Packed bed reactors play vital role in chemical industries for obtaining valuable product, like steam reforming of natural gas, ammonia synthesis, sulphuric acid production, methanol synthesis, methanol oxidation, butadiene production, styrene production. It is not only used for production but also used in separation process like adsorption, distillation and stripping section. Packed bed reactors are work horse of the chemical and petroleum industries. Its low cost, and simplicity makes it first choice to any chemical processes. In our experimental work vacuum residue is used as a feed which is pyrolyzed in the primary chamber with the help of plasma into hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases which is feed stream to the Ni catalyst containing packed bed reactor called catalytic cracker. Ni loading in the catalyst about 70 % is used to crack or decompose lower molecular hydrocarbon in to hydrogen to maximize the energy content per mass flow of gas steam and also to minimize the carbon dioxide equivalent gases at outlet of the reactor. Since cracking is surface phenomena so the catalyst play important role in designing of reactor shape. Parallel Catalytic packed bed with regeneration and deactivation can be used for commercial production of clean fuel.
In this topic we have discussed working principle of a Batch Reactor. We've also discussed its kinetics like its Rate equation, Material and Energy balance. Its Design steps also have been discussed.
This is the powerpoint file of the reactor design that was assigned to me during my final year design project. I solved the rate equations in MATLAB to calculate the reactor volume.
In this topic we have discussed working principle of a Batch Reactor. We've also discussed its kinetics like its Rate equation, Material and Energy balance. Its Design steps also have been discussed.
This is the powerpoint file of the reactor design that was assigned to me during my final year design project. I solved the rate equations in MATLAB to calculate the reactor volume.
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
Thermodynamic Analysis of a Cascade Refrigeration System Based On Carbon Diox...IJERA Editor
Thermodynamic analysis of a cascade refrigeration system that uses carbon dioxide-ammonia (R744-R717) as refrigerant is presented in this paper to determine the optimum condensing temperature of the cascade condenser at given design parameters, to maximize the COP of the system. The design and operating parameters considered in this study include (1) condensing, sub cooling, evaporating and super heating temperatures in the ammonia (R717) high-temperature circuit, (2) temperature difference in the cascade heat exchanger, and (3) evaporating, superheating, condensing and sub cooling in the carbon dioxide (R744) low-temperature circuit. A multilinear regression analysis was employed in order to develop two useful correlations for maximum COP, and optimum condensing temperature.
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Solid Catalyzed Gas Phase Reactor Selection
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 ADIABATIC REACTORS
4.1 Single Bed Reactors
4.2 Divided Bed Reactors
4.3 Moving Bed Reactors
4.4 Radial Flow Reactors
5 NON ADIABATIC REACTORS
5.1 Tubular Reactor with External Heating/Cooling
5.2 Tube Cooled Reactors
5.3 Autothermal Reactors
5.4 Hot/Cold Shot Reactors
5.5 Divided Bed Reactors with Intercooling
5.6 Radial Flow Reactors with Intercooling
5.7 Fluid Bed Reactors
6 NOTES ON USING REACTOR SELECTION
GUIDE (TABLE 1)
TABLE
1 REACTOR SELECTION GUIDE
FIGURES
1 TUBULAR REACTOR: EXAMPLE OF CATALYST IN ANNULAR TUBES COOLED BY STEAM RAISING
2 AUTOTHERMAL REACTOR: CATALYST BED COOLED BY INFLOWING GAS IN TUBES
3 COLD SHOT CONVERTER: FIXED ADIABATIC BEDS WITH INTERBED QUENCH GAS MIXING
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
Thermodynamic Analysis of a Cascade Refrigeration System Based On Carbon Diox...IJERA Editor
Thermodynamic analysis of a cascade refrigeration system that uses carbon dioxide-ammonia (R744-R717) as refrigerant is presented in this paper to determine the optimum condensing temperature of the cascade condenser at given design parameters, to maximize the COP of the system. The design and operating parameters considered in this study include (1) condensing, sub cooling, evaporating and super heating temperatures in the ammonia (R717) high-temperature circuit, (2) temperature difference in the cascade heat exchanger, and (3) evaporating, superheating, condensing and sub cooling in the carbon dioxide (R744) low-temperature circuit. A multilinear regression analysis was employed in order to develop two useful correlations for maximum COP, and optimum condensing temperature.
