International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
E YE S CRUTINIZED W HEEL C HAIR FOR P EOPLE A FFECTED W ITH T ETRAPLEGIAijcsit
Nowadays the requirement for developing a wheel cha
ir control which is useful for the physically disab
led
person with Tetraplegia. This system involves the c
ontrol of the wheel chair with the eye moment of th
e
affected person. Statistics suggest that there are
230,000 cases of Tetraplegia in India. Our system h
ere is
to develop a wheelchair which make the lives of the
se people easier and instigate confidence to live i
n
them. We know that a person who is affected by Tetr
aplegia can move their eyes alone to a certain exte
nt
which paves the idea for the development of our sys
tem. Here we have proposed the method for a device
where a patient placed on the wheel chair looking
in a straight line at the camera which is permanent
ly
fixed in the optics, is capable to move in a track
by gazing in that way. When we change the directio
n, the
camera signals are given using the mat lab script t
o the microcontroller. Depends on the path of the e
ye,
the microcontroller controls the wheel chair in all
direction and stops the movement. If there is any
obstacle to be found before the wheel chair the sen
sor mind that and it stop and move in right directi
on
immediately. The benefit of this system is too easi
ly travel anywhere in any direction which is handle
d by
physically disabled person with Tetraplegia
Shirsha Yaathra - Head Movement controlled Wheelchair - Research PaperChamila Wijayarathna
The document describes a project to develop a wheelchair mobility control system that is controlled by head movements for an army officer who has lost motor control below his neck. A tilt sensor is used to track head movements and send signals to an Arduino board which controls the wheelchair motors. Voice commands are also used for control. Ultrasonic sensors were added for obstacle detection and avoidance. The prototype was successfully tested and provides mobility for disabled individuals unable to use standard wheelchairs.
Eye monitored wheel chair control for people suffering from quadriplegiaAkshay Sharma
The document describes an eye monitoring system to control a wheelchair for people with quadriplegia. It aims to give users independence through detecting eye and head movements to direct wheelchair movement. A camera feeds images to MATLAB software which analyzes eye and head positions to determine intended direction. The software then uses serial communication to signal a microcontroller and motors to move the wheelchair accordingly. The system allows for movement through natural eye and head motions without physical attachments, improving comfort and confidence for quadriplegic users.
This document describes the design and implementation of an eye movement controlled wheelchair. It uses a webcam to capture eye movements which are then processed using MATLAB to detect the direction of movement. Based on the detected movement, MATLAB sends a signal over a serial port to a microcontroller which controls the motors to move the wheelchair in the intended direction. The system was tested for accuracy and safety features were incorporated like speed control and halt functions. While the performance was around 70-90% accuracy, further work is needed to improve reliability for commercial use.
New development in sensors, radar and ultrasonic technologies has proved to be a boon for electronics
travelling aids (ETAs). These devices are widely used by blind and physically challenged peoples. C5 laser
cane, Mowat sensor, belt and binaural sonic aid, NAV guide cane are among popular electronic travelling
aids used by blind peoples. For physically challenged person electric wheel chairs controlled by joystick,
eye movement and voice recognition are also available but they have their own limitation in terms of
operating complexity, noise environment and cost. Our paper proposes an automated innovative
wheelchair controlled by neck position of person. It uses simple LEDs, photo sensor, motor and
microcontroller to control the movement of wheelchair
A project on wheelchair motion control using eye gaze and blinkspooja mote
This document describes a proposed method for controlling a wheelchair using eye gaze and blinks detected through electro-oculography (EOG). It outlines the main objective of assisting disabled individuals, reviews existing eye tracking methods before focusing on EOG, and provides block diagrams of the overall system and proposed circuit. Key components discussed include signal acquisition through skin preparation and biopotential electrodes, placement of electrodes for EOG recording, signal preprocessing, a processing algorithm, and a controller block diagram.
Eye-Gesture Controlled Intelligent Wheelchair using Electro-OculographyAvinash Sista
The document describes an eye-gesture controlled electric wheelchair that uses electro-oculography (EOG) to detect eye movements and control the wheelchair. EOG signals are processed to detect four directions of eye movement: up, down, left, and right. Ultrasonic sensors are used for obstacle detection, and the system incorporates an intelligence algorithm for obstacle avoidance and path rerouting. The goal is to create an affordable assistive mobility device that provides independence to individuals with paralysis.
E YE S CRUTINIZED W HEEL C HAIR FOR P EOPLE A FFECTED W ITH T ETRAPLEGIAijcsit
Nowadays the requirement for developing a wheel cha
ir control which is useful for the physically disab
led
person with Tetraplegia. This system involves the c
ontrol of the wheel chair with the eye moment of th
e
affected person. Statistics suggest that there are
230,000 cases of Tetraplegia in India. Our system h
ere is
to develop a wheelchair which make the lives of the
se people easier and instigate confidence to live i
n
them. We know that a person who is affected by Tetr
aplegia can move their eyes alone to a certain exte
nt
which paves the idea for the development of our sys
tem. Here we have proposed the method for a device
where a patient placed on the wheel chair looking
in a straight line at the camera which is permanent
ly
fixed in the optics, is capable to move in a track
by gazing in that way. When we change the directio
n, the
camera signals are given using the mat lab script t
o the microcontroller. Depends on the path of the e
ye,
the microcontroller controls the wheel chair in all
direction and stops the movement. If there is any
obstacle to be found before the wheel chair the sen
sor mind that and it stop and move in right directi
on
immediately. The benefit of this system is too easi
ly travel anywhere in any direction which is handle
d by
physically disabled person with Tetraplegia
Shirsha Yaathra - Head Movement controlled Wheelchair - Research PaperChamila Wijayarathna
The document describes a project to develop a wheelchair mobility control system that is controlled by head movements for an army officer who has lost motor control below his neck. A tilt sensor is used to track head movements and send signals to an Arduino board which controls the wheelchair motors. Voice commands are also used for control. Ultrasonic sensors were added for obstacle detection and avoidance. The prototype was successfully tested and provides mobility for disabled individuals unable to use standard wheelchairs.
