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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Research of Physical Properties of Straw for Building Panelsinventionjournals
The development of new thermal insulation materials needs to evaluate properties and structure of raw materials, technological factors that make influence on the thermal conductivity of material. One of the most promising raw materials for production of insulation material is straw. The use of natural fibres as insulation is closely linked to the ecological building sector, where selection of materials is based on factors including recyclable, renewable raw materials and low resource production techniques. In current work results of research on structure, thermal conductivity, water vapour permeability and short term water immersion of triticale straw for production of thermal insulating straw panels are presented. Straw panels withdifferent densitywere prepared for thermal conductivity measurement. It was determined that lowest thermal conductivity of straw is reached when straw density ranges from 80kg/m3 to 120 kg/m3 . It was found that the macrostructure that changes with density increase has the great effect on thermal conductivity of materials. At the density range of 120-190 kg/m3 increase of thermal conductivity values are observed. Water vapour permeabilitywas analysed at the density ranges from 80 kg/m3 to 156 kg/m3 . Vapour permeability values grew with density increase from 2 to 2.5. Short term water absorption was evaluated by two parameters - as water absorption coefficient due to capillary action and short term water absorption by partial immersion. Water absorption coefficient shows sudden mass increase within the first 10 minutes and subsequent slow mass increase. Short term water absorption values show significant weight increase during 48 hours, which reaches 100 percent by mass
Comparision of Strength For Concrete With Rock Dust And Natural Sand Concrete...IJERA Editor
The Quarry rock dust can be an economic alternative to the river sand. Quarry Rock Dust can be defined as
residue, tailing or other non-voluble waste material after the extraction and processing of rocks to form fine
particles less than 4.75mm. Usually, Quarry Rock Dust is used in large scale in the highways as a surface
finishing material and also used for manufacturing of hollow blocks and lightweight concrete prefabricated
Elements. This project presents the feasibility of the usage of Quarry Rock Dust as hundred percent substitutes
for Natural Sand in concrete. Design Mix for M30 and M40 has been calculated using IS 10262-2009 for both
conventional concrete and quarry dust concrete. Tests were conducted on cubes, cylinders and beams to study
the strength of concrete by using Quarry Rock Dust and the results were compared with the Natural Sand
Concrete. Cement motor ratios of 1:3 and 1:6 are prepared and observe the percentage of water absorption in
both Quarry Rock Dust and Natural sand for plastering.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Research of Physical Properties of Straw for Building Panelsinventionjournals
The development of new thermal insulation materials needs to evaluate properties and structure of raw materials, technological factors that make influence on the thermal conductivity of material. One of the most promising raw materials for production of insulation material is straw. The use of natural fibres as insulation is closely linked to the ecological building sector, where selection of materials is based on factors including recyclable, renewable raw materials and low resource production techniques. In current work results of research on structure, thermal conductivity, water vapour permeability and short term water immersion of triticale straw for production of thermal insulating straw panels are presented. Straw panels withdifferent densitywere prepared for thermal conductivity measurement. It was determined that lowest thermal conductivity of straw is reached when straw density ranges from 80kg/m3 to 120 kg/m3 . It was found that the macrostructure that changes with density increase has the great effect on thermal conductivity of materials. At the density range of 120-190 kg/m3 increase of thermal conductivity values are observed. Water vapour permeabilitywas analysed at the density ranges from 80 kg/m3 to 156 kg/m3 . Vapour permeability values grew with density increase from 2 to 2.5. Short term water absorption was evaluated by two parameters - as water absorption coefficient due to capillary action and short term water absorption by partial immersion. Water absorption coefficient shows sudden mass increase within the first 10 minutes and subsequent slow mass increase. Short term water absorption values show significant weight increase during 48 hours, which reaches 100 percent by mass
Comparision of Strength For Concrete With Rock Dust And Natural Sand Concrete...IJERA Editor
The Quarry rock dust can be an economic alternative to the river sand. Quarry Rock Dust can be defined as
residue, tailing or other non-voluble waste material after the extraction and processing of rocks to form fine
particles less than 4.75mm. Usually, Quarry Rock Dust is used in large scale in the highways as a surface
finishing material and also used for manufacturing of hollow blocks and lightweight concrete prefabricated
Elements. This project presents the feasibility of the usage of Quarry Rock Dust as hundred percent substitutes
for Natural Sand in concrete. Design Mix for M30 and M40 has been calculated using IS 10262-2009 for both
conventional concrete and quarry dust concrete. Tests were conducted on cubes, cylinders and beams to study
the strength of concrete by using Quarry Rock Dust and the results were compared with the Natural Sand
Concrete. Cement motor ratios of 1:3 and 1:6 are prepared and observe the percentage of water absorption in
both Quarry Rock Dust and Natural sand for plastering.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Reinforcement of Pond Ash Bed with Recron 3S and Analysis of Its Geotechnical...ijtsrd