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Solid Catalyzed Gas Phase Reactor Selection
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 ADIABATIC REACTORS
4.1 Single Bed Reactors
4.2 Divided Bed Reactors
4.3 Moving Bed Reactors
4.4 Radial Flow Reactors
5 NON ADIABATIC REACTORS
5.1 Tubular Reactor with External Heating/Cooling
5.2 Tube Cooled Reactors
5.3 Autothermal Reactors
5.4 Hot/Cold Shot Reactors
5.5 Divided Bed Reactors with Intercooling
5.6 Radial Flow Reactors with Intercooling
5.7 Fluid Bed Reactors
6 NOTES ON USING REACTOR SELECTION
GUIDE (TABLE 1)
TABLE
1 REACTOR SELECTION GUIDE
FIGURES
1 TUBULAR REACTOR: EXAMPLE OF CATALYST IN ANNULAR TUBES COOLED BY STEAM RAISING
2 AUTOTHERMAL REACTOR: CATALYST BED COOLED BY INFLOWING GAS IN TUBES
3 COLD SHOT CONVERTER: FIXED ADIABATIC BEDS WITH INTERBED QUENCH GAS MIXING
Multiphase flow modelling of calcite dissolution patterns from core scale to reservoir scale - Jeroen Snippe, Shell, at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Flow and Transport for CO2 Storage, 29-30 October 2015
Pore scale dynamics and the interpretation of flow processes - Martin Blunt, Imperial College London, at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Flow and Transport for CO2 Storage, 29-30 October 2015
Passive seismic monitoring for CO2 storage sites - Anna Stork, University of Bristol at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Geophysical modelling for CO2 storage, monitoring and appraisal, 3 November 2015
Numerical Modelling of Fracture Growth and Caprock Integrity During CO2 Injection, Adriana Paluszny - Geophysical Modelling for CO2 Storage, Leeds, 3 November 2015
Research Coordination Network on Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Funded by National Science Foundation in USA - A.-H. Alissa Park, Columbia University - UKCCSRC Strathclyde Biannual 8-9 September 2015
Long term safety of geological co2 storage: lessons from Bravo Dome Natural CO2 reservoir - Marc Hesse, University of Texas at Austin, at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Flow and Transport for CO2 Storage, 29-30 October 2015
Advances in Rock Physics Modelling and Improved Estimation of CO2 Saturation, Giorgos Papageorgiou - Geophysical Modelling for CO2 Storage, Leeds, 3 November 2015
CCUS Roadmap for Mexico - presentation by M. Vita Peralta Martínez (IIE - Electric Research Institute, Mexico) for the UKCCSRC, Edinburgh, 13 November 2015
Meihong Wang (University of Hull) - Process Intensification for Post-Combustion Carbon Capture using Rotating Packed Bed through Systems Engineering Techniques - UKCCSRC Cranfield Biannual 21-22 April 2015
Deactivation Modeling through Separable Kinetics of Coking On Ni/CZ Catalyst ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a very significant technique to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels. In this particular work, nickel is used as the active metal and ceria-zirconia (CZ) bi-metallic oxide is used as the support. The foremost challenge to this process is sooting or coking over the catalyst surface and blocking the active sites. For the economic viability of the catalyst, it is very significant to make it coke deposition resistant. This is the reason that the kinetic modeling of the deactivation is very important. Therefore, this paper is aimed to model the deactivation and activity of the catalyst. A rate model of the deactivation process is also developed using separable kinetics. A comparison with commercial catalyst is also reported to show that the Ni/CZ catalyst is much more stable towards the coking. Keywords –Coking, Deactivation, Methane, Separable kinetics, Steam reforming.