Eye monitored wheel chair control for people suffering from quadriplegiaAkshay Sharma
The document describes an eye monitoring system to control a wheelchair for people with quadriplegia. It aims to give users independence through detecting eye and head movements to direct wheelchair movement. A camera feeds images to MATLAB software which analyzes eye and head positions to determine intended direction. The software then uses serial communication to signal a microcontroller and motors to move the wheelchair accordingly. The system allows for movement through natural eye and head motions without physical attachments, improving comfort and confidence for quadriplegic users.
This document describes the design and implementation of an eye movement controlled wheelchair. It uses a webcam to capture eye movements which are then processed using MATLAB to detect the direction of movement. Based on the detected movement, MATLAB sends a signal over a serial port to a microcontroller which controls the motors to move the wheelchair in the intended direction. The system was tested for accuracy and safety features were incorporated like speed control and halt functions. While the performance was around 70-90% accuracy, further work is needed to improve reliability for commercial use.
New development in sensors, radar and ultrasonic technologies has proved to be a boon for electronics
travelling aids (ETAs). These devices are widely used by blind and physically challenged peoples. C5 laser
cane, Mowat sensor, belt and binaural sonic aid, NAV guide cane are among popular electronic travelling
aids used by blind peoples. For physically challenged person electric wheel chairs controlled by joystick,
eye movement and voice recognition are also available but they have their own limitation in terms of
operating complexity, noise environment and cost. Our paper proposes an automated innovative
wheelchair controlled by neck position of person. It uses simple LEDs, photo sensor, motor and
microcontroller to control the movement of wheelchair
A project on wheelchair motion control using eye gaze and blinkspooja mote
This document describes a proposed method for controlling a wheelchair using eye gaze and blinks detected through electro-oculography (EOG). It outlines the main objective of assisting disabled individuals, reviews existing eye tracking methods before focusing on EOG, and provides block diagrams of the overall system and proposed circuit. Key components discussed include signal acquisition through skin preparation and biopotential electrodes, placement of electrodes for EOG recording, signal preprocessing, a processing algorithm, and a controller block diagram.
Eye-Gesture Controlled Intelligent Wheelchair using Electro-OculographyAvinash Sista
The document describes an eye-gesture controlled electric wheelchair that uses electro-oculography (EOG) to detect eye movements and control the wheelchair. EOG signals are processed to detect four directions of eye movement: up, down, left, and right. Ultrasonic sensors are used for obstacle detection, and the system incorporates an intelligence algorithm for obstacle avoidance and path rerouting. The goal is to create an affordable assistive mobility device that provides independence to individuals with paralysis.
IRJET - Wheelchair Control using Eye-MotionIRJET Journal
This document describes a system for controlling a wheelchair using eye motion detection. A camera is used to track the user's eye movement and send control signals to the wheelchair based on whether the user is looking left, right, or forward. An ultrasonic sensor is also included for obstacle detection to stop the wheelchair if an obstruction is sensed.
The document describes an eye movement controlled powered wheelchair for people with physical disabilities. It uses an optical eye tracking system to detect eye movements and translate them to commands to control the wheelchair's movement and direction. Sensors are also included for obstacle detection. The system aims to provide an alternative mobility option for those unable to use traditional interfaces. It consists of a wireless camera, computer for processing eye images, microcontrollers to transmit commands and control motors, and motors attached to the wheelchair. Eye movements are detected using computer vision algorithms and translated to forward, left, or right motions. Additional safety features like obstacle detection and a manual joystick mode are included. The wheelchair aims to improve mobility for quadriplegics and others through a non-invasive
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document presents a novel technique for an eye-controlled electric wheelchair system. The system uses a camera mounted on a helmet to capture the user's face and track eyeball movements in real-time. Eye movements are used to control the wheelchair's direction and movement without needing physical assistance. The system was implemented using a Raspberry Pi board to control all functions. An ultrasonic sensor was also mounted on the wheelchair for obstacle detection. The results showed the system could successfully execute commands based on eye movements within 4 seconds of real-time video processing.
The document describes an eye-tracking wheelchair designed for paralyzed or motor disabled patients. The wheelchair uses an optical eye tracking system to track the user's eye movements and direct the wheelchair accordingly without physical contact. When the user looks left, right, or straight, the wheelchair will move in that direction. An Arduino microcontroller interfaces with the camera and motors to process images of the user's pupil position and control the wheelchair's movement. The system aims to provide independent mobility to those with physical disabilities.
It consisting Mobile app, Arduino, Bluetooth Receiver module, L293D ic etc. The movement of robot is controlled by the voice which catch by the microphone inside the mobile.
Eye Monitored wheel Chair by using Matlab Prasanna Kumar
This document describes an eye monitored wheelchair controlled by head movements. A webcam is used to capture the user's eye movements which are processed using MATLAB to detect the direction of movement. MATLAB sends signals corresponding to the eye movements to a microcontroller over serial communication. The microcontroller controls DC motors through an motor driver IC to move the wheelchair in the desired direction based on the eye movement signals. The project aims to help quadriplegic people by enabling them to control a wheelchair using their ability to move their head and eyes.
IRJET- Smart Wheelchair with Object Detection using Deep LearningIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a smart wheelchair that can detect objects and be controlled through eye movement detection using deep learning. The wheelchair is intended to help disabled people with limited mobility. A camera is mounted on the wheelchair to capture the user's eye movements. Computer vision and deep learning techniques are used to analyze the eye images and detect the movement direction. Arduino then sends control signals to motors to move the wheelchair in the intended direction. Ultrasonic sensors are also used to detect any obstacles and avoid collisions while moving. The system aims to provide independent and obstacle-free mobility through a user-friendly eye-based interface without requiring physical strength.
