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Phase change materials or PCMs are compounds which store and release latent heat by changing chemical bonds through a phase alteration. These materials absorb energy during the heating and release energy to the surroundings through a reverse cooling process. The integration of PCM in textiles by coating, encapsulation or any other means has grown concentration to the scientist. In this paper; characteristics, classification, working principle of PCMs and its versatile application in textiles are mainly discussed.
Introduction to Phase Change Materials #PSBPcomfortSu Butcher
Presentation by Ian Biggin – Director, Phase Energy Limited
More information: https://storify.com/subutcher/cost-effective-thermal-comfortsolutions-for-the-p
Packed Bed Reactor for Catalytic Cracking of Plasma Pyrolyzed Gasijsrd.com
Packed bed reactors play vital role in chemical industries for obtaining valuable product, like steam reforming of natural gas, ammonia synthesis, sulphuric acid production, methanol synthesis, methanol oxidation, butadiene production, styrene production. It is not only used for production but also used in separation process like adsorption, distillation and stripping section. Packed bed reactors are work horse of the chemical and petroleum industries. Its low cost, and simplicity makes it first choice to any chemical processes. In our experimental work vacuum residue is used as a feed which is pyrolyzed in the primary chamber with the help of plasma into hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases which is feed stream to the Ni catalyst containing packed bed reactor called catalytic cracker. Ni loading in the catalyst about 70 % is used to crack or decompose lower molecular hydrocarbon in to hydrogen to maximize the energy content per mass flow of gas steam and also to minimize the carbon dioxide equivalent gases at outlet of the reactor. Since cracking is surface phenomena so the catalyst play important role in designing of reactor shape. Parallel Catalytic packed bed with regeneration and deactivation can be used for commercial production of clean fuel.
Phase change materials or PCMs are compounds which store and release latent heat by changing chemical bonds through a phase alteration. These materials absorb energy during the heating and release energy to the surroundings through a reverse cooling process. The integration of PCM in textiles by coating, encapsulation or any other means has grown concentration to the scientist. In this paper; characteristics, classification, working principle of PCMs and its versatile application in textiles are mainly discussed.
Introduction to Phase Change Materials #PSBPcomfortSu Butcher
Presentation by Ian Biggin – Director, Phase Energy Limited
More information: https://storify.com/subutcher/cost-effective-thermal-comfortsolutions-for-the-p
Packed Bed Reactor for Catalytic Cracking of Plasma Pyrolyzed Gasijsrd.com
Packed bed reactors play vital role in chemical industries for obtaining valuable product, like steam reforming of natural gas, ammonia synthesis, sulphuric acid production, methanol synthesis, methanol oxidation, butadiene production, styrene production. It is not only used for production but also used in separation process like adsorption, distillation and stripping section. Packed bed reactors are work horse of the chemical and petroleum industries. Its low cost, and simplicity makes it first choice to any chemical processes. In our experimental work vacuum residue is used as a feed which is pyrolyzed in the primary chamber with the help of plasma into hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases which is feed stream to the Ni catalyst containing packed bed reactor called catalytic cracker. Ni loading in the catalyst about 70 % is used to crack or decompose lower molecular hydrocarbon in to hydrogen to maximize the energy content per mass flow of gas steam and also to minimize the carbon dioxide equivalent gases at outlet of the reactor. Since cracking is surface phenomena so the catalyst play important role in designing of reactor shape. Parallel Catalytic packed bed with regeneration and deactivation can be used for commercial production of clean fuel.
Leveraging New Refrigerant Technologies: Phase Change Materials in Cold Chain...Cryopak
The purpose of a temperature controlled package is to maintain an interior thermal environment sufficient to meet the product’s temperature requirements.
Refrigerant packs in combination with insulated containers make up the bulk of temperature controlled packages.
The most commonly employed refrigerant material is water often with some additives to alter its properties.
A phase change material (PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which, melting and solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy. Heat is absorbed or released when the material changes from solid to liquid and vice versa; thus, PCMs are classified as latent heat storage (LHS) units.