A huge amount of ash pond is being generated by the thermal power plants and other such processes involving the combustion of coal in developed and developing countries. It has a hazardous effect on the environment and human beings. Some of the largest coal reserves are there in India hence, it is one of the largest producers of coal and coal based thermal power plant installations. The current rate of deposition of Pond ash in India has reached 160 million tons per annum. Around 90 sq km acres of precious land is used for the storage of abandoned Pond ash. But the current utilization rate of ash is only around one third of its total production. The fly ash is disposed of in the ash ponds. This practice leads to an ever increasing ponding area for storing ash and causes environmental issues for the people living around the industrial area including thermal power plants. The developmental projects like the construction of highways and roads have taken a boost in recent years. This requires a huge amount of natural soil and aggregates to be either excavated or deposited. The opportunity cost for such development is an environmental and economic issue. These issues need to be addressed by adopting some alternative methods. Pond ash is one such by product that can be used as material for filling in some of the geotechnical constructions. It is a non plastic and lightweight material. The present work describes the effect of moisture content, degree of compaction, synthetic fiber as reinforcement on various geotechnical properties of pond ash are studied. A series of tests including direct shear test, CBR test, light compaction as well as heavy compaction test, unconfined compression test was performed to estimate the strength characteristics of compacted pond ash using polyester as reinforced material. Physical properties of the pond ash were studied by performing tests like specific gravity test, grain size distribution test by mechanical sieve analysis. This study is helpful for the successful application of pond ash in different fields such as embankment construction, road base, and sub base construction, designing of retaining walls, etc. It also provides an eco friendly approach for the disposal of pond ash. Ummar Rashied | Nasir Ali "Reinforcement of Pond Ash Bed with Recron 3S and Analysis of Its Geotechnical Properties" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29613.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29613/reinforcement-of-pond-ash-bed-with-recron-3s-and-analysis-of-its-geotechnical-properties/ummar-rashied
Effects of Sawdust and Rice Husk Additives on Properties of Local Refractory...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An Experimental Study on Behavior of Partial Replacement of Cement with Groun...IJERA Editor
Concrete has occupied an important place in construction industry in the past few decades and it is used widely in all types of constructions ranging from small buildings to large infrastructural dams or reservoirs.GGBS is obtained from making of iron.It Is no use for other things.It pollutes the environmental such as land pollution, water pollution etc..when we use the GGBS in partial replacement of cement it increase the strengths of the cubes as well as decrease the pollution of the environmental.In my investigation GGBS used at 10%,20%,30%,40%,50% for M20 and M30 43 grades.It is gives increase strength values at 10%,20% and 30% compared to normal mixes.
A study on properties of lightweight aggregates produced from pumiceIJARIIT
The use of Lightweight concretes has gained acceptance and popularity worldwide in the recent years in the
construction and development of both the infrastructure and residential buildings. The properties of volcanic pumice lightweight
aggregates obtained from Debrezeit Bishoftu area in Ethiopia was experimentally investigated and this study presents the
experimental results of the investigation. Three samples of the lightweight aggregates were investigated and their properties
compared with those of the conventional normal aggregate. In this experimental investigation, the physical and mechanical
properties of the aggregates were investigated. Properties such as bulk density, water absorption, grading and aggregate impact
crushing value were
Alleviation of Piping of Soil using Human Hair Fibresijtsrd
Piping is a subsurface type of disintegration which includes the expulsion of subsurface soils in pipe like channels to a break exit. It principally happens in generally loose soils with high porousness. Henceforth, successful countermeasures are required and soil reinforcements as support strategy is valuable in this application. Past examinations have reasoned that piping resistance of soil increments, when blending short fibres to successfully confine soil particle movement. In this venture an exertion is made to utilize bountifully accessible, characteristic waste Human Hair Fibers HHF as soil fortifications and the impact of the same when discretely and randomly distributed on the piping conduct of soil are inspected. The experimental tests for piping using human hair fibres were carried out for different fiber contents 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 and fiber lengths 2,3,4,and 5 cm . The critical hydraulic gradient and piping resistance for each soil sample were calculated and compared to find the most effective combination of fibre length and content. Noureen Mohamed Rafy | Jyothi Lekshmi R "Alleviation of Piping of Soil using Human Hair Fibres" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31488.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/31488/alleviation-of-piping-of-soil-using-human-hair-fibres/noureen-mohamed-rafy
Replacement of Natural Fine Aggregate With Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag An I...IJERA Editor
The aim of the investigation is to replace natural fine aggregatewith Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag in OPC concrete. At present, nearly million tons of slag is being produced in the steel plants, in India. The generation of slag would be dual problem in disposal difficulty and environmental pollution. Some strategies should be used to utilize the slag effectively. Considering physical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in the field of civil constructions, this report demonstrates the possibilities of using air cooled blast furnace slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete. A total of five concrete mixes, containing 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5% and 50% partial replacement of regular sand with air cooled blast furnace slag are investigated in the laboratory. These mixes were tested to determine axial compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength for 7days, 28days, 56days and 90days.