Thermo catalytic decomposition of methane over Pd/AC and Pd/CB catalysts for ...IJERA Editor
Hydrogen production studies have been carried using Thermo Catalytic Decomposition (TCD) Unit. Thermo catalytic decomposition of methane is an attractive route for COx free production of hydrogen required in fuel cells. Although metal based catalysts produce hydrogen at low temperatures, carbon formed during methane decomposition reaction rapidly deactivates the catalyst. The present work compares the results of 10 wt% Pd supported on commercially available activated carbon and carbon black catalysts (samples coded as Pd10/AC and Pd10/CB respectively) for methane decomposition reaction. Hydrogen has been produced by thermo catalytic decomposition of methane at 1123K and Volume Hourly Space Velocity (VHSV) of 1.62 L/h g on the activity of both the catalysts has been studied. XRD of the above catalysts revealed, moderately crystalline peaks of Pd which may be responsible for the increase in catalytic life and formation of carbon fibers. Also during life studies (850°C and 54 sccm of methane) it has been observed that the activity of carbon black is sustainable for a longer time compared to that of activated carbon.
Some fact about Ammonia Production by Prem Baboo.pdfPremBaboo4
Operation of the plant is mainly supervised by the operators in the control room, who monitor the various instruments and adjust operating conditions in order to obtain satisfactory operation. They should also react when an alarm is activated. In some cases they can re-establish normal conditions by adjusting the controls in the control room; in other cases they give instructions to a field operator to make the necessary adjustments at various locations in the plant. Field operators work in regular shifts in the plant, especially in the reforming section, in order to supervise the firing of the reformer and the temperature of the tubes in the reformer, to record local instrument readings, and to notice any irregularities such as leaks. Every change of temperature of the reformer a little change can bring big change resulting energy losses, e.g. temperature of the primary reformer and CO slip losses in methanation etc.
PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL USING GASIFICATION BY SYNTHESIS OF FISCHER-TRO...IAEME Publication
The solid carbonaceous fuel is converted into combustible gas (energy) using limited amount of air it is called Gasification process the gases which evolve are known as “producer gas”. This is more suitable than the direct combustion of biomass gases. In this paper an updraft gasifier is construct and is used to carry out the experiment. updraft gasifier is one of the boiler. The waste material like coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles are used for the generation of producer gas. The sense of this paper is to study the effect of waste products (coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles) in form of biomass. The performance of the gasifier is evaluated in terms of zone temperature with different air velocity. By taking the different fuels and varying the air flow rate the temperature of the zones are analysed. The arrangement of tar is also seen in this apparatus. After analysis the maximum temperature give for coconut shell (waste) all three place as compare to other two .so coconut shell is the best suitable material for this gasifier.
Removal of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx Catalystinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
Today with advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) the way the education is being delivered is seeing a paradigm shift from boring classroom lectures to interactive applications such as 2-D and 3-D learning content, animations, live videos, response systems, interactive panels, education games, virtual laboratories and collaborative research (data gathering and analysis) etc. Engineering is emerging with more innovative solutions in the field of education and bringing out their innovative products to improve education delivery. The academic institutes which were once hesitant to use such technology are now looking forward to such innovations. They are adopting the new ways as they are realizing the vast benefits of using such methods and technology. The benefits are better comprehensibility, improved learning efficiency of students, and access to vast knowledge resources, geographical reach, quick feedback, accountability and quality research. This paper focuses on how engineering can leverage the latest technology and build a collaborative learning environment which can then be integrated with the national e-learning grid.
Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
Ontological Model of Educational Programs in Computer Science (Bachelor and M...ijsrd.com
In this work there is illustrated an ontological model of educational programs in computer science for bachelor and master degrees in Computer science and for master educational program “Computer science as second competence†by Tempus project PROMIS.