Thermal testing, thermo mechanical and dynamic mechanical analysis & chem...Dr.S.Thirumalvalavan
Unit-V: THERMAL TESTING, THERMO-MECHANICAL AND DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS & CHEMICAL TESTING [OTHER TESTING].
Subject Name: OML751 Testing of Materials
Topics: Thermal Testing: Differential scanning calorimetry, Differential thermal analysis. Thermo-mechanical and Dynamic mechanical analysis: Principles, Advantages, Applications. Chemical Testing: X-Ray Fluorescence, Elemental Analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Plasma-Mass Spectrometry.
B.E. Mechanical Engineering
Final Year, VII Semester, Open Elective Subject
[As per Anna University R-2017]
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Leveraging New Refrigerant Technologies: Phase Change Materials in Cold Chain...Cryopak
The purpose of a temperature controlled package is to maintain an interior thermal environment sufficient to meet the product’s temperature requirements.
Refrigerant packs in combination with insulated containers make up the bulk of temperature controlled packages.
The most commonly employed refrigerant material is water often with some additives to alter its properties.
A phase change material (PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which, melting and solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy. Heat is absorbed or released when the material changes from solid to liquid and vice versa; thus, PCMs are classified as latent heat storage (LHS) units.
Thermal testing, thermo mechanical and dynamic mechanical analysis & chem...Dr.S.Thirumalvalavan
Unit-V: THERMAL TESTING, THERMO-MECHANICAL AND DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS & CHEMICAL TESTING [OTHER TESTING].
Subject Name: OML751 Testing of Materials
Topics: Thermal Testing: Differential scanning calorimetry, Differential thermal analysis. Thermo-mechanical and Dynamic mechanical analysis: Principles, Advantages, Applications. Chemical Testing: X-Ray Fluorescence, Elemental Analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Plasma-Mass Spectrometry.
B.E. Mechanical Engineering
Final Year, VII Semester, Open Elective Subject
[As per Anna University R-2017]
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ENERGY SAVINGS IN DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR USING TWO THERMOELECTRIC MODULES& WAT...ijiert bestjournal
The study deals with hybrid refrigerator that combi nes thermoelectric (TER) and vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) and also entail exp erimental details of combined VCR & TER system. Objective is to configure hybrid refrig erator by introducing two Peltier modules (TER) in domestic refrigerator and to analyze compr essor cycles of conventional refrigerator with TER to increase energy efficiency of vapor com pression cycle. For this comparison of standalone VCR and Hybrid VCR+TER system is carried out. A Peltier module of size 4cm � 4cm � .4cm is introduced in the refrigerator cabinet & t he effect on energy efficiency in terms of trip time of compressor is recorded. The e ffect of Air cooled & Water cooled condenser with TER in different structures is also investigated. It is observed that by introducing thermoelectric effect,energy consumpti on of VCR is reduced by almost 10.92% annually,which accounts for 80 units per year. Thu s ultimately improving COP of the hybrid system with better control on temperature over the total run time.
Analysis on thermal performance of Co3O4 Nanofluid in heat exchangerHrishikesh725754
Final year mechanical engineering project presentation. Findings obtained through simulations, using ANSYS. Modelling done using SolidWorks. Tabulated results and graphical representation of results portraying comparison to performance of Al2O3 nanofluid in same model.
An Assessment of Phase Change Materials for Domestic ApplicatonsEditorIJAERD
Thermal Energy storage has been the significant area of research over the last many decades. Various methods
and materials are developed for storing heat energy. Yet a main obstacle to modern methods is its lack of thermal mass.
Phase change materials are one of the optimized alternate to various energy storing methods and materials. They have
high energy storage capacity. In any case, despite the fact that the data is quantitatively tremendous, it is moreover
spread generally in the writing, and hard to discover. This report contrasts on the properties of phase change materials
and also reveals their significant applications. Furthermore, the discussion includes main benefits and drawbacks of
phase change materials over the different renewable energy sources. It also carries various types of PCMs and
performance analysis of PCMs for selecting the best required PCM for the purpose of heating and cooling of building.