Automation of Wheelchair Using Iris Movementijceronline
We Generate The Digital Data. Then This Digital Data Is Sent To The Psoc Microcontroller For The Further Processing. We Have Also Provided The Provision For Obstacle Detection By Using Ir Sensor. It Will Help Us To Stop The Chair At Predefined Distance After Sensing The Obstacle. We Have To Recognize The Iris Movement And Move The Chair According To The Location Of Iris In Left, Right, Forward And To Stop The Chair.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document describes a head movement controlled wheelchair that was developed by students to help people with limited mobility. The wheelchair can be controlled through tilt movements of the user's head, allowing paraplegics and quadriplegics to navigate using only head motions. Sensors are able to detect the head tilts and send signals to motors that drive the wheelchair in the corresponding directions. This provides an alternative control method that is easier to use than traditional wheelchairs for those with mobility impairments affecting their limbs. The system was tested successfully through computer simulations.
This document describes an eye-controlled wheelchair that allows quadriplegic users to move independently. A webcam detects eye movements using MATLAB software and sends signals to a microcontroller. The microcontroller then drives motors to move the wheelchair left, right or straight. Key aspects include using eye detection algorithms to determine direction, an ATMega32A microcontroller to control motors based on eye signals, and safety features like speed control and blink detection to halt movement. The system aims to improve mobility for quadriplegic individuals but requires further refinement for commercial use, such as improving movement detection during casual eye movements.
IRJET- An Ameliorated Methodology of Smart Assistant to Physically Challenged...IRJET Journal
This document presents a proposed system for an improved smart assistant for physically challenged persons using the Internet of Things. The system would provide an intelligent wheelchair with accident and fall detection, live tracking via GPS, and an emergency alert button. It aims to increase independence and safety for disabled users. The wheelchair would detect if the user falls using an accelerometer sensor and notify caregivers or emergency services. It would also allow caregivers to view the wheelchair's real-time location through a mobile app. The system aims to reduce accidents and response times to help physically challenged people.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Automated Wheel ChairIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an automated wheelchair. The wheelchair is designed to help disabled individuals gain mobility. It uses various sensors and a microcontroller to detect obstacles and navigate automatically. The wheelchair can be controlled via a joystick or gestures. It has an ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles and a GPS module to track its location. When an object is detected, the wheelchair turns right, moves forward a short distance, and stops to avoid collisions. The LCD display provides information like location coordinates and movement directions to the user. The goal is to develop a smart wheelchair that can be safely operated with minimal user input.
The document describes an automated innovative wheelchair that is controlled by the neck position of the user. It uses infrared LEDs and photosensors to detect neck movement and generate control signals. The signals are encoded and transmitted to a receiver section that controls the wheelchair motors. This system allows quadriplegic patients and others unable to use their hands or voice to control a wheelchair through simple neck movements. It provides an affordable alternative to existing wheelchairs controlled by joysticks, eye tracking, voice, or other methods.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
El Archivo General de la Nación lidera el programa de transferencias documentales de archivos públicos para garantizar el acceso a la información y evitar la producción irracional de documentos. Los documentos se transfieren de los archivos de gestión a los centrales y luego a los históricos de acuerdo a su valor y frecuencia de consulta, siguiendo procesos de limpieza, foliación, empaque y embalaje.
General Programas De Estudio Jr 1009 IquiqueWaxu Ku
Este documento presenta un resumen de los principales aspectos de los nuevos Programas de Estudio para la entrada en vigencia del Marco Curricular ajustado. Explica que los programas tienen como propósito organizar didácticamente el año escolar para lograr los objetivos fundamentales definidos en el marco curricular. También describe las principales características e innovaciones introducidas en los nuevos programas, como una estructura organizada en semestres y unidades con aprendizajes esperados, ejemplos de experiencias de aprendizaje y tareas de evaluación. Finalmente,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET - Wheelchair Control using Eye-MotionIRJET Journal
This document describes a system for controlling a wheelchair using eye motion detection. A camera is used to track the user's eye movement and send control signals to the wheelchair based on whether the user is looking left, right, or forward. An ultrasonic sensor is also included for obstacle detection to stop the wheelchair if an obstruction is sensed.
The document describes an eye movement controlled powered wheelchair for people with physical disabilities. It uses an optical eye tracking system to detect eye movements and translate them to commands to control the wheelchair's movement and direction. Sensors are also included for obstacle detection. The system aims to provide an alternative mobility option for those unable to use traditional interfaces. It consists of a wireless camera, computer for processing eye images, microcontrollers to transmit commands and control motors, and motors attached to the wheelchair. Eye movements are detected using computer vision algorithms and translated to forward, left, or right motions. Additional safety features like obstacle detection and a manual joystick mode are included. The wheelchair aims to improve mobility for quadriplegics and others through a non-invasive
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document presents a novel technique for an eye-controlled electric wheelchair system. The system uses a camera mounted on a helmet to capture the user's face and track eyeball movements in real-time. Eye movements are used to control the wheelchair's direction and movement without needing physical assistance. The system was implemented using a Raspberry Pi board to control all functions. An ultrasonic sensor was also mounted on the wheelchair for obstacle detection. The results showed the system could successfully execute commands based on eye movements within 4 seconds of real-time video processing.
The document describes an eye-tracking wheelchair designed for paralyzed or motor disabled patients. The wheelchair uses an optical eye tracking system to track the user's eye movements and direct the wheelchair accordingly without physical contact. When the user looks left, right, or straight, the wheelchair will move in that direction. An Arduino microcontroller interfaces with the camera and motors to process images of the user's pupil position and control the wheelchair's movement. The system aims to provide independent mobility to those with physical disabilities.
It consisting Mobile app, Arduino, Bluetooth Receiver module, L293D ic etc. The movement of robot is controlled by the voice which catch by the microphone inside the mobile.
Eye Monitored wheel Chair by using Matlab Prasanna Kumar
This document describes an eye monitored wheelchair controlled by head movements. A webcam is used to capture the user's eye movements which are processed using MATLAB to detect the direction of movement. MATLAB sends signals corresponding to the eye movements to a microcontroller over serial communication. The microcontroller controls DC motors through an motor driver IC to move the wheelchair in the desired direction based on the eye movement signals. The project aims to help quadriplegic people by enabling them to control a wheelchair using their ability to move their head and eyes.
