ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Investigation on corrosion behaviour of mild steel using al, zn, ni cr coatin...IJLT EMAS
Mild steel is the base material most commonly and
widely used in ship and pipe building material. The purpose of
this project is to analyse the different coating material like
aluminium, zinc and Nichrome using thermal spray process and
to select the suitable coating material for mild steel which resists
corrosion better. The main aim of this research is to analyse the
corrosion of coated mild steel in its first stages, in order to
determine its corrosion rate and to select the suitable coating
material for corrosion resistance of mild steel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Investigation on corrosion behaviour of mild steel using al, zn, ni cr coatin...IJLT EMAS
Mild steel is the base material most commonly and
widely used in ship and pipe building material. The purpose of
this project is to analyse the different coating material like
aluminium, zinc and Nichrome using thermal spray process and
to select the suitable coating material for mild steel which resists
corrosion better. The main aim of this research is to analyse the
corrosion of coated mild steel in its first stages, in order to
determine its corrosion rate and to select the suitable coating
material for corrosion resistance of mild steel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Diffusion Bonding of Semi-Solid (SSM 356) Cast Aluminum AlloyIJMER
A new technique to achieve the globular weld structure of SSM 356 aluminum alloy was
conducted. The effect of joining parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion
bonding butt joints of semi-solid SSM 356 aluminum alloy was investigated by conditions as follows:
compressive pressure at 0.4, 0.9, 1.8, 2.4 and 2.7 MPa, with holding time 3 hours and temperature at
495oC under argon atmosphere at 4 liters per minute. The results showed that the compressive pressure
1.8 MPa, with holding time 3 hours and temperature 495oC, under argon atmosphere provided the highest
joint strength to 124.48 MPa. In addition, the results of the investigation have shown that the joint
efficiency was 72 percent compared with base metal and microstructure in weld zone (WZ) after welding
becomes globular structure. This microstructure, similar to the original structure of the base material, is a
globular structure but the grain size can grow at a higher temperature
Microstructural and Mechanical Properties Analysis of Plasma ARC Welded 316L ...ijtsrd
Plasma Arc Welding PAW is one of the important arc welding process commonly using as aerospace, medical, power plants, and automobile industry. Especially stainless steel 316L SS316L has been successfully utilized in many sectors because of its excellent corrosion resistance, self healing property, and biocompatibility, high fatigue life and creep resistance. The paper focuses on weld quality characteristics like weld bead geometry, grain size, hardness and ultimate tensile strength of PAW welded joints of austenitic stainless steels AISI 316L. From the analysis carried out it is noticed that AISI 316L has achieved sound weld bead geometry, good tensile strength and hardness. Welding of Low Nickel Chrome manganese Austenitic is an emerging area of research. Due to nickel price volatility, there was been increased interest in no nickel or low nickel economical grades of stainless steel. Chrome manganese austenitic "standard 200 series" and ferritic stainless steel "standard 300 series" grades with well defined technical properties have proved acceptable materials for specific applications for many years. This increase in the use and production of these low nickel grades is not currently matched by a proper level of user knowledge. So there is a risk that they may be used in unsuitable applications. It is very important to cultivate the method of fabrication like welding. This paper looks at the behaviour of low nickel chrome manganese austenitic stainless steel in terms of microstructure and sensitization effects upon welding by PAW process. In this project, we performed 5 mm thick AISI 316L bead on and joint using PAW. Further study the geometric analysis, microstructure, micro hardness, tensile strength, SEM analysis and TAGUCHI analysis of the welded workpieces and analyzed the benefits and shortcoming methods. Arka Ghosh | Mr. T. K. Bhattachraya | Mr. N. V. Deshpande | Dr. Sushovan Basak "Microstructural and Mechanical Properties Analysis of Plasma ARC Welded 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel Joints without Addition of Filler Material" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26478.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/26478/microstructural-and-mechanical-properties-analysis-of-plasma-arc-welded-316l-austenitic-stainless-steel-joints-without-addition-of-filler-material/arka-ghosh
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Process Parameters on AA7075 in TIG WeldingIJARTES
Influence of Process Parameters on AA7075 in
TIG Welding
Aluminium Alloy is containing high strength,
light weight and good Corrosion resistance. Then Gas
tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is an important joining
method for high strength aluminium alloys using
applications in transport applications like that marine,
aerospace, bicycle components, marine Engine components,
External throw away tanks for military aircrafts and other
industries. Gas tungsten arc welding have been used to
investigate the Weldability of high strength aluminium
alloys. Some important GTAW process parameters and their
effects on weld quality are discussed. Mechanical properties
of welds such as tensile strength and hardness properties are
discussed. The aim of the report is to investigation in GTAW
of high strength aluminium alloy 7075 and to provide a basis
for follow-on research.