Experimental and Exergy Analysis of A Double Pipe Heat Exchanger for Parallel...IJERA Editor
This paper presents For Experimental and Exergy Analysis of a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger for Parallel- flow Arrangement. The Double pipe heat exchanger is one of the Different types of heat exchangers. double-pipe exchanger because one fluid flows inside a pipe and the other fluid flows between that pipe and another pipe that surrounds the first.In a parallel flow, both the hot and cold fluids enter the Heatexchanger at same end andmove in same direction. The present work is taken up to carry experimental work and the exergy analysis based on second law analysis of a Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger. In experimental set up hot water and cold water will be used working fluids. The inlet Hot water will be varied from 40 0C and 50 0C and cold water temperature will be varied from between 15 and 20. It has been planned to find effects of the inlet condition of both working fluid flowing through the heat exchanger on the heat transfer characteristics, entropy generation, and Exergy loss. The Mathematical modelling of heat exchanger will based on the conservation equation of mass, energy and based on second law of thermodynamics to find entropy generation and exergy losses.
Abstract: Passive liquid water recovery from fuel cell effluent can be achieved by designing effective desiccant. Recovered water from desiccant is used for humidification of proton exchange membrane (PEM) to maintain at hydrated state. Proper membrane humidity is crucial to ensure optimal operation of a PEM to generate electricity. In this study a desiccant called water separator is designed, it works without consuming any external energy. The main aim of designing a component is to recover liquid water from hundred percent humidified air (vapour) which is coming out from cathode compartment of fuel stack and it is further used for humidifying the oxidant before entering the stack inlet. The self-sufficient water in vapour is investigated theoretically and experimentally. When the water separator temperature reached the critical point especially in large power applications or long time operation, recovered water was not sufficient for air humidification. On the contrary, it is sufficient while the temperature of water separator was below critical line. The temperature of separator is controlled by providing adequate heat transfer. The recovered amount of water by condensing the outlet gas or vapour to a proper temperature, easily satisfy required amount for humidification of oxidant at inlet of stack.
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
MARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptx
Ijetr011841
1. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-1, Issue-8, October 2013
74
Abstract— Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA for short) and
Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) are the basic raw materials used
for polyester manufacture. In the manufacture of textile grade
polyester, these raw materials are converted to molten polymer
(Polyethylene terephthalate) in continuous polymerisation (CP)
units. CP-4 is one such continuous polymerisation unit, feeding
polymer to manufacture Polyester staple fiber (PSF). in Maral
Oversease limited, nimrani. The rated capacity of CP-4 is 180
tons per day of polymer, at present running 224TPD. Design of
CP-4 unit is based on DU PONT technology.
The paper comprises the study on CP-4 PSF
esterification section heat exchanger, it discuss heat balance of
the system.
Index Terms—CP, PSF, PTA, MEG.
I. INTRODUCTION
A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer
thermal energy (enthalpy) between two or more fluids,
between a solid surface and a fluid, or between solid
particulates and a fluid, at different temperatures and in
thermal contact. In heat exchangers, there are usually no
external heat and work interactions. Typical applications
involve heating or cooling of a fluid stream of concern and
evaporation or condensation of single or multi component
fluid streams. In other applications, the objective may be to
recover or reject heat, or sterilize, pasteurize, fractionate,
distill, concentrate, crystallize, or control a process fluid. In a
few heat exchangers, the fluids exchanging heat are in direct
contact. In most heat exchangers, heat transfer between fluids
takes place through a separating wall or into and out of a wall
in a transient manner.
In many heat exchangers, the fluids are separated
by a heat transfer surface, and ideally they do not mix or leak.