IRJET- Smart Wheelchair with Object Detection using Deep LearningIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a smart wheelchair that can detect objects and be controlled through eye movement detection using deep learning. The wheelchair is intended to help disabled people with limited mobility. A camera is mounted on the wheelchair to capture the user's eye movements. Computer vision and deep learning techniques are used to analyze the eye images and detect the movement direction. Arduino then sends control signals to motors to move the wheelchair in the intended direction. Ultrasonic sensors are also used to detect any obstacles and avoid collisions while moving. The system aims to provide independent and obstacle-free mobility through a user-friendly eye-based interface without requiring physical strength.
Automation of Wheelchair Using Iris Movementijceronline
We Generate The Digital Data. Then This Digital Data Is Sent To The Psoc Microcontroller For The Further Processing. We Have Also Provided The Provision For Obstacle Detection By Using Ir Sensor. It Will Help Us To Stop The Chair At Predefined Distance After Sensing The Obstacle. We Have To Recognize The Iris Movement And Move The Chair According To The Location Of Iris In Left, Right, Forward And To Stop The Chair.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document describes a head movement controlled wheelchair that was developed by students to help people with limited mobility. The wheelchair can be controlled through tilt movements of the user's head, allowing paraplegics and quadriplegics to navigate using only head motions. Sensors are able to detect the head tilts and send signals to motors that drive the wheelchair in the corresponding directions. This provides an alternative control method that is easier to use than traditional wheelchairs for those with mobility impairments affecting their limbs. The system was tested successfully through computer simulations.
This document describes an eye-controlled wheelchair that allows quadriplegic users to move independently. A webcam detects eye movements using MATLAB software and sends signals to a microcontroller. The microcontroller then drives motors to move the wheelchair left, right or straight. Key aspects include using eye detection algorithms to determine direction, an ATMega32A microcontroller to control motors based on eye signals, and safety features like speed control and blink detection to halt movement. The system aims to improve mobility for quadriplegic individuals but requires further refinement for commercial use, such as improving movement detection during casual eye movements.
IRJET- An Ameliorated Methodology of Smart Assistant to Physically Challenged...IRJET Journal
This document presents a proposed system for an improved smart assistant for physically challenged persons using the Internet of Things. The system would provide an intelligent wheelchair with accident and fall detection, live tracking via GPS, and an emergency alert button. It aims to increase independence and safety for disabled users. The wheelchair would detect if the user falls using an accelerometer sensor and notify caregivers or emergency services. It would also allow caregivers to view the wheelchair's real-time location through a mobile app. The system aims to reduce accidents and response times to help physically challenged people.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Automated Wheel ChairIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an automated wheelchair. The wheelchair is designed to help disabled individuals gain mobility. It uses various sensors and a microcontroller to detect obstacles and navigate automatically. The wheelchair can be controlled via a joystick or gestures. It has an ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles and a GPS module to track its location. When an object is detected, the wheelchair turns right, moves forward a short distance, and stops to avoid collisions. The LCD display provides information like location coordinates and movement directions to the user. The goal is to develop a smart wheelchair that can be safely operated with minimal user input.
The document describes an automated innovative wheelchair that is controlled by the neck position of the user. It uses infrared LEDs and photosensors to detect neck movement and generate control signals. The signals are encoded and transmitted to a receiver section that controls the wheelchair motors. This system allows quadriplegic patients and others unable to use their hands or voice to control a wheelchair through simple neck movements. It provides an affordable alternative to existing wheelchairs controlled by joysticks, eye tracking, voice, or other methods.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
El Archivo General de la Nación lidera el programa de transferencias documentales de archivos públicos para garantizar el acceso a la información y evitar la producción irracional de documentos. Los documentos se transfieren de los archivos de gestión a los centrales y luego a los históricos de acuerdo a su valor y frecuencia de consulta, siguiendo procesos de limpieza, foliación, empaque y embalaje.
General Programas De Estudio Jr 1009 IquiqueWaxu Ku
Este documento presenta un resumen de los principales aspectos de los nuevos Programas de Estudio para la entrada en vigencia del Marco Curricular ajustado. Explica que los programas tienen como propósito organizar didácticamente el año escolar para lograr los objetivos fundamentales definidos en el marco curricular. También describe las principales características e innovaciones introducidas en los nuevos programas, como una estructura organizada en semestres y unidades con aprendizajes esperados, ejemplos de experiencias de aprendizaje y tareas de evaluación. Finalmente,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Este documento presenta diferentes técnicas de estudio para mejorar la memoria, incluyendo la nemotecnia, el método de la palabra-pinza que asocia palabras con números para recordar información, el método del relato que crea una historia con los elementos, y el método de las iniciales que forma una palabra con las primeras sílabas de una lista.
Un restaurante submarino en Israel ofrece una experiencia única para comer a 6 metros de profundidad en el Mar Rojo, con grandes ventanales que permiten ver el paisaje de corales. El restaurante se encuentra instalado en medio de un jardín de corales a 90 metros de la costa en la Bahía de Eilat.
Este documento discute como organizar uma história em três partes: início, meio e fim. Ele destaca a importância de colocar os eventos em ordem para que o leitor ou ouvinte compreenda claramente a narrativa. O público-alvo são alunos da Educação Infantil.
Los estudiantes del Instituto D'Amicis en Puebla, México ofrecieron tacos dorados como almuerzo para darle la bienvenida a la profesora María Cristina Alcarraz de Villa Constitución, Argentina. Todos disfrutaron de los tacos preparados con papa y acompañados de naranjada. Ahora, la profesora María Cristina les enseñará a los estudiantes cómo preparar las famosas "Tortas Fritas" de Argentina.
O documento descreve os principais tipos de solo encontrados no Brasil, incluindo solo argiloso, arenoso, humoso e calcário, e destaca suas características e onde são mais comuns. Também discute a importância da conservação do solo e algumas medidas para preservá-lo.