REVIEW ON EFFECT OF HEAT INPUT ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF BUTT WELD JOINT USING M...ijiert bestjournal
Present work investigates the effect of heat input (controlled by welding current,welding voltage and welding speed) on tensile strength,micro-hardness and microstructure elements produced by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). From the experimental res ults it was found that the increase in heat input affects the micro-constituents of base metal,and h eat affected zone (HAZ). Tensile strength decreases with increase in heat input and from scanning elect ron microscopy of tensile test fractured surfaces exhibited ductile & brittle failure. From micro har dness data values it was observed that hardness of material increases with increase in heat input in w eld pool and decreases in HAZ zone. Optical microscopy shows that smaller dendrite sizes and le sser inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone at low heat input. And long dendrite si zes and large inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone of the joint welded at high heat in put. Further it was observed from the optical micrographs that the extent of grain coarsening in the HAZ increases with increase in heat input. The welding heat input has a great influence on the wel dments properties. This paper describes the influen ce of welding heat input on the weld metal toughness of h igh-carbon steel surface welded joint .
At present scenario, INCONEL alloy 625 becomes widely used material in aero industry due to its High
tensile, creep, and rupture strength, outstanding fatigue and thermal-fatigue strength, oxidation resistance, and
excellent weld ability properties. In present work, the plates of 50mm×50mm×3mm are modelled and assembled
for v-butt joint using solid works. This model is imported in the FEA software (ANSYS) to carry out the transient
thermal analysis. The analysis is carried out with different combinations of welding parameters such as voltage,
current, velocity, speed and melting efficiency. From the analysis result, the temperature distribution at various
locations around the weld bead is evaluated. From structural analysis result, the distortion of work piece due to the
thermal effect is analysed.
the slide shows the advance welding technic like as Tig And Mig Welding Process.
it help people to understand the advance manufacturing process for welding.
it made by Sk Samsuddin.
This project are for understanding the working, advantages and disadvantages of plasma arc welding, the viewers can also use it for their needful purpose.
Diffusion Bonding of Semi-Solid (SSM 356) Cast Aluminum AlloyIJMER
A new technique to achieve the globular weld structure of SSM 356 aluminum alloy was
conducted. The effect of joining parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion
bonding butt joints of semi-solid SSM 356 aluminum alloy was investigated by conditions as follows:
compressive pressure at 0.4, 0.9, 1.8, 2.4 and 2.7 MPa, with holding time 3 hours and temperature at
495oC under argon atmosphere at 4 liters per minute. The results showed that the compressive pressure
1.8 MPa, with holding time 3 hours and temperature 495oC, under argon atmosphere provided the highest
joint strength to 124.48 MPa. In addition, the results of the investigation have shown that the joint
efficiency was 72 percent compared with base metal and microstructure in weld zone (WZ) after welding
becomes globular structure. This microstructure, similar to the original structure of the base material, is a
globular structure but the grain size can grow at a higher temperature
Microstructural and Mechanical Properties Analysis of Plasma ARC Welded 316L ...ijtsrd
Plasma Arc Welding PAW is one of the important arc welding process commonly using as aerospace, medical, power plants, and automobile industry. Especially stainless steel 316L SS316L has been successfully utilized in many sectors because of its excellent corrosion resistance, self healing property, and biocompatibility, high fatigue life and creep resistance. The paper focuses on weld quality characteristics like weld bead geometry, grain size, hardness and ultimate tensile strength of PAW welded joints of austenitic stainless steels AISI 316L. From the analysis carried out it is noticed that AISI 316L has achieved sound weld bead geometry, good tensile strength and hardness. Welding of Low Nickel Chrome manganese Austenitic is an emerging area of research. Due to nickel price volatility, there was been increased interest in no nickel or low nickel economical grades of stainless steel. Chrome manganese austenitic "standard 200 series" and ferritic stainless steel "standard 300 series" grades with well defined technical properties