Understanding IoT Management for Smart Refrigeratorijsrd.com
Lately the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is being more elaborated and devices and databases are proposed thereby to meet the need of an Internet of Things scenario. IoT is being considered to be an integral part of smart house where devices will be connected to each other and also react upon certain environmental input. This will eventually include the home refrigerator, air conditioner, lights, heater and such other home appliances. Therefore, we focus our research on the database part for such an IoT’ fridge which we called as smart Fridge. We describe the potentials achievable through a database for an IoT refrigerator to manage the refrigerator food and also aid the creation of a monthly budget of the house for a family. The paper aims at the data management issue based on a proposed design for an intelligent refrigerator leveraging the sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The refrigerator which identifies products by reading the barcodes or RFID tags is proposed to order the required products by connecting to the Internet. Thus the goal of this paper is to minimize human interaction to maintain the daily life events.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
Web Usage Mining: A Survey on User's Navigation Pattern from Web Logsijsrd.com
With an expontial growth of World Wide Web, there are so many information overloaded and it became hard to find out data according to need. Web usage mining is a part of web mining, which deal with automatic discovery of user navigation pattern from web log. This paper presents an overview of web mining and also provide navigation pattern from classification and clustering algorithm for web usage mining. Web usage mining contain three important task namely data preprocessing, pattern discovery and pattern analysis based on discovered pattern. And also contain the comparative study of web mining techniques.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Study and Review on Various Current Comparatorsijsrd.com
This paper presents study and review on various current comparators. It also describes low voltage current comparator using flipped voltage follower (FVF) to obtain the single supply voltage. This circuit has short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area as compare to other current comparators. The results of this circuit has obtained using PSpice simulator for 0.18 μm CMOS technology and a comparison has been performed with its non FVF counterpart to contrast its effectiveness, simplicity, compactness and low power consumption.
Reducing Silicon Real Estate and Switching Activity Using Low Power Test Patt...ijsrd.com
Power dissipation is a challenging problem for today's system-on-chip design and test. This paper presents a novel architecture which generates the test patterns with reduced switching activities; it has the advantage of low test power and low hardware overhead. The proposed LP-TPG (test pattern generator) structure consists of modified low power linear feedback shift register (LP-LFSR), m-bit counter, gray counter, NOR-gate structure and XOR-array. The seed generated from LP-LFSR is EXCLUSIVE-OR ed with the data generated from gray code generator. The XOR result of the sequence is single input changing (SIC) sequence, in turn reduces the switching activity and so power dissipation will be very less. The proposed architecture is simulated using Modelsim and synthesized using Xilinx ISE9.2.The Xilinx chip scope tool will be used to test the logic running on FPGA.
Defending Reactive Jammers in WSN using a Trigger Identification Service.ijsrd.com
In the last decade, the greatest threat to the wireless sensor network has been Reactive Jamming Attack because it is difficult to be disclosed and defend as well as due to its mass destruction to legitimate sensor communications. As discussed above about the Reactive Jammers Nodes, a new scheme to deactivate them efficiently is by identifying all trigger nodes, where transmissions invoke the jammer nodes, which has been proposed and developed. Due to this identification mechanism, many existing reactive jamming defending schemes can be benefited. This Trigger Identification can also work as an application layer .In this paper, on one side we provide the several optimization problems to provide complete trigger identification service framework for unreliable wireless sensor networks and on the other side we also provide an improved algorithm with regard to two sophisticated jamming models, in order to enhance its robustness for various network scenarios.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Packed Bed Reactor for Catalytic Cracking of Plasma Pyrolyzed Gas
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 4, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 845
Packed Bed Reactor for Catalytic Cracking of Plasma Pyrolyzed Gas
Nayak M. G1
Rana P.H2
Murugan P.V3
Dr. Nema S.K4
1,2,3,4
Department of Chemical Engineering
1, 2
Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Chandkheda
3, 4
FCIPT division, Institute for plasma research, Gandhinagar
Abstract— Packed bed reactors play vital role in chemical
industries for obtaining valuable product, like steam
reforming of natural gas, ammonia synthesis, sulphuric acid
production, methanol synthesis, methanol oxidation,
butadiene production, styrene production. It is not only used
for production but also used in separation process like
adsorption, distillation and stripping section. Packed bed
reactors are work horse of the chemical and petroleum
industries. Its low cost, and simplicity makes it first choice
to any chemical processes. In our experimental work
vacuum residue is used as a feed which is pyrolyzed in the
primary chamber with the help of plasma into hydrogen and
hydrocarbon gases which is feed stream to the Ni catalyst
containing packed bed reactor called catalytic cracker. Ni
loading in the catalyst about 70 % is used to crack or
decompose lower molecular hydrocarbon in to hydrogen to
maximize the energy content per mass flow of gas steam
and also to minimize the carbon dioxide equivalent gases at
outlet of the reactor. Since cracking is surface phenomena so
the catalyst play important role in designing of reactor
shape. Parallel Catalytic packed bed with regeneration and
deactivation can be used for commercial production of clean
fuel.