This document summarizes the simulation of a brushless DC motor (BLDC) fed by two types of multilevel inverters - a five-level diode clamped inverter and a five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter. It first describes the operating principles and switching techniques of the two inverter topologies. It then presents the modeling of the BLDC motor. Simulation results are shown for the firing pulses, line voltages, stator currents, back EMF, speed, torque, etc. of the BLDC motor when powered by each inverter configuration. The performance of the motor fed by the two multilevel inverters is compared.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EYE SCRUTINIZED WHEEL CHAIR FOR PEOPLE AFFECTED WITH TETRAPLEGIAijcseit
Nowadays the requirement for developing a wheel chair control which is useful for the physically disabled
person with Tetraplegia. This system involves the control of the wheel chair with the eye moment of the
affected person. Statistics suggest that there are 230,000 cases of Tetraplegia in India. Our system here is
to develop a wheelchair which make the lives of these people easier and instigate confidence to live in
them. We know that a person who is affected by Tetraplegia can move their eyes alone to a certain extent
which paves the idea for the development of our system. Here we have proposed the method for a device
where a patient placed on the wheel chair looking in a straight line at the camera which is permanently
fixed in the optics, is capable to move in a track by gazing in that way. When we change the direction, the
camera signals are given using the mat lab script to the microcontroller. Depends on the path of the eye,
the microcontroller controls the wheel chair in all direction and stops the movement. If there is any
obstacle to be found before the wheel chair the sensor mind that and it stop and move in right direction
immediately. The benefit of this system is too easily travel anywhere in any direction which is handled by
physically disabled person with Tetraplegia.
EYE SCRUTINIZED WHEEL CHAIR FOR PEOPLE AFFECTED WITH TETRAPLEGIAijcseit
Nowadays the requirement for developing a wheel chair control which is useful for the physically disabled
person with Tetraplegia. This system involves the control of the wheel chair with the eye moment of the
affected person. Statistics suggest that there are 230,000 cases of Tetraplegia in India. Our system here is
to develop a wheelchair which make the lives of these people easier and instigate confidence to live in
them. We know that a person who is affected by Tetraplegia can move their eyes alone to a certain extent
which paves the idea for the development of our system. Here we have proposed the method for a device
where a patient placed on the wheel chair looking in a straight line at the camera which is permanently
fixed in the optics, is capable to move in a track by gazing in that way. When we change the direction, the
camera signals are given using the mat lab script to the microcontroller. Depends on the path of the eye,
the microcontroller controls the wheel chair in all direction and stops the movement. If there is any
obstacle to be found before the wheel chair the sensor mind that and it stop and move in right direction
immediately. The benefit of this system is too easily travel anywhere in any direction which is handled by
physically disabled person with Tetraplegia.
Design and Development of Smart Wheelchair for Physically Disable peopleIRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed system to control a wheelchair using eye movements. Key points:
1. The system uses a camera mounted on the wheelchair to capture images of the user's eyes.
2. Eye movement detection software analyzes the images to determine gaze direction and sends commands to an Arduino board.
3. The Arduino board controls motors that move the wheelchair in the direction corresponding to the user's eye gaze, allowing quadriplegic users to navigate independently.
EYE SCRUTINIZED WHEEL CHAIR FOR PEOPLE AFFECTED WITH TETRAPLEGIAijcseit
Nowadays the requirement for developing a wheel chair control which is useful for the physically disabled person with Tetraplegia. This system involves the control of the wheel chair with the eye moment of the affected person. Statistics suggest that there are 230,000 cases of Tetraplegia in India. Our system here is to develop a wheelchair which make the lives of these people easier and instigate confidence to live in them. We know that a person who is affected by Tetraplegia can move their eyes alone to a certain extent which paves the idea for the development of our system. Here we have proposed the method for a device where a patient placed on the wheel chair looking in a straight line at the camera which is permanently fixed in the optics, is capable to move in a track by gazing in that way. When we change the direction, the camera signals are given using the mat lab script to the microcontroller. Depends on the path of the eye, the microcontroller controls the wheel chair in all direction and stops the movement. If there is any obstacle to be found before the wheel chair the sensor mind that and it stop and move in right direction
immediately. The benefit of this system is too easily travel anywhere in any direction which is handled by physically disabled person with Tetraplegia.
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a voice-controlled reclining wheelchair. The wheelchair is designed to give physically handicapped individuals more independence and freedom of mobility. It uses a voice recognition module and microcontroller to allow users to control the wheelchair's movement and reclining position using voice commands. Servomotors and actuators enable the reclining functionality, allowing the chair to fully recline like a bed. The goal is to create an affordable assistive device that improves users' quality of life. The researchers describe the device's components, operation, advantages, and conclude it can help reduce caregivers' workload while enhancing disabled individuals' autonomy.
Multi-faceted Wheelchair control InterfaceIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a proposed multi-faceted wheelchair control interface that allows users to control a wheelchair through both a touchscreen and voice commands.
2) It aims to provide elderly and disabled individuals with greater independence and mobility by making wheelchair control more user-friendly.
3) The proposed system uses speech recognition and a mobile application to allow users to locate the wheelchair and give it voice commands to navigate toward the user or move in different directions.
This document describes an automated gesture-based wireless wheelchair control system using an accelerometer. The system uses an accelerometer sensor to detect hand gestures which are converted to electrical signals and transmitted wirelessly. The receiver then converts the signals and uses them to control a wheelchair's movement and direction. The system was developed to help paralyzed people move independently using hand gestures to tilt the wheelchair forward, backward, left, right, or stop. It allows for movement over 200 yards and detects obstacles using an ultrasonic sensor.
EYE MOVEMENT OR HAND GESTURE BASED WHEELCHAIR CONTROL USING ACCELEROMETER AND...IRJET Journal
- The document describes a proposed system to control a wheelchair using eye movement or hand gestures for people with paralysis or disabilities like ALS.
- The system uses a Raspberry Pi connected to a Pi camera and accelerometer to detect eye movements or hand gestures. Eye movements or hand gestures are used as inputs to control motors and move the wheelchair in different directions.
- The goal is to allow paralyzed people to move independently without relying on others for mobility by using the only muscles they can control - their eyes or hand gestures if partially paralyzed.
IRJET- Advanced Voice Operating Wheelchair using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed design for an advanced voice-operated wheelchair using Arduino. It begins with an abstract that outlines using voice recognition to help quadriplegics control an electric wheelchair. It then reviews related literature on voice-controlled wheelchairs. The document presents the problem that some wheelchair users have difficulty using standard joystick controls. It proposes a model using Arduino, a voice recognition module, motors, and other components. Finally, it explains the methodology and working process, where voice commands are recognized and used to send signals controlling the wheelchair motors and motion.