The objective of this research is to study the possibility of using water based drilling mud waste as
raw material in the production of building brick making. The water based drilling mud wastes from a petroleum
drill hole of Phitsanulok basin, an onshore Tertiary basin located in northern Thailand, had been collected,
dried, ground, and analyzed its chemical composition by XRF and XRD analysis. Dried and ground drilling
mud waste powders were molded into a square shape steel box size 6.5x16x4 cm. to make the building brick
samples and sintered at1000oC, and were then tested according to the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) C67-11 and the Thai Industrial Standard(TIS) 77-2545 B.E. to test their water absorption
and compressive strength. The results of laboratory tests showed that the water absorption percent and the
compressive strength of building brick samples could be met the acceptable limits and was classified into grade
A brick according to the ASTM C67-11 and TIS 77-2545 B.E. standard. Therefore, the reuse of this waste
material in the building industry will contribute to the protection of the environment through great advantages
in waste minimization and beneficial income to the community through the utilization process in building
industry.
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates for Making L...ijsrd.com
The present research establishes a relationship of bulged diameter with densification and hydrostatic stress in forming of sintered fly ash. In present study A mix design has been done for M25 Grade of concrete by IS method. Ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade is selected and sintered fly ash aggregates were prepared by mixing sintered fly ash with cement and water for making low cost concrete. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant.The sintered fly ash is obtained from Gallant group of industries. This industry is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. In this paper author investigate the Compressive Strength and Flexural strength test of the concrete at different ages i.e. 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, 56 days and 90 days. Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates is replaced 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in the place of Corse aggregate. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects.
A clay deposit in Chavakali of western Kenya was evaluated for its potential as refractory raw
material. The collected clay sample was crushed, sieved and the chemical composition determined in
percentage weight (wt %) of (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, etc) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The
samples were moulded into rectangular shaped bricks of 40mm height, 40mm width and 80mm length, allowed
to dry and later fired up to a temperature of 10000C. Refractory properties like Compressive strength,
Hardness, Linear shrinkage on firing, Apparent porosity and Density were determined using standard
techniques. The result of chemical analysis indicated that the clay was composed of Silica (SiO2), 67.3%;
Alumina (Al2O3), 16.67%; Iron Oxide (Fe2O3), 3.87%; Calcium Oxide (CaO), 0.37%; Potassium Oxide (K2O),
2.30%; Sodium Oxide (Na2O), 1.39%; and other traces. The physical and mechanical tests show that the clay
has Cold Crushing Strength of 10.36MPa, Hardness of 40.080 GPa, Linear shrinkage of 6.17%, Apparent
Porosity of 32.71% and Bulk Density of 2.77g/cm3
. Chavakali clay can make better local refractory
The physio chemical and mineralogical properties of mbaduku clay and its suit...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation of thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of Clay- Silica Sand Blends For Fir...IJRES Journal
In this study, the thermo-mechanical behavior of clay-silica sand blends was evaluated with a view to establishing its suitability for fire-clay bricks production.The study involved Standard bricks using proportional clay mixtures (0-100%) with 10% increment of silica sand. Results obtained indicate that addition of silica sand to Makurdi clay improved foundry properties of cold crushing strength, bulk density, shrinkage, apparent porosity, thermal shock resistance, permeability and refractoriness Based on these results it is concluded that Makurdi clay is suitable for fire clay bricks production if blend with silica sand (SiO2).