Keywords: Vacuum residue, X ray analysis SEM of catalyst,
contact time, pressure drop, coking.
I. INTRODUCTION
Packed bed reactor employing Ni catalyst is the major
source of generation of hydrogen from hydrocarbon gases
present in plasma pyrolyzed [1,2]
gas. In industry steam
reforming, partial oxidation reaction are used for converting
hydrocarbon in to hydrogen and Carbon monoxide mixture
[3, 4]
. It is commonly called syngas. It is estimated that over
95 % of hydrogen generation from fossil fuel in which
major hydrogen production is by steam reforming of lighter
weight hydrocarbon like methane, ethane[5,6]
. This operation
involve filling nickel catalyst into tubes of shell and tube
type reactor and hot fluid supplied over the shell side to
provide heat necessary for steam reforming. Steam to
hydrocarbon ration is maintained around 2:1 depending
upon the hydrocarbon involve.
However in this operation we get the mixture of
hydrogen and carbon monoxide which is fed to shift
converter followed by purifier like Pressure swing
adsorption unit or cryogenic separation to get pure hydrogen
from the gas mixture. [7]
Since purification involves
additional space requirement as well as running and capital
cost, it is batter to think upon alternative approach.
Decomposition of methane, ethane or higher hydrocarbon is
one of the best alternatives as it produces hydrogen gas in
the product stream free from carbon monoxide, so this can
be used for fuel cell to generate electricity without any
purification. Carbon composition present in the hydrocarbon
gas is converted into carbon particle which is deposited over
the catalyst surface and gradually reduces efficiency of
decomposition. This carbon under SEM analysis shows
zigzag structure for methane, rolled fibre with entangled
cluster structure for ethylene and ethane over 5 % by weight
Ni on SiO2 at 673 K, performed by Kiyoshi otsuka and
coworkers [8]
. Filamentous carbon is also useful raw material
for its use in graphite electrode, to reduce metal oxide etc.
Catalyst bed can be regenerated by partial oxidation of
carbon into its oxide.
II. THEORY
The principal difference between reactor design calculations
involving homogeneous reactions and those involving fluid-
solid heterogeneous reactions is that for the latter, the
reaction takes place on the surface of the catalyst. The
reaction rate is based on mass of solid catalyst, W, rather
than on reactor volume, V[9]
. For cracking of gas in presence
of solid nickel catalyst the rate of formation of hydrogen or
rate of disappearance of hydrocarbons are denoted by
rH2’=molH2formed/(second. Gm of catalyst)
= -rH.C.’
= moles of hydrocarbon gases reacted/second. Gm of
catalyst
Assumption Involving packed Bed reactor design
There is no redial gradient in concentration of reaction
species.
Temperature of the reactor is constant or isothermal
operating condition.
Reaction rate is held constant.
III. PBR DERIVATION
General Balance on weight of catalyst is as under.[9]
In- out +Generation = Accumulation
FA,0 - FA + ∫ =
Fig (1): Packed bed reactor schematic diagram
At, Steady State
FA0-FA + ∫
2. Packed Bed Reactor for Catalytic Cracking of Plasma Pyrolyzed Gas
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 4/2013/0010)
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Differentiate with respect to W and rearrange
The Space time, tau, is obtained by dividing the reactor
volume by the volumetric flow rate entering the reactor:
τ=
Space time is the time necessary to process one volume of
reactor fluid at the entrance conditions.
Calculation steps
1) Analyzing gas composition at the inlet of reactor at
given temperature and pressure. It is done by Gas
chromatography analysis.