Modeling and Manufacturing of Powered vehicle for physically challenged peopleIJMER
This vehicle is suitable for physically challenged or disabled people. I proposed complete
customized solutions for physically challenged drivers and patents also. This proposed vehicle
successfully dealing with electric and Hybrid vehicle Conversions. In the market they are so many
vehicles are designed for physically challenged peoples but my proposed system is a luxurious vehicle.
Luxurious means vehicle which is automotive electrical vehicle and provide good hospitality to PCP’s.
Vehicle conversion products which enable the person to drive a vehicle with the help of his/her hands or
using only one limb. With a disability, it can be very difficult to drive. Hand controls can make this much
easier with more control and faster response times. Vehicle hand controls are suitable for almost any
make and model car on the road today.
Smart Wheelchair with Trolley for Elderly PeopleIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart wheelchair with a trolley system controlled by hand gestures for elderly and disabled people. The system uses an accelerometer sensor in a wearable gesture belt to detect hand movements and send signals wirelessly to control motors that move the wheelchair in different directions, such as forward, backward, left, and right. A trolley is also attached to allow disabled users to move items with them independently. The goal is to improve mobility and independence for disabled individuals through an affordable gesture-controlled wheelchair and trolley system.
This document summarizes a research paper on a smart eye-tracking system designed to help people with disabilities and elderly people control appliances, a wheelchair, and communicate with caretakers. The system uses eye movement and blinks tracked by a webcam to control a cursor on a Raspberry Pi screen. Eye position moves the cursor in four directions, while blinks enter commands. The system includes modules to control appliances via relays, move a wheelchair joystick with servos, and send SMS messages. Experimental results showed the system could successfully control appliances, navigate a wheelchair in 2D, and send messages. The research aims to improve quality of life for people unable to use typical joystick controls.
This document describes an eye gaze tracking system to control a wheelchair for physically disabled people. The system uses a head-mounted camera to detect eye movements which are processed using MATLAB to determine gaze direction. The gaze direction is then used to send control signals to a motor driving circuit that moves the wheelchair forward, backward, left or right based on the person's eye movements. The system was developed to help people who have lost mobility due to diseases or accidents to control a wheelchair and perform daily activities independently through eye movements.
IRJET- Smart Assistive Device for Visually ImpairedIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a smart assistive device for visually impaired individuals. The device uses an ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles and provide haptic or audio feedback to warn the user of obstacles in their path. It is powered by a lithium ion battery and processed using an Arduino microcontroller. Testing showed that visually impaired individuals could use the device to safely navigate an environment and avoid collisions with obstacles. The device aims to improve independence and mobility for the visually impaired.
The document proposes an eye gaze-based electric wheelchair control system (EBEWC) that is controlled solely by human eyes. It aims to allow disabled individuals to safely and easily control a wheelchair independently. The system uses a laptop camera to track eye movements and detect the pupil location in order to select numbers, functions, and commands on a GUI to control the wheelchair. It aims to be robust against factors like different users, illumination changes, movement, and vibration. The design flow involves using OpenCV for image analysis tasks like face detection and eye pupil position computation to determine eye gaze direction and select commands to control the wheelchair via a microcontroller.
L.E.D (LifeFone for Elderly and Disabled)IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed device called L.E.D (LifeFone for Elderly and Disabled) that combines a fall detection system and hand gesture controlled wheelchair. The fall detection system uses an accelerometer and gyroscope sensor to detect falls and sends an SMS notification. The hand gesture wheelchair is controlled using hand motions detected by sensors and an Arduino microcontroller directs the wheelchair movement. The combined device aims to help elderly and disabled individuals with daily mobility and safety by allowing wheelchair control and alerting caregivers to falls.
Low Cost Self-assistive Voice Controlled Technology for Disabled PeopleIJMER
The document describes a proposed voice-controlled wheelchair and home automation system for disabled individuals. The system uses a microcontroller connected to a voice recognition module to recognize spoken commands. The commands control the motion of an electric wheelchair and operation of home appliances like lights. The system was tested for accuracy of wheelchair motion and home appliance control in response to voice commands, achieving 80% accuracy in a silent environment. The goal is to allow disabled people to control a wheelchair and home devices independently using only their voice.
This document describes a smart wheelchair prototype that was developed to help people with disabilities have more independence and mobility. The wheelchair can be controlled through a smart phone interface using touch inputs, hand gestures detected by the phone's sensors, or voice commands. It can also be controlled automatically through a connected computer to navigate preset routes. The wheelchair prototype aims to accommodate people with different types and severities of paralysis or disabilities through its multiple operation modes and adjustable seating positions. It was designed with a focus on low cost, ease of use, and overcoming obstacles that typical wheelchairs cannot handle.
Iot operated wheel chair / smart wheelchair YOGEESH M
This document describes a project to create an IOT operated wheelchair that can be controlled through hand gestures using an accelerometer sensor. The wheelchair is intended to help elderly and physically disabled users navigate inside their home independently. It uses a Raspberry Pi microcontroller along with sensors like an IR sensor for obstacle detection and a camera for live video streaming. The wheelchair's motion in four directions is controlled by tilting the hand in those directions which is detected by the accelerometer sensor. This provides independent mobility assistance without requiring another person's help.
IRJET- Design and Construction of Electric Drive -A Smart System for Disabled...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and construction of an electric wheelchair with multiple control systems and therapy facilities. The wheelchair can be controlled through a joystick, voice commands using an Android app, or obstacle detection sensors. It also includes several therapy features like arm exercises, vibration pads, and heating/cooling elements. The goal is to provide various mobility and therapy options in a single affordable wheelchair to help disabled users live more independently.
