted with a Hand operated
Brake & Accelerator.
I. Introduction
Power wheelchair for use by people with various types and degrees of handicap. The intelligent
wheelchair project intends to establish a methodology to design, implement, and test an effective add-on
autonomy management system for use in conjunction with most common commercially available power
wheelchairs.
Proposed vehicle is different than any other vehicle from the previous.
Some of the vehicles are look like my vehicle but that vehicles are did not provide much hospitality and
facilitates. This vehicle truly designed based on my thoughts and urges of pcp’s. and I had took some references
regarding structure. And also proposed vehicle is electric(powered) vehicle.
This is a different structure and it gives a peaceful life to pcp’s. in future it makes a rapid evaluation
on pcp vehicles .
The proposed vehicle manufacturing cost is low compare to other powered vehicles . its available
price is less than are equal to Rs.35000/. It gives a rich look,fashion and luxurious facilities.
And also it carries more than 150kg weight. And the main advantage of my proposed vehicle is easy to drive
with single limb.
The luxurious facilities are provided in the vehicle is as follows:
Cooking
Drinking water
Sleeping
Abstract: This vehicle is suitable for physically challenged or disabled people. I proposed complete
customized solutions for physically challenged drivers and patents also. This proposed vehicle
successfully dealing with electric and Hybrid vehicle Conversions. In the market they are so many
vehicles are designed for physically challenged peoples but my proposed system is a luxurious vehicle.
Luxurious means vehicle which is automotive electrical vehicle and provide good hospitality to PCP’s.
Vehicle conversion products which enable the person to drive a vehicle with the help of his/her hands or
using only one limb. With a disability, it can be very difficult to drive. Hand controls can make this much
easier with more control and faster response times. Vehicle hand controls are suitable for almost any
make and model car on the road today.
Key words: Motor electrical, Battery, Tubeless Tires, Controllers, velding, Operations.
2. Modeling and Manufacturing of Powered vehicle for physically challenged people
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss. 5 | May. 2014 | 2 |
Laptop
Charging fan
Note: if people required any sensors and applications for their urges we provide much room for that.
The thought of design p.v for p.c.p’s for a common man(pcp’s) also live with a luxurious life with a
minimal cost. It is designed based on Indian economical statics in physically challenged peoples(p.c.p’s).
In market so many p.v are there but it cost is very high so a common man(pcp’s) did not capture. that’s why I
designed this vehicle and it may be solve some of p.c peoples problems.
Literature survey on physically challenged vehicles:
The intelligent wheelchair project, now called the TAO Project, intends to establish a methodology to
design, implement, and test an effective add-on autonomy management system for use in conjunction with most
common commercially available power wheelchairs. In order to demonstrate the principle, the project will build,
during its life, an autonomy management system for several well-established electric wheelchair models
currently available on the market throughout North America and Japan.
In late 1995, a sister R&D company was established in Japan exclusively for the development of intelligent
robotic technologies for the disabled and the aged. With the initiative of this new R&D group, the development
of TAO-2 autonomous wheelchair using a commercially available Japanese wheelchair began in the spring of
1996.
Based on our experience, methods used and some issues related to the application of the behavior-
based approach to realize an intelligent wheelchair and possibly other assistive technologies are discussed. A
brief survey is also presented of other groups who are working in this area.
Brief survey of the field
Below is a description of research on intelligent wheelchairs that has been conducted and still ongoing
at some institutions. The survey is not intended to be complete but to provide an idea of the different approaches
used.
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
Some of the earliest work in the development of intelligent wheelchairs was a system implemented by
Connell and Viola, [Connell & Viola, 90] in which a chair is mounted on top of a robot to make it mobile. Mr.
Ed, as the chair was called, could be controlled by the user using a joystick mounted on the arm of the chair and
connected to the robot. The user could also delegate control to the system itself to perform certain functions
such as avoid obstacles or follow other moving objects. In addition to the joystick, input to the robot comes from
bumper switches at the front and rear of the robot, eight infrared proximity sensors for local navigation and two
sonar sensors at the front of the robot for following objects. Control is passed from the user to the robot through
a series of toggle switches.