have proved acceptable materials for specific applications for many years. This increase in the use and production of these low nickel grades is not currently matched by a proper level of user knowledge. So there is a risk that they may be used in unsuitable applications. It is very important to cultivate the method of fabrication like welding. This paper looks at the behaviour of low nickel chrome manganese austenitic stainless steel in terms of microstructure and sensitization effects upon welding by PAW process. In this project, we performed 5 mm thick AISI 316L bead on and joint using PAW. Further study the geometric analysis, microstructure, micro hardness, tensile strength, SEM analysis and TAGUCHI analysis of the welded workpieces and analyzed the benefits and shortcoming methods. Arka Ghosh | Mr. T. K. Bhattachraya | Mr. N. V. Deshpande | Dr. Sushovan Basak "Microstructural and Mechanical Properties Analysis of Plasma ARC Welded 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel Joints without Addition of Filler Material" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26478.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/26478/microstructural-and-mechanical-properties-analysis-of-plasma-arc-welded-316l-austenitic-stainless-steel-joints-without-addition-of-filler-material/arka-ghosh
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Process Parameters on AA7075 in TIG WeldingIJARTES
Influence of Process Parameters on AA7075 in
TIG Welding
Aluminium Alloy is containing high strength,
light weight and good Corrosion resistance. Then Gas
tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is an important joining
method for high strength aluminium alloys using
applications in transport applications like that marine,
aerospace, bicycle components, marine Engine components,
External throw away tanks for military aircrafts and other
industries. Gas tungsten arc welding have been used to
investigate the Weldability of high strength aluminium
alloys. Some important GTAW process parameters and their
effects on weld quality are discussed. Mechanical properties
of welds such as tensile strength and hardness properties are
discussed. The aim of the report is to investigation in GTAW
of high strength aluminium alloy 7075 and to provide a basis
for follow-on research.
REVIEW ON EFFECT OF HEAT INPUT ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF BUTT WELD JOINT USING M...ijiert bestjournal
Present work investigates the effect of heat input (controlled by welding current,welding voltage and welding speed) on tensile strength,micro-hardness and microstructure elements produced by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). From the experimental res ults it was found that the increase in heat input affects the micro-constituents of base metal,and h eat affected zone (HAZ). Tensile strength decreases with increase in heat input and from scanning elect ron microscopy of tensile test fractured surfaces exhibited ductile & brittle failure. From micro har dness data values it was observed that hardness of material increases with increase in heat input in w eld pool and decreases in HAZ zone. Optical microscopy shows that smaller dendrite sizes and le sser inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone at low heat input. And long dendrite si zes and large inter-dendritic spacing were observed in the fusion zone of the joint welded at high heat in put. Further it was observed from the optical micrographs that the extent of grain coarsening in the HAZ increases with increase in heat input. The welding heat input has a great influence on the wel dments properties. This paper describes the influen ce of welding heat input on the weld metal toughness of h igh-carbon steel surface welded joint .
At present scenario, INCONEL alloy 625 becomes widely used material in aero industry due to its High
tensile, creep, and rupture strength, outstanding fatigue and thermal-fatigue strength, oxidation resistance, and
excellent weld ability properties. In present work, the plates of 50mm×50mm×3mm are modelled and assembled
for v-butt joint using solid works. This model is imported in the FEA software (ANSYS) to carry out the transient
thermal analysis. The analysis is carried out with different combinations of welding parameters such as voltage,
current, velocity, speed and melting efficiency. From the analysis result, the temperature distribution at various
locations around the weld bead is evaluated. From structural analysis result, the distortion of work piece due to the
thermal effect is analysed.
the slide shows the advance welding technic like as Tig And Mig Welding Process.
it help people to understand the advance manufacturing process for welding.
it made by Sk Samsuddin.