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Reinforcement of Pond Ash Bed with Recron 3S and Analysis of Its Geotechnical...ijtsrd
A huge amount of ash pond is being generated by the thermal power plants and other such processes involving the combustion of coal in developed and developing countries. It has a hazardous effect on the environment and human beings. Some of the largest coal reserves are there in India hence, it is one of the largest producers of coal and coal based thermal power plant installations. The current rate of deposition of Pond ash in India has reached 160 million tons per annum. Around 90 sq km acres of precious land is used for the storage of abandoned Pond ash. But the current utilization rate of ash is only around one third of its total production. The fly ash is disposed of in the ash ponds. This practice leads to an ever increasing ponding area for storing ash and causes environmental issues for the people living around the industrial area including thermal power plants. The developmental projects like the construction of highways and roads have taken a boost in recent years. This requires a huge amount of natural soil and aggregates to be either excavated or deposited. The opportunity cost for such development is an environmental and economic issue. These issues need to be addressed by adopting some alternative methods. Pond ash is one such by product that can be used as material for filling in some of the geotechnical constructions. It is a non plastic and lightweight material. The present work describes the effect of moisture content, degree of compaction, synthetic fiber as reinforcement on various geotechnical properties of pond ash are studied. A series of tests including direct shear test, CBR test, light compaction as well as heavy compaction test, unconfined compression test was performed to estimate the strength characteristics of compacted pond ash using polyester as reinforced material. Physical properties of the pond ash were studied by performing tests like specific gravity test, grain size distribution test by mechanical sieve analysis. This study is helpful for the successful application of pond ash in different fields such as embankment construction, road base, and sub base construction, designing of retaining walls, etc. It also provides an eco friendly approach for the disposal of pond ash. Ummar Rashied | Nasir Ali "Reinforcement of Pond Ash Bed with Recron 3S and Analysis of Its Geotechnical Properties" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29613.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29613/reinforcement-of-pond-ash-bed-with-recron-3s-and-analysis-of-its-geotechnical-properties/ummar-rashied
Effects of Sawdust and Rice Husk Additives on Properties of Local Refractory...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An Experimental Study on Behavior of Partial Replacement of Cement with Groun...IJERA Editor
Concrete has occupied an important place in construction industry in the past few decades and it is used widely in all types of constructions ranging from small buildings to large infrastructural dams or reservoirs.GGBS is obtained from making of iron.It Is no use for other things.It pollutes the environmental such as land pollution, water pollution etc..when we use the GGBS in partial replacement of cement it increase the strengths of the cubes as well as decrease the pollution of the environmental.In my investigation GGBS used at 10%,20%,30%,40%,50% for M20 and M30 43 grades.It is gives increase strength values at 10%,20% and 30% compared to normal mixes.
A study on properties of lightweight aggregates produced from pumiceIJARIIT
The use of Lightweight concretes has gained acceptance and popularity worldwide in the recent years in the
construction and development of both the infrastructure and residential buildings. The properties of volcanic pumice lightweight
aggregates obtained from Debrezeit Bishoftu area in Ethiopia was experimentally investigated and this study presents the
experimental results of the investigation. Three samples of the lightweight aggregates were investigated and their properties
compared with those of the conventional normal aggregate. In this experimental investigation, the physical and mechanical
properties of the aggregates were investigated. Properties such as bulk density, water absorption, grading and aggregate impact
crushing value were
Alleviation of Piping of Soil using Human Hair Fibresijtsrd
Piping is a subsurface type of disintegration which includes the expulsion of subsurface soils in pipe like channels to a break exit. It principally happens in generally loose soils with high porousness. Henceforth, successful countermeasures are required and soil reinforcements as support strategy is valuable in this application. Past examinations have reasoned that piping resistance of soil increments, when blending short fibres to successfully confine soil particle movement. In this venture an exertion is made to utilize bountifully accessible, characteristic waste Human Hair Fibers HHF as soil fortifications and the impact of the same when discretely and randomly distributed on the piping conduct of soil are inspected. The experimental tests for piping using human hair fibres were carried out for different fiber contents 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 and fiber lengths 2,3,4,and 5 cm . The critical hydraulic gradient and piping resistance for each soil sample were calculated and compared to find the most effective combination of fibre length and content. Noureen Mohamed Rafy | Jyothi Lekshmi R "Alleviation of Piping of Soil using Human Hair Fibres" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31488.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/31488/alleviation-of-piping-of-soil-using-human-hair-fibres/noureen-mohamed-rafy
Replacement of Natural Fine Aggregate With Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag An I...IJERA Editor
The aim of the investigation is to replace natural fine aggregatewith Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag in OPC concrete. At present, nearly million tons of slag is being produced in the steel plants, in India. The generation of slag would be dual problem in disposal difficulty and environmental pollution. Some strategies should be used to utilize the slag effectively. Considering physical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in the field of civil constructions, this report demonstrates the possibilities of using air cooled blast furnace slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete. A total of five concrete mixes, containing 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5% and 50% partial replacement of regular sand with air cooled blast furnace slag are investigated in the laboratory. These mixes were tested to determine axial compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength for 7days, 28days, 56days and 90days.
The objective of this research is to study the possibility of using water based drilling mud waste as
raw material in the production of building brick making. The water based drilling mud wastes from a petroleum
drill hole of Phitsanulok basin, an onshore Tertiary basin located in northern Thailand, had been collected,
dried, ground, and analyzed its chemical composition by XRF and XRD analysis. Dried and ground drilling
mud waste powders were molded into a square shape steel box size 6.5x16x4 cm. to make the building brick
samples and sintered at1000oC, and were then tested according to the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) C67-11 and the Thai Industrial Standard(TIS) 77-2545 B.E. to test their water absorption
and compressive strength. The results of laboratory tests showed that the water absorption percent and the
compressive strength of building brick samples could be met the acceptable limits and was classified into grade
A brick according to the ASTM C67-11 and TIS 77-2545 B.E. standard. Therefore, the reuse of this waste
material in the building industry will contribute to the protection of the environment through great advantages
in waste minimization and beneficial income to the community through the utilization process in building
industry.