Sr. No. Component Volume %
1 Methane 14.08
2 Ethane 4.03
3 Propane 0.089
4 n-butane 0.0061
5 i-butane 0.015
6 Ethylene 0.9
7 Hydrocarbon 5
8 Nitrogen 38.1
9 Hydrogen 32.89
10 Carbon monoxide 4.89
Table (1): Gas composition at the inlet of reactor
For ideal gas volume percentage is equal to mole percentage
so next step is to find the compressibility factor z to
determine state of gas at given temperature and pressure.
2) Find compressibility factor for gas component.
In our experimental cracking work consist of hydrocarbon
gases mixture. Considering the non ideal behavior of the gas
component we need to introduce compressibility factor
which is denoted by Z.
It is denoted by
Z= P*V/n*R*T
Where P= pressure, in Kpa or mm Hg or mmWc
T = Temperature in Kelvin
V = Volumetric flow rate in m3
/hr
n = molar flow rate in mol/hr.
R =Universal gas constant =8.314 J/mol. K
If Z=1 for prevailing condition than gas behaves ideally,
otherwise it acts as a real gas. For ith
component its value is
Z i = Z0i + ωi*Z1i ------eq. 1
Value of Z0 and Z1 is obtained from table 1[10]
and table 2[10]
for given reduce T and P.
3) Molar flow rate of individual component can be
found by the following equation.
Fi,0 = P0 * υi,0 / Z* R* T0 ------eq. 2
4) Since compressibility factor for hydrocarbon gas is
nearer to 1 we can say gas behavior is ideal one and
total molar flow rate and mole fraction can be found by
following equation.
5) Ft,0 = ∑ Fi,0 -------eq. 3
6) Yi,0 =Fi,0/Ft,0 -------eq. 4
Table (2): Calculation of compressibility factor Z
Variable of our study are as follow.
1) Temperature
2) Volumetric flow rate of gas at inlet. Decomposition
reaction time for fixed temperature and volumetric flow
rate.
3) Weight of catalyst.
4) Concentration in Mol/m3 of gas at inlet can be
determined as follow.
Ci,0 = Fi,0/ υ,0 -----eq. 5
5) For given flow rate and temperature, pressure gas
individual component detail is completely determined
and presented in table 3.
CALCULATION OF MOLAR/MASS FLOWRATE OF GAS
AT INLET
P0 700 mm Hg
T0 823 K
Compon
ent
volu
metri
c
flow
rate
ϑa0
Molar flow
rate Fa0
mol/hr =
P0*ϑa0/Z*R
*T0
mol
fracti
on
Concent
ration
mol/m3
mass flow
rate ,inlet
gm/hr
CH4 0.141 1.920 0.141 1.920 30.727
C2H6 0.040 0.550 0.040 0.550 16.490
C3H8 0.001 0.012 0.001 0.012 0.534
n-C4H10 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.048
i-C4H10 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.119
C2H4 0.009 0.123 0.009 0.123 3.437
H.C. 0.050 0.682 0.050 0.682 58.650
N2 0.381 5.197 0.381 5.197 145.506
H2 0.329 4.486 0.329 4.486 8.972
CO 0.049 0.667 0.049 0.667 18.675
ϑ0 1.000 13.639 1 283.159
Table (3): Gas material balance data at the inlet of reactor
6) Reaction mechanism strongly suggests that operating
pressure should be as low as possible, because the
moles of product formed after the reaction is higher
than reactant. Considering 60 % conversion of 1m3/hr
Compon
ent
Tc Pc Pr Tr Vc Zc ω Z0 Z1
Methane
190.5
6
4.59
9
0.018
8
4.3
2
.09
8
.28
6
0.011
5
1.00
0
1.000
Ethane
305.3
2
4.87
2
0.017
7
2.6
9
.14
5
0.2
8
0.099
5
0.99
9
0.000
6
Propane
369.8
4
4.24
8
0.020
4
2.2
2
0.2
0.2
7
0.152
3
0.99
9
0.001
8
Butane
425.1
2
3.79
6
0.022
8
1.9
3
0.2
2
0.2
7
0.200
2
0.99
9
0.002
Pentane 475 3.5
0.024
7
1.7
3
0.2
9
0.2
7
0.25
0.99
9
0.002
Hexane 507.6
3.20
2
0.027
0
1.6
3
0.3
7
0.2
6
0.301
3
0.99
7
0.003
8
3. Packed Bed Reactor for Catalytic Cracking of Plasma Pyrolyzed Gas
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 4/2013/0010)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 847
hydrocarbon into hydrogen and carbon at 823 K and
700 mm Hg pressure the hydrogen production and
concentration at the outlet can be found as
under:[11,12,13]
CH4 Cs + H2(g)
C2H62Cs + 3H2 CH4 + C + 2H2
C3H8 3C + 4H2 2C +CH4 + 3H2
C4H10 4C + 5H2 3C + CH4 + 4H2
C5H12 5C +6H2 4C +CH4 + 5H2
In general Hydrocarbon cracking or decomposition can be
expressed in term of
CnH2n+2 nC + (n+1)H2
For known volumetric flow rate Material balance across the
packed bed reactor for individual component is as under:-
Moles of i |inlet - Moles of i |outlet = Moles of ith component
converted.