This project are for understanding the working, advantages and disadvantages of plasma arc welding, the viewers can also use it for their needful purpose.
Optimization of Process Parameters of Tungsten Inert Gas Welding by Taguchi M...ijsrd.com
Tungsten Inert Gas welding (TIG) is one of the most important joining technologies in welding-related fabrication. High quality weld joints without spattering and slags qualify this welding technology for the major part of metals. As the filler-metal supply is separated from the arc, the molten pool can be controlled in the best way possible an advantage which ensures the quality of the execution of the weld but entails a relatively low deposition rate and welding speed. When manufacturing consumer products where appearance is of importance; then the choice has to be TIG welding. Jobs that call for code requirements such as nuclear work, piping, and high profile consumer goods often require at least the first weld in the pipe joint to be TIG welding for an effective bond. In some cases all the passes on a multi-pass pipe weld may have to be TIG welding, if demand has high quality and code requirements.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
1. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-1, January 2014
88 www.erpublication.org
Abstract— The Welding process can be defined as a method
to join material usually metals and thermoplastics, by causing
coalescence. This is often done by melting the work pieces and
adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material
(the weld pool) that cools to become a strong joint,
with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by
itself, to produce the weld. Thus Cost reduction and
productivity improvement in welding operation can therefore
generate considerable impacts on competitiveness of various
manufacturing industries. The other factors which plays a
major role in determination of weld quality is welding time,
depth of penetration, heat, surrounding conditions. The other
methods used to perform the deep penetration processes are
energy beam methods such as laser beam welding and electron
beam welding. The primary disadvantages are their very high
equipment costs (though these are decreasing) and a
susceptibility to thermal cracking. Also these energy beam
methods are very expensive and thus does not suits for many
applications. This paper presents an inexpensive welding
process with much smaller weld joint and good depth of
penetration. This work thus focuses on improving weld
penetration without substantial cost increase. Instead of using
another welding process, arc welding process will be performed
in a novel method. These processes use a welding power
supply to create and maintain an electric arc between an
electrode and the base material to melt metals at the welding
point. They use either direct or alternating current, and
consumable or non-consumable electrodes. The welding region
is sometimes protected by some type of inert or semi-inert gas,
known as a shielding gas, and filler material is sometimes used
as well. Common types of arc welding process are submerged
metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, flux core arc welding,
tungsten gas welding and submerged arc welding.
Index Terms—two way arc welding, modern technologies,
penetration, welding
I. INTRODUCTION
It is known that arc welding can achieve deeper penetration
than other arc welding because of its more concentrated arc
and plasma jet. However, the majority of the welding current
in arc welding earths through the top surface of the base
metal. This earthling of current leads to low weld penetration,
thus only the plasma jet which has been ionized and heated by
the arc, rather than the arc itself, can directly penetrate into
the keyhole. If the arc can directly penetrate into the keyhole,
the penetration will be significantly increased. Hence, this
paper proposes increasing the penetration by placing a
second electrode on the opposite side of the work piece. The
Manuscript received January 19, 2014.
Sambhav Jain, Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New
Delhi, India, +9654337070.
Nisarg Shah, Mechanical Engineering, Babaria Institute of technology,
Gujarat, India, +9409213539
two torches are directly connected to the two terminals of the
power supply. Thus this completes arc and the hence the
current flows. The resultant welding current loop becomes
power supply-torch-work-torch-power supply instead of the
conventional power supply-torch-work-power-supply loop.
As a result, the welding current, thus the arc, is guided into
the joint. Another method to improve penetration in arc
welding is to improve the energy density of the arc because
energy density is
the primary
factor
responsible for
the penetration
difference
between
laser/electron
beam welding
and arc welding.
Hence, this
study explores another method to improve arc concentration
and arc energy density to improve penetration with arc
welding.