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates for Making L...ijsrd.com
The present research establishes a relationship of bulged diameter with densification and hydrostatic stress in forming of sintered fly ash. In present study A mix design has been done for M25 Grade of concrete by IS method. Ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade is selected and sintered fly ash aggregates were prepared by mixing sintered fly ash with cement and water for making low cost concrete. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant.The sintered fly ash is obtained from Gallant group of industries. This industry is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. In this paper author investigate the Compressive Strength and Flexural strength test of the concrete at different ages i.e. 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, 56 days and 90 days. Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates is replaced 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in the place of Corse aggregate. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects.
A clay deposit in Chavakali of western Kenya was evaluated for its potential as refractory raw
material. The collected clay sample was crushed, sieved and the chemical composition determined in
percentage weight (wt %) of (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, etc) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The
samples were moulded into rectangular shaped bricks of 40mm height, 40mm width and 80mm length, allowed
to dry and later fired up to a temperature of 10000C. Refractory properties like Compressive strength,
Hardness, Linear shrinkage on firing, Apparent porosity and Density were determined using standard
techniques. The result of chemical analysis indicated that the clay was composed of Silica (SiO2), 67.3%;
Alumina (Al2O3), 16.67%; Iron Oxide (Fe2O3), 3.87%; Calcium Oxide (CaO), 0.37%; Potassium Oxide (K2O),
2.30%; Sodium Oxide (Na2O), 1.39%; and other traces. The physical and mechanical tests show that the clay
has Cold Crushing Strength of 10.36MPa, Hardness of 40.080 GPa, Linear shrinkage of 6.17%, Apparent
Porosity of 32.71% and Bulk Density of 2.77g/cm3
. Chavakali clay can make better local refractory
The physio chemical and mineralogical properties of mbaduku clay and its suit...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation of thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of Clay- Silica Sand Blends For Fir...IJRES Journal
In this study, the thermo-mechanical behavior of clay-silica sand blends was evaluated with a view to establishing its suitability for fire-clay bricks production.The study involved Standard bricks using proportional clay mixtures (0-100%) with 10% increment of silica sand. Results obtained indicate that addition of silica sand to Makurdi clay improved foundry properties of cold crushing strength, bulk density, shrinkage, apparent porosity, thermal shock resistance, permeability and refractoriness Based on these results it is concluded that Makurdi clay is suitable for fire clay bricks production if blend with silica sand (SiO2).
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
AN APPROACH FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION ON PARTIALLY LATERISED KHONDALITE ROCKS U...IAEME Publication
Partially Lateritised Khondalite (PLK) rocks are the bauxite mining waste materials generated during mining and dumped at the mining site, create environmental pollution. These waste
rocks can be utilized as filler materials for different industrial applications after grinding to suitable mesh size. Thermal shock treatment on ore is used for grain boundary breakage and size reduction,due to thermal shock treatment the surface adsorbed gangue minerals also releases and expose new
surface area in the ore. Comminution study is used after this treatment for further reduction in size.
Partially Lateritised Khondalite (PLK) rocks are the bauxite mining waste materials
generated during mining and dumped at the mining site, create environmental pollution. These waste
rocks can be utilized as filler materials for different industrial applications after grinding to suitable
mesh size. Thermal shock treatment on ore is used for grain boundary breakage and size reduction,
due to thermal shock treatment the surface adsorbed gangue minerals also releases and expose new
surface area in the ore. Comminution study is used after this treatment for further reduction in size.
In comminution study, ball mill has good selective grinding performance. This paper deals with the
effect of thermal shock treatment on grinding characteristics of PLK rock and the overall energy
savings achieved. Alumina based filler/ceramic materials were used in different industries. Thermal
shock of the samples was evaluated using water quench test. Surface deterioration level of samples
was monitored by image analysis before and after quenching. A total energy saving of the order of
52.8 % could be achieved when a sample preheated at 1123 K for 60 minutes followed by coldwater
quenching and grinding.
The influence of sintering temperature on the thermal conductivity of rice husk ash refractory is examined in this research. Cylindrical disk made from RHA whose chemical composition measured by XRF were sintered in the temperature range of 1000℃-1400℃. the crystalline phase transformation studied by XRD. The thermal conductivity of these Rice Husk Ash refractory was determined using the hot flux method and values calculated using Fourier’s equation for steady state heat conduction. Porosity and density test were also carried out Result showed that there was an increase in apparent density and conductivity with increasing sintering temperature though the values are still low and satisfactory for most insulation applications. Porosity of rice husk ash refractory decreases with increasing sintering temperature therefore the gains of higher strength from higher sintering temperature are not negated.