Component
H2
produced
Mol/hr
C
produced
Mol/hr
H2
produced
gm/hr
C produced
gm/hr
CH4 2.3045 1.1523 4.6091 13.8272
C2H6 0.9894 0.6596 1.9788 7.9153
C3H8 0.0146 0.0146 0.0291 0.1748
n-C4H10 0.0025 0.0020 0.0050 0.0240
i-C4H10 0.0061 0.0049 0.0123 0.0589
C2H4 0.1473 0.1473 0.2946 1.7677
H.C. 2.8643 2.4551 5.7286 29.4614
N2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
H2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
CO 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
ϑ0 6.3288 4.4358 12.657 53.229
Table (4): Component converted inside the reactor
Moles of component, its concentration depend upon the
amount converted in the catalyst bed.
Since there is increase in the mole of product than reactant
we also have to determine two factor that is δi and εi for
individual component.
For Reaction A b/a B + c/a C
δi = b/a + c/a -1 ------eq. 6
εi = δi* yi,0 ------eq. 7
9) Concentration of reactant at the outlet of the reactor is
determined by the following formula
Ci= Ci,0*(1-X)/(1+εi*X)*p/p0 ------eq. 8
Or
C j = CT0 * (F j/ F T) * ( P / P0 ) * (T0/ T)
For given inlet volumetric flow rate of gas and conversion
value of δi and εi is as shown in table 5.
Component δi εi
Methane 2 0.2815
Ethane 4 0.1612
Ethylene 3 0.027
Propane 4 0.00356
Butane 8 0.027
Hexane 12 0.6
Table (5): δ and ε value of gas component.
Compon
ent
volum
etric
flow
rate
ϑa=Fa
*Z*R*
T/P
mol/m
3
Mola
r
flow
rate
mol/
hr
Fa=F
a0*(
1-X)
mol
fraction
Concen
tration
mol/m3
Ca=
Ca,0
*(1-
X)/(1
+εX)
*p/p
0
mol/
m3
ma
ss
flo
w
rat
e,o
utl
et
gm
/hr
Avg
mole
cular
weig
ht
gm/
mol
CH4 0.0616
0.768
2
0.0427 0.5324
0.532
4
12.
29
08
0.683
0
C2H6 0.0176
0.219
9
0.0122 0.1524
0.152
4
6.5
96
1
0.366
6
C3H8 0.0004
0.004
9
0.0003 0.0034
0.003
4
0.2
13
6
0.011
9
n-C4H10 0.0000
0.000
3
0.0000 0.0002
0.000
2
0.0
19
3
0.001
1
i-C4H10 0.0001
0.000
8
0.0000 0.0006
0.000
6
0.0
47
5
0.002
6
C2H4 0.0039
0.049
1
0.0027 0.0340
0.034
0
1.3
74
9
0.076
4
H.C. 0.0219
0.272
8
0.0152 0.1890
0.189
0
23.
46
00
1.303
7
N2 0.4167
5.196
7
0.2888 3.6014
3.601
4
14
5.5
06
5
8.086
2
H2 0.8672
10.81
48
0.6010 7.4948
7.494
8
21.
62
96
1.202
0
CO 0.0535
0.667
0
0.0371 0.4622
0.462
2
18.