II. WORKING PRINCIPLE
The basic working principle of the process is to place the
second torch in opposite direction to the first torch referred as
primary torch, welding current flows through the keyhole,
instead of earthing through the work surface, in the proposed
process. Thus, the plasma arc is guided into the joint and it
becomes more concentrated. Hence, the penetration
capability is increased to a great extent. It is apparent that the
welding current must flow through the work during DSAW.
Thus, the process proposed above, of arc welding in
improving penetration provides a better weld joint.
In case of plasma arc welding the gas gets ionized after
passage of electric current through it and it becomes a
conductor of electricity. In ionized state atoms break into
electrons (-) and ions (+) and the system contains a mixture
of ions, electrons and highly exited atoms. The degree of
ionization may be between 1% and greater than 100%.
Thus the whole process is divided in two stages viz.
electropositive and electronegative periods. The major
difference that is the arc is more concentrated in
electronegative period and the penetration is primarily due to
electronegative period.
TWO WAY ARC WELDING FOR DEEPER AND
NARROWER PENETRATION
Sambhav Jain, Nisarg Shah
2. TWO WAY ARC WELDING FOR DEEPER AND NARROWER PENETRATION
89 www.erpublication.org
It is known that the PAW torch has a constricting orifice such
that electrons emitted from the tungsten electrode flow
through the ionized plasma gas and form a highly constricted
plasma jet. This plasma jet melts the workpiece and can
displace the molten metal to form a keyhole or deep narrow
cavity. Therefore, the PAW/GTAW torch combination may
generate the keyhole double-sided arcing phenomenon.
The concentration of the plasma arc can be explained by the
welding current direction and its induced magnetic field. In
The proposed process, the welding current flows
approximately normally through the work. Welding current
in such a direction generates a magnetic field. Under the
effect of this magnetic field, the current lines are driven
towards the axis. The welding current is concentrated both in
the arcs and in the work. Because of the spatial correlation
between the welding current and the arc distribution, the arcs
are therefore converged.
A. ANALYSIS OF HEAT AFFECTED ZONE (HAZ)
The heat affected zone is the factor that determines the
properties of the weld. For any application the depth of the
weld pool is pre determined thus ratio of the depth and the
width of the pool play a major role in the determination of
HAZ. Thus it is clearly stated that the increase in the
penetration can only be achieved by increasing the width of
the weld pool. Thus width of the pool becomes the primary
factor in determination of the heat affected zone. It is noted
that with the increase in the current supply, the depth and
width of the pool increases simultaneously and thus the ratio
remain unchanged, thus for increasing the depth of
penetration, heating is to done from both the sides which
primarily increases the depth due to increased depth to width
ratio.
B. DEFECTS IN WELDING
The major welding defects are the undercuts, porosity,
distortion, incomplete penetration and lamellar tearing, gas
inclusion.
This method solves most of the problems associated with the
plasma arc welding. In case of convectional plasma arc
welding the plasma pressure, gravity results in separation of
liquid pool from the welding torch solid material, however
the undercut may develop when the force between the solid
material and melted material is not sufficient due to which the
cross-sectional thickness of the base metal reduces. This
defect is however solved in this process because of the
simultaneous welding at the bottom of the work piece due to
which the gravity serves as the retaining force.
Distortion in welding process occurs due to shrinkage of the
heated metal. Since the two way arc welding heats the metal
from both the sides, thus thermal distortion is reduced.
III. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
For setting up the experiment, we analyzed the material
TC4 titanium alloy with following chemical composition:
AL V Fe C N O H Ti
6.0 4.1 0.05 0.01 .027 0.12 .006 Bal.
The basic dimension selected for the experiment is
120mm*60mm*4.35mm. The work piece was firstly
grounded with stainless steel brush and sandpaper to remove
the oxide film, and then cleaned with acetone to remove the
organism such as oily soil. It is also seen that at high
temperature, the welding of tungsten is very difficult due to
its high chemical reactivity. Large amount of oxygen,
nitrogen and hydrogen is used during the welding. The
welding speed was approximately 200 mm/min. The
diameter of the nozzle and the electrode was 12 and 3
respectively.
The welding joints were then carefully observed with
optical microscope. Tensile tests were carried out on
INSTRON series IX auto material test machine at a cross
head speed of 1mm/min.