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W04507129134
1. Colleen Nelson et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 7), May 2014, pp.129-134
www.ijera.com 129 | P a g e
Robotic Wheelchair Using Eye Blink Sensors and Accelerometer
Provided with Home Appliance Control
Colleen Nelson*, Nikitha S Badas*, Saritha I G**, Thejaswini S**
*Student, Department of Telecommunication, BMS Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India
** Assistant Professor, Department of Telecommunication, BMS Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India
ABSTRACT
According to a new report prepared jointly by the World Health Organization and the World Bank, 15 percent of
the world‘s population is disabled. The use of powered wheelchairs with high navigational intelligence is one of
the great steps towards the integration of severely physically disabled and mentally handicapped people. Driving
a wheelchair is a tedious task for severely handicapped persons, unless they use the tongue to control the
joystick. Simultaneously blind and paraplegic people deal with two problems, which creates uneasy situation for
them, i.e locomotion and localization. Different systems are being developed to overcome the problems
described above, allowing the end-user to perform safe movements and accomplish some daily life important
tasks. Our Robotic wheelchair uses eye blink and head tilt movement to steer the wheelchair. In addition, we can
give more independence to the disabled person by using the same head-tilt movement to communicate with the
devices in a room for example: a fan. This communication is done using a RF transmitter and receiver. Using
this, the person can control various devices easily.
Keywords - Accelerometer, Eye Blink Sensor, Handicapped, Microcontroller, Paraplegic
I. INTRODUCTION
Wheelchairs were designed with the idea to
help handicapped people to move around and
accomplish daily life tasks, but what use would it be
if the person is severely handicapped? Many smart
wheelchairs have been designed and with more and
more advances in technologies newer and smarter
wheelchairs are coming into the market to help the
severely handicapped persons. Our wheelchair is
also an attempt to make use of simple and easy
movements of the eye and head to start, stop and
move the wheelchair. In addition we also connect the
various devise in a room to the wheelchair and
communicate with it through a RF module.
In section 2 we are briefing out the literature
survey of the work done on wheel chairs. In section 3
we have described the implementation of our model
of the wheelchair, in section 4 has advantages and
disadvantages of this design, section 5 gives the
result of our project.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
There were many pervious works carried out
on Smart Wheelchairs. These are a few of them
which helped us get ideas for our current prototype.
In [1] they present a model that in which the
users can command the wheelchair based on their eye
movements, eye blinks, head movements, by sip-and
puff and through brain signals. It also is provided
with an easy to use and flexible graphical user
interface on board a personal digital assistant, which
is used to allow users to choose commands to be sent
to the robotic wheelchair. Several experiments were
carried out with people with disabilities, and the
results validate the developed system as an assistive
tool for people with distinct levels of disability.
In [2] they propose a new algorithm, the
coherence algorithm, for eye movement tracking.
Researchers continue to restore some functions lost
by handicapped people using some powered
electrical and robotic wheelchairs. This paper
presents an application of eye tracking method to
such wheelchairs. The coherence algorithm tracks the
movement of eye towards left or right. The eye
blinking feature is also used by the algorithm to
control the starting and stopping of wheelchair.
Drawback: Eye blink is an involuntary action and if
we try controlling the start and stop motion of the
wheelchair through it will be difficult. Eye motion is
difficult to control at times and becomes difficult to
give directions to the wheelchair.
In [3] they present an interface that uses two
different sensing techniques and combines both
results through a fusion process to obtain the
minimum-variance estimator of the orientation of the
user's head. Sensing techniques of the interface are
based on an inertial sensor and artificial vision. The
orientation of the user's head is used to steer the
navigation of a robotic wheelchair. Also, a control
algorithm for assistive technology system is
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Colleen Nelson et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 7), May 2014, pp.129-134
www.ijera.com 130 | P a g e
presented. The system is evaluated by four
individuals with severe motors disability and a
quantitative index was developed, in order to
objectively evaluate the performance. The results
obtained are promising since most users could
perform the proposed tasks with the robotic
wheelchair.
In [4] they paper describes a wheelchair for
physically disabled people developed within the
UMIDAM I Project. A dependent-user recognition
voice system and ultrasonic and infrared sensor
systems has been integrated in this wheelchair. In this
way we have obtained a wheelchair which can be
driven with using voice commands and with the
possibility of avoiding obstacles and downstairs or
hole detection. The wheelchair has also been
developed to allow autonomous driving (for example,
following walls).
In [5] they describe a comprehensive system
for remote control of closely localized electric
appliances. Our system enhances the interaction
possibilities of people with reduced mobility in a
twofold fashion: firstly, it enables the interaction with
dumb appliances, for instance any standard electrical
appliance; secondly, it supports two different
interaction modalities suitable for people with
movement impairments.
Using the ideas listed in the survey we
developed a wheel chair for tetraplegia patients with
the following objectives
1. To provide independence and mobility to a
handicapped.
2. Eye blink sensors are used to provide
mobility to the wheelchair.
3. Head tilting movement is used to give
directions to the wheelchair.
4. RF remote control is used to connect various
devices in the room to the wheelchair.
III. IMPLEMENTATION
A) Motors and Motor Driver
The prototype chair is implemented with a small
chair and we use 60rpm motors to move the chair.
12V rechargeable battery is used to run the motors.
The truth table of the motors and the wheels are
shown below
Input One Input Two Output
0 1 Forward
1 0 Backward
1 1 Stop
0 0 Stop
Table1: Truth Table Representing the Working of the
Motor
We have connected 2 wheels together and each is
controlled simultaneously, the truth table becomes as
shown in table2
Table2: Truth Table for Controlling Two Wheels
Simultaneously
B) Microcontroller
A microcontroller is an ‗all in one' processor, the
processor, RAM, ROM, IO all on the one chip.
Microcontroller is specific purpose device.
P89v51RD2BN - is the microcontroller being used. It
has an 8051 CPU and belongs to the same series. It is
an 8-bit processor and has 40 pins. Microcontroller is
used to control the device. The rest of the modules as
shown in the block diagram are controlled by the
microcontroller.
Motor 1 Motor 2 Direction
Input 1 Input 2 Input 1 Input 2
0 1 0 1 Forward
1 0 1 0 Reverse
0 1 0 1 Right
1 0 0 1 Left
3. Colleen Nelson et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 7), May 2014, pp.129-134
www.ijera.com 131 | P a g e
Fig1: General Block Diagram of Wheelchair Control
Fig2: General Block Diagram for Home Appliance
Control
The wheelchair can be operated in two modes:
Wheelchair control mode
Home appliance control mode
The switching between the two modes is done
using a toggle switch provided at the back of the
head.