Fabrication of ceramic matrix composite by using microwave energyIJARIDEA Journal
Abstract— Nowadays, ceramic matrix composites are being extensively used for industries and household
purposes. However, these ceramic composites materials are substantially resistant to biodegradation. In this
experimental study the specimen of silicon carbide with varying percentage of titanium carbide (TiC) has
been fabricated by using microwave sintering. Different samples having TiC 5%, 10%, 15% (wt%) were
prepared by die pressing. Then sample were heated in microwave furnace at different range of temperatures
i.e. 1150°C, 1250°C and 1350°. It was found that with increase in the weight percentage (wt %) of TiC, the
porosity was maximum in 1150°C and minimum porosity achieved maximum temperature 1350°C. The
maximum hardness was achieved in 1350°C when 15 wt % of TiC. Density was also increased with respect to
the increase in temperature and TiC wt %.
Keywords— Ceramic Matrix Composite; Hardness; Microwave Heating; SiC; TiC.
Effect of Fired Clay on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Un- plastic...theijes
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-1, January 2014
79 www.erpublication.org
Abstract— The research work focused on evaluation of the
property of Igbara-Odo clay for refractory applications.
Igbara-Odo is a settlement in Ekiti State of Nigeria, located
between longitudes 400
51ˈ and 500
451ˈ East of the Greenwich
meridian and latitudes 700
151ˈ and 800
51ˈ north of the equator.
The settlement is naturally endowed with clay deposit. The clay
which was collected 1 meter below the earth surface was dried,
crushed and deleterious particles were removed manually. The
processed clay was then passed through a sieve shaker ranging
from 1000µm, 850µm, 500µm, 300µm, 180µm, 125µm, 63µm,
and pan. Property evaluation of the clay was carried out which
entails refractoriness, porosity, thermal shock resistance
(spalling), linear shrinkage, bulk density, and cold crushing
strength. The clay without any strengthening additives was
found to have refractoriness of 13300
C, bulk density of 2.25
g/cm3
among others properties similar to conventional
refractory materials.
Index Terms — Clay, Refractory, Refractoriness, Porosity,
Sieve Analysis, Density
I. INTRODUCTION
Refractory materials are inorganic materials which can
withstand high temperatures (usually above 15000
C) under
the physical and chemical action of molten metal, slag and
gases in the furnace. Refractory products are required for
various processes in chemical, ceramic, petrochemical, oil,
foundry and iron and steel industries. Refractory industry is
limited in the nation despite the fact that there are abundant
deposits of clay and other raw materials needed for the
production of refractory products [1].
Due to large amount of natural resources deposit available in
the nation, the exploration, mining and exploitation of
Nigeria mineral resources have not received sufficient
research attention and required technological production
capacity. Clay deposit as one of the mineral deposits in
Nigeria covers an estimated proven reserves of billions of
tons [2]. One of such deposits in Nigeria is the Igbara-Odo
town in Ekiti State of Nigeria. Major applications of this raw
material in Igbara-Odo are in pottery works, plastering of
building (as substandard alternative replacement for cement
plastering for their buildings).
Manuscript received January 18, 2014.
B. J. Babalola, Prototype Engineering Development Institute (PEDI), Ilesa,
Nigeria., National Agency for Science and Engineering, Infrastructure, Nigeria
D.O. Folorunso, Met. and Mat. Engineering Dept., Federal University of
Technology., Akure, Nigeria.
M.O. Bodunrin, Met. and Mat. Engineering Dept., Federal University of
Technology., Akure, Nigeria.
O.P. Balogun, Prototype Engineering Development Institute (National
Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure), Nigeria
Refractoriness constitutes a key input in high temperature
applications in many industries. The bulk of refractory
requirement for these industries at the moment are imported.
This situation does not favor the development of our national
economy [3].
Over 80% of the total refractory materials are being
consumed bythe metallurgical industries for the construction
and maintenance of furnaces, kilns, reactor vessels and
boilers. The remaining 20% are being used in the
non-metallurgical industries as cement, glass and hardware
[4]. Another major application of clay is the Metallurgical
industries which employ clay mixed with sand to form
moulds that are used for casting operations. A lot of project
research has been carried out on the conversion of clays for
industrial uses. A material is refractory in nature if it has a
very high melting point in addition to its physical, chemical,
mechanical and thermal properties that makes it suitable for
use in furnaces, kiln, reactors, and other high temperature
vessels. A survey carried out on the refractory properties of
six samples of Nigeria clays revealed that the clays were high
in silica content and low in alumina content. They also
exhibit different refractory characteristics with respect to
thermal shock resistance, refractoriness, porosity,
permeability, bulk density, modulus of rupture and water
absorption. Investigation was carried out on the properties of
termite hills as refractory material for furnace lining. In his
report, he observed that the refractory properties of termite
hill have a close relationship with porosity, density,
dimensional change and permeability of the known
refractory materials for furnace lining [5].