A set of layered behaviors were used to control the chair’s movement. These were broken into
competencies with each small set of rules becoming a toolbox to achieve a particular goal. These groups could
be enabled or disabled by means of switches controlled by the operator. It worked as a partnership in which the
machine took care of the routine work and the user decided what needed to be done.
KISS Institute for Practical Robotics
The KISS Institute for Practical Robotics (KIPR), located in Virginia is a non-profit educational
corporation performing R&D on the integration of robotics in assistive technology, space robotics and
autonomous underwater vehicles as well as education in robotics and related fields.
David Miller and Marc Slack at KISS Institute have developed a supplementary wheelchair controller is
installed between the joystick and the standard wheelchair motor controller. Along with sensors installed on the
chair, the chair avoids obstacles and goes through openings with minimum input from the user. It has been
tested with two power wheelchairs, Dynamics and Penny & Giles.
CALL Centre, University of Edinburgh
CALL Centre at the University of Edinburgh has developed the CALL Centre Smart Wheelchair. It
was originally developed as a motivating educational and therapeutic resource for severely disabled children.
The chairs were designed to assist in the assessment and development of physical, cognitive, social and
communicative skills. Thirteen chairs have been built and evaluated in three local school, one in a residential
hospital and three others in pre-vocational establishments.
The chairs are adapted, computer-controlled power wheelchairs which can be driven by a number of
methods such as switches, joysticks, laptop computers, and voice-output. The mechanical, electronic and
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software design are modular to simplify the addition of new functions, reduce the cost of individualized systems
and create a modeless system. Since there are no modes and behaviors are combined transparent to the user, an
explicit subsystem called the Observer was set up to report to the user what the system is doing. The Observer
responds and reports its perceptions to the user via a speech synthesizer or input device.
The software runs on multiple 80C552 processors communicating via an I2C serial link monitoring the
sensors and user commands. Objects or groups of objects form modules which encapsulate specific functional
tasks. It is multitasking with each object defined as a separate task.
The architecture of behaviors each performing a specific functional task is similar to Brooks’
Subsumption Architecture.
2.4 University of Michigan
Simon Levine, Director of Physical Rehabilitation at the University of Michigan Hospital began
development of NavChair in 1991 with a grant for a three year project from the Veteran’s Administration [Bell
et al, 94]. The Vector Field Histogram (VFH) method was previously developed for avoiding obstacles in
autonomous robots and was ported to the wheelchair. However, this method was designed for fully autonomous
robots and it was soon determined that there were sufficient differences in the power base between robots and
wheelchairs and in the requirements of human-machine systems that significant modifications were required.
This resulted in a new method, called Minimum VFH (MVFH) which gives greater and more variable control to
the user in manipulating the power wheelchair.
The Nav Chair has a control system designed to avoid obstacles, follow walls, and travel safely in
cluttered environments. It is equipped with twelve ultrasonic sensors and an on-board computer. This team uses
a shared-control system in which the user plans the route, does some navigation and indicates direction and
speed of travel. The system does automatic wall following and overrides unsafe maneuvers with autonomous
obstacle avoidance. Since it is desirable that the system change the user’s commands as little as possible, the
system and user must cooperat ively adapt to environmental or function conditions. A new method called
"Stimulus Response Modelling" has been developed in which the system qualitatively monitors changes in the
user’s behavior and adapts in realtime. It is designed so that the adaptation is smooth and the change in modes
intuitive to the user. By adjusting the degree of autonomy of obstacle avoidance the control modes of NavChair
can be changed giving the user more or less control depending on the situation.
Nagasaki University and Ube Technical College Existing ceiling lights in an indoor environment are
used as landmarks for self-localization of a motorized wheelchair by [Wang et al, 97]. The chair is therefore
restricted to use within one the layout of which is known in advance. An azimuth sensor is used to give the
angle between a fixed point and a particular object and a vision sensor detects the ceiling lights. The ceiling
lights are used as the landmarks but if the lights are missed then the azimuth sensor and the rotating angle of
both wheels provide the information necessary to continue the navigation.
A laser range finder is used to detect obstacles in the chair’s path. Two CCD cameras are used, one is
used to detect the ceiling light landmarks and the other is used in conjunction with the laser range finder to
detect objects. A slit-ray is emitted from the laser emitter and this is detected by the CCD camera. The image
signal is processed by a logic circuit constructed with an FPGA which informs the controller if passage is clear
or where obstacles exist. In twenty test runs in a room with ten ceiling lights the maximum position error was
0.35 meters and the maximum orientation error was 17 degrees.