The eye blink sensor and accelerometer are
programmed to control the movement of the
wheelchair in wheelchair control mode and home
appliances in home appliance control mode.
C) Eye blink Sensor
The wheel chair can be started and stopped by
the eye blink movements. Eye blink sensor senses
whether eye is open or closed. The eye-blink sensor
works by illuminating the eye and/or eyelid area with
infrared light and then monitoring the changes in the
reflected light using a phototransistor and
differentiator circuit.
5V (High) → LED ON When Eye is close.
0V (Low) → LED OFF when Eye is open.
We program the number of blinks required to start
and stop the wheelchair.
For demo purposes in our prototype model we
use IR002 sensor which is essentially an IR sensor.
Fig3: Flowchart Representing the Working of the Eye
Blink Sensor
There are 2 states for the wheelchair State
1(Run) and State 2(Stop), if the wheelchair is in State
0 and the eye is blinked 5 times or more it starts and
moves to State 1. Similarly if the wheelchair is in
State 1 and the eye is blinked 5 times or more it
moves to State 0 and stops.
D) Accelerometer and ADC
The wheelchair is being directionally controlled
through the head tilt activating a programmed
accelerometer type head switch. [6]Accelerometers
are devices that measure acceleration, which is the
rate of change of the velocity of an object. They
measure in meters per second squared (m/s2
) or in G-
forces (g). A single G-force for us here on planet
Earth is equivalent to 9.8 m/s2
, but this does vary
slightly with elevation (and will be a different value
on different planets due to variations in gravitational
pull). Accelerometers are useful for sensing
vibrations in systems or for orientation applications.
The output of an Accelerometer IC is in terms of
variable voltage linear to the acceleration or the tilt
angle. The output of the accelerometer is in analog
mode and the microcontroller uses digital signals and
hence we need to use an ADC.it our system we use a
4. Colleen Nelson et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 7), May 2014, pp.129-134
www.ijera.com 132 | P a g e
multichannel ADC since we use 2 axes if the
accelerometer.
3 Axis Acceleration Sensor Board used is
ADXL3XX from Analog devices and the ADC used
is the ADC0809
Fig4: Flowchart Representing the Working of the
Accelerometer
We make use of any 2 sensors out of the 8
sensors available. If the values of the accelerometer
reading exceeds a certain limits it performs the
assigned functions as shown in the flowchart.
E) Home Appliance Control
In addition, we are trying to give more
independence to the handicapped person by using the
same head-tilt movements to control home
appliances. This communication is done using a RF
Transmitter/Receiver. Using this disabled person can
control various devices easily.
i. Relay and RF Module:
A relay is a simple electromechanical
switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of
contacts. Relays are used where it is necessary to
control a circuit by a low-power signal (with
complete electrical isolation between control and
controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. In our wheelchair we use a
single pole 12V relay (VRS4H-S-DC12V-C). It has 2
wires connected to its ends, one is given directly to
supply and the other if high switches on the device
and if low turns off the device.
RF module comprises of a transmitter and a
receiver. It operates at a frequency of 434MHz. RF
transmitter receives serial data and transmits it
wirelessly through RF through its antenna. The
transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.
The RF module is often used along with a pair of
encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for encoding
parallel data for transmission feed while reception is
decoded by a decoder.
Fig 5: Flowchart at the Transmitter
Fig 6: Flowchart at the Receiver
5. Colleen Nelson et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 7), May 2014, pp.129-134
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F) Obstacle Sensor
The obstacle sensor is placed at the bottom
of the wheelchair. It is used to stop the wheelchair in
case there is an obstacle and the eye blink sensor
fails. The obstacle sensor stops the wheelchair
completely and it must be reset to operate again. IR
002 sensor is used for this purpose.
Fig 7: Flowchart Representing the Working of
the Obstacle Sensor
G) Keil C Compiler and Flash Magic Burner
We are using the Keil C Complier software
to program the microcontroller in Embedded C
codes.[7] The Keil C51 C Compiler for the 8051
microcontroller is the most popular 8051 C compiler
in the world. It provides more features than any other
8051 C compiler available today. The C51 Compiler
allows you to write 8051 microcontroller applications
in C that, once compiled, have the efficiency and
speed of assembly language. Language extensions in
the C51 Compiler give you full access to all
resources of the 8051.
Flash Magic Burner is an application for
programming microcontrollers. The program will
automatically verify the chip after the Hex file is
loaded to it.
IV. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
1. User Friendly
2. Helpful for the paralysis stroke people
who don‘t have much stamina in the hands.
3. Reduces the human activity.
4. Reduces the physical strain.
5. Spontaneous output.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Expensive
V. RESULTS
The wheelchair that is controlled by Eye
Blink Sensor and the Accelerometer is successfully
designed. We are also able to control the various
devices in the room from the wheelchair itself using
the Accelerometer.
Fig 8: Steering of the wheelchair using the
accelerometer
Fig 9: Working of the devices attached to
the wheelchair
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper presents the model of a
wheelchair that is controlled using eye blink sensors
and accelerometer. Eye blink sensor is used to control
the start and stop motion of the wheelchair. The
6. Colleen Nelson et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 7), May 2014, pp.129-134
www.ijera.com 134 | P a g e
accelerometer is controlled by the head tilt motion
and is used to steer the wheelchair. Along with
making the movement and control of the wheelchair
easy for a handicapped person we also try to give
more independence to these people by provided a
way to communicate with the various devices in the
room again using head tilt motion and through a RF
transmitter receiver.
We have only made use of eye blink and head tilt
movements, various other activities of the face like
sip and puff can also be used to command the
wheelchair. We could use other devices like the
Bluetooth, Zigbee to communicate with the various
devices in the room.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank everyone at BMS
Institute of Technology for their help and support in
successfully carrying out and completing this project.
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[7.] http://www.keil.com/c51/c51.asp
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[14.] https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/accelero
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