67
52
1.037
8
ϑ(m3/hr) 1.4430
17.99
44
1.0000
22
9.8
13
5
12.77
14
Table (6): Component stream at the outlet of the reactor
Once the concentration of the gas at the outlet is known for
given condition we can either find the weight of catalyst
needed for given conversion provided that rate constant
value of each component is known or we can find the rate
constant for given weight of catalyst and conversion.
By using characteristics equation for packed bed reactor [9]
∑ -----eq. 9
Since decomposition of hydrocarbon lighter than gasoline
obey first order reaction rate law, we can estimate the rate
constant and activation energy as well as pre exponential
factor or the weight of catalyst for given conversion.
11) Ergun equation is used to calculate Pressure drop
calculation in porous bed. Ergun equation can be used for
laminar as well as turbulent flow in the packed bed.[9]
= * *[ + 1.75G] ----eq. 10
Where
P= pressure, lb/ft2
ф = Porosity= volume of void/total bed volume
1-ф = volume of solid/ total bed volume.
gc = 32.174 lbm.ft/s2
.lbf
Dp = diameter of particle in the bed, m
4. Packed Bed Reactor for Catalytic Cracking of Plasma Pyrolyzed Gas
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 4/2013/0010)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 848
µ = viscosity of gas passing through the bed, lbm/ft.h(
kg/m.s)
z= length down the packed bed of pipe, ft.
u= superficial velocity= volumetric flow / cross sectional
area of pipe, ft/hr.
ρ=gas velocity, kg/m3
.
G= ρ*u = superficial mass velocity, kg/m2
.sec
Pressure drop in the across the bed is measured by u tube
manometer filled with water. Temperature of the gas inlet,
outlet and bed is measured by thermocouple.
Reactor based on the above design step is fabricated at the
workshop of the FCIPT division, Institute for plasma
research.
Fig (2): Reactor three dimensional drawing
Fig (3): Reactor plate three dimensional views
Reactor three dimensional drawing and its specification
drawing is shown in figure 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
Catalyst used for decomposition of hydrocarbon into
hydrogen is Ni catalyst found to contain 75 % of Ni as
measured by X-ray analysis.
Fig (4): Reactor design specification.
5. Packed Bed Reactor for Catalytic Cracking of Plasma Pyrolyzed Gas
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 4/2013/0010)
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Fig (5): x ray analysis of Ni catalyst
SEM analysis of Ni catalyst is shown below.
Fig (6)
IV. CONCLUSION
Ni catalysis loaded packed bed reactor can be used to
maximize hydrogen generation from Ni catalyst. Vacuum
residue feed flow rate, Primary pyrolysis chamber
temperature, and pressure play important role in conversion
of hydrocarbon to hydrogen. By varying flow rate at given
temperature and pressure for a fixed catalyst weight
followed by measuring gas concentration at inlet and outlet
of reactor is useful to identify kinetics of the reaction as well
as to optimize the given reactor. Similarly by changing
temperature at constant pressure, volumetric flow rate and
fixed catalyst weight we can find the conversion as well as
effect of temperature on the conversion.
NomenclatureA.
Fi,0 = Molar flow rate of component i at reactor inlet.
Fi = Molar flow rate of component I at the reactor outlet.,
Ci,0 = Concentration of component I at reactor inlet.
Ci = Concentration of component I at reactor outlet.
τ = space time
υi,0 = Volumetric flow rate of ith
component at reactor inlet.
υi = Volumetric flow rate of ith component at reactor outlet.
T,0 = Temperature at reactor inlet.
T= Temperature at reactor outlet.
P,0= Pressure at reactor inlet.
P = Pressure at reactor outlet.
Z= Compressibility factor.
Pc = Critical pressure
Pr = Reduced pressure.
Tc= Critical temperature.
Tr = Reduced temperature.
ω= eccentricity factor.
R = Universal gas constant.
X= Conversion
δi = stoichiometric coefficient difference.
εi = Factional change in volume of gas per mole of ith
component reacted.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
FCIPT division, Institute for plasma research for providing
infrastructure and allow me to do my dissertation work.
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