Due to the growing demand for refractory materials by the
metallurgical Industry and others, there is need for further
research in evaluation of our available raw materials.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The natural clay was collected as mined from 1 meter below
the earth surface in Igbara-odo, Nigeria. The clay was dried,
crushed and deleterious particles were eliminated by manual
separation. The crushed clay was then sieved. Test pieces for
various experiments were rammed into standard cylindrical
sizes (30 mm in diameter, 30 mm height), dried and fired
before determination of different parameters.
A. Sieve Analysis
500g of the ground claysample were poured into prearranged
sieve (of mesh size 850, 500, 300, 180, 125, 63 microns) on a
vibrator. The timer on the vibrator was set at 15 minutes and
the motor was switched on. At the end of the sieving period,
the mass of the clay retained on each sieve was measured and
PROPERTY EVALUATION OF IGBARA-ODO
CLAY FOR REFRACTORIES
B. J. Babalola, D.O. Folorunso, M.O. Bodunrin, O.P. Balogun
2. PROPERTY EVALUATION OF IGBARA-ODO CLAY FOR REFRACTORIES
80 www.erpublication.org
percentage retained on each sieve was calculated. Table 3.1
shows the sieve analysis.
B. Apparent Porosity
The test samples of the clay were prepared and air dried for
24 hours. The samples were then oven dried at 1100
C for 24
hours. The samples were fired to a temperature of 11000
C,
cooled and then transferred into a 250 ml beaker in an empty
vacuum dessicator. Water was then introduced into the
beaker until the test pieces were completely immersed. The
specimen was allowed to soak in boiled water for 30 minutes
being agitated from time to time to assist in releasing trapped
air bubbles. The specimen was transferred into an empty
vacuum desiccator to cool. The soaked weight (W) was
recorded. The specimen was then suspended in water using
beaker placed on balance. This gave suspended weight (S).
The apparent porosity was calculated using the equation
stated below:
------------- (i)
Where W = Soaked Weight
D = Dried Weight
S = Suspended Weight
C. Bulk Density
The clay samples were air-dried for 24 hours and then oven
dried at 1100
C, cooled in a dessiccator and weighed to the
accuracy of 0.001 g (dried weight) after which the sample
were heated in a boiling water contained in a beaker for 30
minutes so as to release the trapped air. The samples were
cooled and soaked weights (W) were taken. The bulk density
was calculated by the equation below:
3
------- (ii)
D. Cold Crushing Strength
Cylindrical test pieces were prepared to a standard size (30
mm in diameter, 30 mm in height). The test pieces were fired
in a furnace at 1,1000
C and the temperature maintained for 6
hours. The specimen was placed on a compressive tester and
load was applied axially by turning the hand wheel at a
uniform rate till failure occurs. The manometer readings
were recorded. Cold crushing strength (CCS) was calculated
from the equation stated below;
---------- (iii)
E. Refractoriness Test
Test pieces measuring 30 mm height by 30 mm diameter
were prepared, dried and fired to temperature of 9000
C in a
muffle furnace maintained for 10 minutes. The temperature
is then raised to above 10000
C at a rate of 100
C per minute.
The melting point of the refractory is determined indirectly
through comparison with so-called Seger Cones
(PCE-Pyrometric Cone Equivalent).
F. Thermal Shock Resistance
The clay samples were prepared and inserted in a furnace
which has been maintained at temperature of 900 0
C. The
temperature was maintained for 10 minutes. The samples
were removed with a pair of tongs from the furnace one after
the other and then cooled for 10 minutes on firebrick. The
samples were returned into the furnace for further heating.
This process was continued until the test pieces were readily
pulled apart in the hands. The number of cycles of heating
and cooling possibly attained by the clay was recorded.
G. Chemical Analysis
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used in
viewing the chemical composition of the clay. The
percentage compositions of the clay are given in Table 3.3. It
is a method of classifying materials. It shows whether a
brick/clay is a typical silica, magnesite, dolomite, chrome, or
fireclay product, or, say, a composite brick (such as
chrome-magnesite).
III. RESULTS
If you are using Word, use either the Microsoft Equation
Editor or the MathType add-on (http://www.mathtype.com)
for equations in your paper (Insert | Object | Create New |
Microsoft Equation or MathType Equation). “Float over
text” should not be selected.
*Fireclay-Sourced: Chester (1983)
REFRACT’ (0
C) – REFRACTORINESS
FLS – FIRED LINEAR SHRINKAGE (%)
CCS – COLD CRUSHING STRENGHT (KG/CM2
)
3. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-1, January 2014
81 www.erpublication.org
A. Sieve Analysis
The clay sample was mostly retained at the 180μm sieve
showing good proportion of the clay being refined as shown
in Table 3.1 above.
B. Chemical Analysis
Table 3 shows the chemical composition of the clay sample.