IV. INFERENCE FROM EXPERIMENT
A. Physical Appearance of the Weld
The surface of the weld joint was smooth and fine, when the
current of the two torches was 80 A. The weld zones and the
heat affected zone are well protected with no defects of
deformation. Gas cavities and cracks were also reduced.
B. Macrostructure and Microstructure of welds
The experiments concluded that the two way arc welding was
much superior to the convectional arc welding; since the
amount of penetration was much more noticed in case of two
way arc welding. The figure clearly depicts the arc weld joint
in the case of two way arc welding. This not only increases
the penetration but reduces heat input and saves energy.
In the case of microstructure of the base metal, the structure
3. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-1, January 2014
90 www.erpublication.org
Of heat affected zone was changed and the grains are fine for
growing into equiaxed grains during the thermal cycles
involving rapid heating and cooling.
C. Tensile Strength
The tensile strength tests were conducted on the work piece.
Dimples and polygons contours were observed in fracture
photos taken by SEM. Along with this uneven distribution of
dimples were observed with clear overlaying of tear ridges.
Cavities under dimples were also observed. The large size
dimples were seen surrounded by some exiguous one. The
coarse columned grains in the fusion zone were rapidly
formed and thus leading in harmful elements concentrating of
grain boundaries. This results in reduction of binding force of
grain boundary and resisting force of fracture of titanium
alloy. Thus it shows that the fracture mode of the titanium
alloy weld joint is of mixed ductile and brittle characteristics
because of dimple and contour faces of grains. But the
dimples are the main appearances, thus the fracture is of
ductile mode.
V. ARC CONCENTRATION
The arc behaviors for regular Plasma arc welding and TWO
WAY ARC WELDING before and after the keyhole is
established are very different. First, in comparison with
regular plasma arc, the plasma arc in TWO WAY ARC
WELDING becomes much more concentrated despite the use
of similar welding parameters.
Second, after the weld joint is established, the plasma arc in
two way arc welding is further concentrated while the regular
plasma arc remains unchanged. During Two way arc
welding, current has to flow from one torch to another
through the work piece. If the current flows through the work
piece instead of the joint, the electrons must exit from the
work piece through the cathode on the GTAW side surface of
the work piece to the GTAW electrode. Because of the large
current needed for welding, the electrons tend to emit from
the work piece from an area rather than a small spot. Hence,
the work piece cathode is typically much less focused than
the anode. As a result, the GTAW arc in DSAW is much
broader than the plasma arc.
The trajectory of the electrons (current) in the plasma arc
column is not affected by the work piece. However, for
regular Plasma arc welding, the electrons have a nearly
90-deg transition in direction when they enter the work piece.
To realize such a large transition in travel direction, the
electrons must change their direction prior to ―landing‖ on
the work piece. The arc column in regular plasma arc
welding, thus, must be subject to a divergence. Hence, the
plasma arc in two way arc welding is much more
concentrated than the regular plasma arc. The establishment
of the keyhole further enhances the concentration of the
plasma arc in two way arc welding. After the keyhole is
established, the current may take the keyhole as the path. In
this case, the current flows through the keyhole without being
affected by the work piece cathode, the diameter of which is
much larger than that of the keyhole. The plasma arc can thus
be further concentrated. Hence, the density of the plasma arc
is at least doubled after the keyhole is established. The
GTAW arc is still broad after the keyhole is established. This
indicates that; although the electrons can flow through the
keyhole to minimize the voltage, part of them actually flows
through the work piece, causing a cathode on the work piece.
Therefore, during keyhole two way arcs welding, only part of
the current goes through the keyhole. The rest of the current
flows through the work piece
VI. CHARACTERISTICS OF WELD JOINT
The cross sections of double-sided arc welds are
approximately symmetrical and hourglass shaped. Although
detailed studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of
this shape in thermal distortion and residual stress reduction,
it is certain the thermal distortion and residual stress must be
reduced.