TIDE Programme
Technology initiative for disabled and elderly people (TIDE) programme of the European Union began
in 1991 as a pilot action with 21 development projects and a budget of ECU18 million. The SENARIO project
(SENsor Aided intelligent wheelchair navigatIOn), one of the initial projects within TIDE, includes 6 member
companies from Greece, Germany, the UK, and France to introduce intelligence to the navigation system of
powered wheelchairs. The system consists of five subsystems: risk avoidance, sensoring, positioning, control
panel, and power control. The risk avoidance subsystem includes the central intelligence and inputs information
from the sensoring and positioning subsystems. The sensoring subsystem includes ultrasonic, odometer, and
inclinometer sensors. The positioning subsystem identifies the initial position of the chair by means of a laser
range finder and allows the chair to be used in known environments. The control panel subsystem accepts user’s
instructions and the power control subsystem converts the system’s instructions into vehicle movements.
The system has two modes of operation, the Teach mode and Run mode. In the Teach mode the user
selects the desired paths from a topological diagram. In the Run mode (on a predefined path) the user selects a
path and the system will follow it based on stored information obtained during the Teach mode. On a free route,
the system takes instructions from the user and navigates semiautonomously while monitoring safety and taking
action or warning the user of the level of risk.
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Wellesley College, MIT
Wheelesley is the name given to the chair used for experimental development by Holly Yanco, first at Wellesley
College and now at MIT [Yanco et al, 95]. This chair has Subsumption Architecture-like layered approach to its
performance. By means of a graphical interface the user of the chair points to the direction in which the chair
should head. The chair then goes in that direction while performing other tasks such as obstacle avoidance. The
interface also allows the user to tell the chair when specific tasks such as going up a ramp are required and to
have a record of a particular environment and important features of that environment.
The chair is designed in such a way that it can turn in place. It has 12 proximity sensors, 6 ultrasonic
range sensors, 2 shaft encoders and a front bumper with sensors. A 68332 computer is onboard and the interface
runs on a Macintosh Powerbook. Work is underway to incorporate information from the angle of the eyes of the
user to control the computer as a replacement for the mouse.
Northeastern University
The long-term goal of Crisman and Cleary [Crisman & Cleary,96] is to develop a robot which can go to a
destination, retrieve an object and return it to the operator. A teleoperated and autonomous approach each has its
strength and weaknesses. Therefore, a shared control approach is suggested to divide the task between the user
and the robot, taking advantage of the strengths of each. The user performs high-level functions such as object
recognition and route planning while the robot performs safety and motion controls. Since the user points the
objects out explicitly in a video image, the robot has been named "Deictic". The robot, after receiving
instructions how to move relative to the object, performs the local motion and waits for further instruction. This
means there is continuous interaction between the user and the robot with the user giving instructions to the
robot every minute or so. Commands are given to the robot by means of a button interface in which a verb
description describes the desired motion of the robot and a noun describes the object relative to which the
motion should be performed. The robot is able to navigate in almost any situation using its vision system to
identify corners, edges, and polygonal patches. The initial work was done in simulation followed by an
implementation on an Invacare Arrow wheelchair. Motion controller cards, optical encoders, and a vision
system were added to the wheelchair New directional ultrasonic transducers were developed to detect obstacles
at a wide angle in one direction and at a narrow angle in the opposite direction. This gave the robot the ability to
detect objects not at standard height. A bumper with piezo-electric film embedded was installed to detect when
the chair didbump an obstacle. A Puma 200 was used for the reaching experiments.
Powered vehicle Design Requirement:
I had studied so many litterateur survey regarding powered wheel chairs nothing will great on its
working. its very expensive and operation and driving is critical compare to my proposed vehicle. its not a
wheel chair it is a vehicle. My total vision is to help the PCPeoples, towards their required needs.