Such exchangers are referred to as direct transfer type, or
simply recuperators. In contrast, exchangers in which there is
intermittent heat exchange between the hot and cold fluids
via thermal energy storage and release through the exchanger
surface or matrix are referred to as indirect transfer type, or
simply regenerators. Common examples of heat exchangers
are shell-and tube exchangers, automobile radiators,
condensers, evaporators, air preheaters, and cooling towers.
If no phase change occurs in any of the fluids in the
exchanger, it is sometimes referred to as a sensible heat
exchanger. There could be internal thermal energy sources in
First Author name, Vikas Barfa, Student of Master of Engineering,
RGPV Bhopal, M.P. Specialisation in Thermal Engineering. Contact No.
09584686262.
Second Author name, Mr. A. Paul, Associate Professor Mechanical
Engineering SSSIST sehore M.P.
Third Author name, Dr. G.R.Selokar, Principal,SSSIST Sehore M.P.
the exchangers, such as in electric heaters and nuclear fuel
elements.
Combustion and chemical reaction may take place within
the exchanger, such as in boilers, fired heaters, and fluidized
bed exchangers. Mechanical devices may be used in some
exchangers such as in scraped surface exchangers, agitated
vessels, and stirred tank reactors. Heat transfer in the
separating wall of a recuperator generally takes place by
conduction. However, in a heat pipe heat exchanger, the heat
pipe not only acts as a separating wall, but also facilitates the
transfer of heat by condensation, evaporation, and conduction
of the working fluid inside the heat pipe. In general, if the
fluids are immiscible, the separating wall may be eliminated,
and the interface between the fluids replaces a heat transfer
surface, as in a direct-contact heat exchanger.
II. HEAT BALANCE
The formation of DHET with the elimination of two moles
of water is starting reaction of manufacturing of PET .The
subsequent reaction where in two/more such DHET
molecules join together to build a chain of polymer involves
elimination of one molecule of MEG. This is condensation
polymerization.
A both reactions are reversible and removal of byproduct
namely water and MEG has to be done to drive reaction in
forward direction to produce PET polymer.
The heat of reaction can be calculated using following
reaction at 25 C.
The heat of reaction of PTA and MEG = Sum of heat of
formation of products - Sum of heat of reaction of reactants
Reactants of
Formation
Heat of
Formation
Products A. Heat of
Formation
1mole of
PTAkcal/mol -195.02
kcal/mol
1 mole of
DHET
-261.80
2 mole of
MEGkcal/mol
-92.07
kcal/mol
2 mole
WATER
-57.79
= −261.80 + 2 −57.79 − { −195.02 +
2 −92.97 }
= +3.54 kcal/mol
Hence standard heat of reaction at 25 C is 3.57 kcal/mol. As
the value is small and +ve, the reaction is slightly
endothermic.
As the plant data shows high heavy heat load duty at the
reactor stage wherein the initial reaction forming DHET
Heat Balance Analysis for Esterification Heat
Exchanger
Vikas Barfa, A. Paul, Dr. G.R.Selokar
2. Heat Balance Analysis for Esterification Heat Exchanger
75
takes place. The high heat duty can be requirement for higher
production to increase the rate of reaction or to keep process
fluid in molten form.
Polymerization reaction involving the chain building of
monomers with elimination of MEG Is exothermic reaction.
The heat of reaction given in literature is –20 kcal/mol of
MEG given out. When the above values are very small, so
heat of reaction is considered negligible in heat balance
calculation.
III. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Polymer Through
PUT
Flow 9330 kg/hr
(Data)
Specific heat of PTA 1.312 kJ/kg.C
Avg. specific
heat of EG
2.42 kJ/kg.C
Heat of dissolution
of PTA
472 kJ/kg.C
Specific heat of water 4.184 kJ/kg.C
Heat of vaporization
of EG at (285C)
573 kJ/kg.C
Heat of vaporization
of water at(285C)
1439 kJ/kg.C
Specific heat
of oilgomer
2.09 kJ/kg.C
PET Actual 9165.50 kg/hr
PTA feed 7892.40 kg/hr
Recycle EG feed
(with 5%moisture)
6205.05 kg/hr
Actual EG 5895 kg/hr
Water 310.30 kg/hr
Water vapor overhead 1887 kg/hr
EG vapor overhead 2735 kg/hr
Slurry temp. 80 C
Reactor temp 285 C
HEAT CALCULATIONS
Q Description
For PUT 9330
kg/hr
Q1 Heat taken by PTA 2122740 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
Q2
Heat taken for PTA
dissolution
3725212.8 𝑘𝐽
/ℎ𝑟
Q3
Heat taken by
feed EG
2924509.5 𝑘𝐽
/ℎ𝑟
Q4
Heat taken
by water
266150.5 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
Q5
Heat taken for EG
vaporization
1567155 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
Q6
Heat taken by water
vaporization
2715393 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
Q7
Heat taken to
heat oligomer
891123.75 𝑘𝐽
/ℎ𝑟
Q
TOTAL HEAT
LOAD
14212284.5 𝑘𝐽/ℎ𝑟
=
3396817.5 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/
ℎ𝑟
HEAT GIVEN BY 51263 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
DOWTHERM
IV. RESULT ANALYSIS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMANDATION ANALYSIS
The detailed energy balance calculations for CP4 heat
indicate that the operation of the heat exchanger under steady
state condition is in order and the results are within the limits
of measurement and calculation errors. The calculations does
not account for unsteady state situations like plant upsets.
For e.g. plant shutdown and start up, power or steam failure
situations are not included in the calculations.
Apart from the heat duty, there are some operating
constraints associated with the Heat Exchanger and vapor
separator unit. Due to high temperature operation and
evolution of large quantity of vapors (Ethylene glycol and
water) from the reactor, there is some carryover of oligomer /
monomer along with the vapors to the column. This
carryover eventually gets washed off with separation column
EG flow and gets collected in the EG hot well.
With the current throughput of 224 TPD, the reactor
conditions are such that the carryover is very low. Presently,
fortnightly cleaning of pot filters is done which maintains the
solid content in the system.
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CP4 esterification system works under steady state
operating condition. The mass and heat balance calculations
show that the same heat exchanger can be utilized for
operations at 280 TPD also. For conversion at higher
throughput, the heat exchange calculations have been
considered with high level and temperature operation. The
additional heat duty due to increased slurry flow rate and
higher temperature differential is being fulfilled by the same
heat exchanger.
It is recommended that with the increase in throughput, the
reactor carryover needs to be carefully watched and pot filter
cleaning frequency should be optimized to prevent process
upset due to choking. Feasibility of other equipments for
higher throughput 280 TPD (water condenser, seperation
column, UFPP Finisher) etc.can be studied.
REFERENCES
[1] Dupont’s Basic Data Manual.
[2] “STOICHIOMETRY” By B.I.Bhatt and S.M.Vora. Third Edition, Tata
MCGraw Hill Publication, (2000)
[3] “PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER” BY D.Q KERN FIFTH Edition,
MCGraw Hill International Publication, (1988).
[4] Chemical Engineers portable hand book by Richard.G.Griskey,
McGraw Hill international publication, (2000)
[5] “Unit operations of Chemical Engineering” By Waren.l.McCabe,
Julian Smith and Peter Harriot.Sixth Edition, McGraw Hill
International Publication.(2001).
[6] Wolverine Tube Heat Exchanger data book Part I
[7] Wolverine Tube Heat Exchanger data book Part II
[8] Wolverine Tube Heat Exchanger data book Part III
[9] “shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Design Software for Educational
Applications” by K.C. Leong and K.C.Toh, Int. J.Enging Ed. Vol. 14,
No.3, p.217-224,TEMPUS Publication,1998.
[10] “Effective Design Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers” by Rajiv
Mukherjee, Engineers India Ltd.
[11] “Applying Learnable Evolution Model to Heat Exchanger Design” by
Kenneth A. Kaufman and Ryszard S. Michalski Machine Learning and
Inference Laboratory .