From its chemical composition, the clay fall under
Aluminum-silicate type of clay because of its high value of
aluminum-oxide and silicon oxide which are highest among
other chemical composition of the clay.
Table 3 showing chemical analysis of Igbara-Odo clay
COMPOSITION PERCENTAGE (%)
SIO2 54.6
AL2O3 26.10
FE2O3 1.50
TIO2 1.87
CAO 0.15
MGO 0.20
K2O 1.06
NA2O 0.04
LOI 10.70
C. Thermal Shock Resistance
The test showed that Igbara – Odo clay resist spalling up to
20 cycles which is brought about as a result of uniform
heating and cooling as shown in Table 3.2.
The thermal shock resistance value is within the acceptable
values of 20-30 cycles as reported by [6].
D. Refractoriness
The average refractoriness of Igbara – Odo clay is given as
1,3300
C in Table 3.2. This is low compared to the values
quoted for fireclay which is within 1,5000
C – 1,7000
C [5].
With this quotation, it implies that Igbara – Odo clay is not
suitable for application in furnaces carrying out operations
and melting operations at elevated temperature beyond
1,3000
C. The claypossesses low refractoriness due to its high
apparent porosity value and the presence of particles such as
Fe2O3, TiO2, K2O, Na2O and others.
E. Porosity
There are a number of factors that are known to affect the
porosity of refractory raw materials, especially fireclays.
Some of the factors include the clay composition, size and
shapes of particles, ramming pressure, and the reaction
occurring on firing. The porosity measures the ease with
which liquid and gas slip through the refractory material [7].
Porosity affects the strength of refractory material as well as
its insulating capabilities. The average apparent porosity was
determined to be 36.36% as shown in Table 3.2, and it was
found to out of range as quoted by[6] to be 20% - 30% for fire
clay or with most refractory bricks. The high apparent
porosity value will create room for penetration molten metal,
molten slag, and flue gases and this will corrode the
refractory bricks faster if applied in melting furnaces.
F. Bulk Density
The bulk density was determined, and was found to obtain an
average value of 2.25g/cm3
as shown in Table 3.2. The
average bulk density of Igbara- Odo clay falls within the
range quoted for high alumina refractoriness, 2.2 – 2.8
g/cm3, as reported by [8]
G. Linear Shrinkage
The average value of the fired linear shrinkage of Igbara –
Odo clay is 8.8% as shown in Table 3.2, which is within the
allowable range, 7 – 10% for fireclay as given by [6]. This
firing shrinkage always gives an indication of the firing
efficiency.
H. Cold Crushing Strength
The average value obtained for Igbara – Odo clay is
246.32Kg/cm2 which is low compared to standard values
quoted by [6] as within range of 352Kg/cm2-564Kg/cm2.
Cold crushing strength of refractory materials correlates
closely with abrasion and loading resistance, an important
property to be considered in furnace lining. It implicates that
it cannot withstand resistance to damages of edges and
corners of the refractory clay due to movement of load. This
is an indication of low mechanical strength.
IV. CONCLUSION
This research work determines the property evaluation of
igbara-odo clay for refractories. From the overall
experimental analysis carried out, it was observed that some
of the properties of the clay have reasonable values compared
to the imported refractory material (Fireclay).
The properties of the clay such as thermal shock resistance,
bulk density, fired linear shrinkage as shown in Table 2 were
found to exhibit similar features with fireclay as reported by
[6].
The clay possesses a high apparent porosity value as shown
in Table 2, a low duty refractoriness value which indicates
high insulating capability of the clay and low thermal
conductivity.
From failure analysis concept, the value 246.32 kg/cm2
exhibited by the material as against (352-564) kg/cm2
reported by [6] obtained for cold crushing strength cannot be
sustained at elevated temperature. This implies that the load
which the material can withstand at elevated temperature
drops before reaching its refractoriness value.
Chemical analysis conducted for the clay indicated high
silica content which is higher than 40% as reflected in Table
2, and therefore classified as acidic refractory.
A significant discovery is that the clay can be used as
insulating refractory material in furnace lining as it cannot
be applicable in inner core (hot zone) lining of the furnace.
It can find extensive use in lining of soaking pits and
reheating furnaces, safety lining of steel ladles and kilns in
4. PROPERTY EVALUATION OF IGBARA-ODO CLAY FOR REFRACTORIES
82 www.erpublication.org
cement industry due to its insulating properties and thermal
shock resistance capability.
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B. J. Babalola, Prototype Engineering Development Institute (PEDI), Ilesa,
Nigeria., National Agency for Science and Engineering, Infrastructure, Nigeria
D.O. Folorunso, Met. and Mat. Engineering Dept., Federal University of
Technology., Akure, Nigeria.
M.O. Bodunrin, Met. and Mat. Engineering Dept., Federal University of
Technology., Akure, Nigeria.
O.P. Balogun, Prototype Engineering Development Institute (National
Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure), Nigeria