Required blocks to manufacture Proposed Vehicle:
1. Motor(Electro-Craft tape drive motor)
2. Controller
3. Batteries
4. Driven system
5. Tiers `
6. Dynamic braking
7. Bearings
8. Bolts and nuts
9. Belt
10. Body construction (Blue print )
11. Chassis formation
Above all are the requirements for the construction of powered vehicle for physically challenged peoples. And
the following operations are performed to construct the vehicle
Design Operations:
Marking operation
Bending operation
Drilling operation
Threads cutting
Step turning
Groove cutting
Cutting operation
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Welding operation
Grinding operation
Motor:
The motor is an electro craft tape drive motor from a reel to reel computer tape drive. The model
number of motor was rubbed off. This motor firstly used to design cyclic motor vehicle. The specification of
this motor is 5/8 inches diameter shaft and 14 gauge wire for power. Dimensions are 4 inches in diameter and
6.75 inches long. The motor has a fairly high winding resistance measured 0.5ohms which was one of the
criteria that made me go with a 60 volt system.
Controller:
The bike uses a 60 volt electrical system to take advantage of the characteristics of the motor and to
lower battery losses due to high amperage . 60 volts is fairly nonstandard and there is a bite more difficulty
finding compatible equipment than with the more typical 36v or 48v. luckily there are cheep scooter controllers
and chargers available that work with 60v system. A key switch is used in-line with the throttle and accessory
power circuit for security.
Batteries:
Lead acid batteres were the default choice at least for the initial build/proof of concept. Five (5) 7 amp-
hour, 12 volt “bricks” in a series string were used to get a nominal 60 volts. The battery pack weight is 13.6kg.
The typical rules of lead acid and avoiding discharges of over 50% this battery pack has capacity of 210 watt
hours:60v*7ah*0.5.
The batteries are house hold in a fiberglass reinforced plastic case which is molded to fit into the triangle on the
frame making this box was probably the single most labor-intensive item in the project.
Drive system:
The drive system of this powered vehicle is open belt drive. The open belt drive is used with shafts
arranged parallel in the same direction. In this the driver pully pulls the belt from one side and delivers it to the
other side. Thus the tension in the lower side belt will be more than that in the upper side belt. The lower side
belt is known as tight side where as the upper side belt is known as slack side the open belt drive is as shown in
the figure.
Tires:
A venire stretcher pavement tires was installed. They were inexpensive and had good ratings
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Dynamic breaking:
Given the heavy weight of the vehicle braking became more of a problem. The typical bicycle rim
brakes worked but it was certain that wear of breaks pads and rims would be horribly quick if they were the only
mode of braking.
Since the motor generates electricity when coasting down long steep hills for more power than the
batteries could ever asorb inn regenerative braking a braking resistor was added. Its nothing more than a coil of
stainless steel wire that gives a resistance of about 4ohms. Using the d_brake active a relay which switches the
motor off of the controller and across this resistor.
Above all are the main requirements of my powered vehicle. And my pv structure is as following it will shown
in engineering drawing . it is look like a auto structure because the handle of the auto controls all the momentum
of vehicle so I also proposed auto structure and I placed an application i.e it will be drive suitable single limb
peoples that’s y I had selected this structure.
Above requirements are to design inner means the engine structure and the body.
Body Structure:
Body Frame represented in the form of Engineering drawing :
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Facilities and Advantages:
Cooking.
Dust bin.
Sleeping.
Laptop.
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ADVANTAGES:
1. More Facilities
2. Pollution Free
3. Noise free
4. Emergency Toilet
5. Less Cost
6. Less Vibrations
7. No fuel requirement
8. Easy maintenance
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II. Conclusion
This powered vehicle is not implemented .Our main criterian of this powered vehicle is economy of
manufacturing.Despite of economy can any one can adopt automatic technologies for automatic opening and
closing and openings of provided facilities so far cost factor we adopt simple technique in manufacturing of this
multifaciltated vehicle.
The number of facilities provided in this power vehicle is helpful not only physically challenged people
but also common .In personal intrest any one can adopt this vehicle.
These vehicles for challenged persons meet the expextations as the advanced technologies the person adopt this
vehicle will satisfy more than expect. This vehicle provides almost all facilities without considerable moving of
the person. Future Extension of my powered vehicle is automatic charging system by solar arrangement on the
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top of the vehicle, automatic seasonal dome opening, and advanced suspension system for avoiding quick
fatigue of driver.
The vehicle specifications at glance
Voltage: 48v
Millage: 50K.m per Charge
Load: 150 K.g
Weight: 75Kg
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