A. GRAIN STRUCTURE
Generally, the solidification structure is controlled by the
solidification parameters— the solidification growth rate R
and the thermal gradient in the liquid GL. The ratio of the two
parameters GL/R normally changes from a maximum value
at the fusion boundary to a minimum along the center of the
weld. These changing solidification conditions result in a
weld solidification structure changing from planar at the weld
boundary to columnar dendrite and then to equiaxed dendrite
grain along the weld center. For TWO WAY ARC
WELDING process, it was found the fraction and width of
the fine equiaxed grain region gradually increases in the weld
metal zone along with an increase in the depth of penetration.
It is known that when the penetration increases, the amount of
molten metal increases. Such an increase in the amount of
molten material helps heat the work piece before cooling;
hence, the thermal gradient during cooling is reduced. This
tends to allow an increase in the amount of fine equiaxed
grains produced.
VII. CONCLUSION
Double-sided arcing phenomenon and technique have been
used to develop the keyhole TWO WAY ARC WELDING
process. Observation and analysis show the
through-thickness direction of the current and the
establishment of the keyhole both plays significant roles in
enhancing arc concentration. Experimental data and analysis
suggest at least part of the current flows through the keyhole
if the keyhole provides a minimum voltage path. The
presence of the current in the keyhole generates an energy
compensation not found in other arc welding processes. The
keyhole TWO WAY ARC WELDING process has proven
capable of achieving deep, narrow joint penetration on
square-groove, thick stainless steel plates up to 1⁄2-in. in a
4. TWO WAY ARC WELDING FOR DEEPER AND NARROWER PENETRATION
91 www.erpublication.org
single pass. Keyhole TWO WAY ARC WELDING reduces
heat input into the work piece by at least 70% in comparison
with regular keyhole PAW, which achieves the deepest and
narrowest penetration at the least heat input of all existing arc
welding processes. In other words, keyhole TWO WAY
ARC WELDING requires only 30% of the heat input needed
by keyhole PAW. Welds produced by keyhole TWO WAY
ARC WELDING are less than 1 mm wider than those
produced by the laser process. To penetrate the same
thickness of stainless steel plates up to 1⁄2in. thick, the heat
input into the work piece by the keyhole TWO WAY ARC
WELDING process is approximate five times as much as that
input by a high-power (approximately 10-kW)laser. Welds
produced by keyhole TWO WAY ARC WELDING are
approximately symmetrical and hour glass shaped. Keyhole
TWO WAY ARC WELDING tends to increase the amount
of the desirable equiaxed grains in the solidified welds.
Detailed studies are needed to fully disclose the metallurgical
implications and mechanical properties for keyhole TWO
WAY ARC WELDING of different materials, including the
impact of heat input reduction and symmetrical shape on
thermal distortion and residual stress, and to quantitatively
analyze the phenomena during double sided arcing and the
keyhole two way arc welding process.
Through the experimental set up it can be concluded that the
titanium alloy can be successfully welded by two way arc
welding at appropriate welding parameters. The welded joint
has good surface appearance without obvious deformation
and defects of cracks and gas acavities.
The two way arc welding process is superior over the regular
single side arc welding on the aspect of low heat ninput,
decreasing the width and deformation of welds and refining
grains. The joints can reach 96.14% tensile strength and
70.85% elongation of the base metal.
EFERENCES
[1] Laser Welding Handbook. 8th edition, Vol. 2: Welding Processes,
AWS, 1991.
[2] E. Craig, 1988. ―The plasma arc welding-a review,‖ Welding Journal,
67(2): 19-25.
[3] R. Hou, D. M. Evans, J. C. McClure, A. C. Nunes, and G. Garcia, 1996.
―Shielding gas and heat transfer efficiency in plasma arc welding,‖
Welding Journal, 75(10): 305s-1310s.
[4] C. J. Kaufman, Rocky Mountain Research Lab., Boulder, CO, private
communication, May 1995.
[5] J. R. Davis (Editor), 1994. ASM Specialty Handbook: Aluminum and
Aluminum Alloys, ASM International, 376-415.
[6] M. Young, the Technical Writers Handbook. Mill Valley, CA:
University Science, 1989.
[7] M. Tomsic and Barhorst, 1984. ―Keyhole plasma arc welding of
aluminum with variable polarity power,‖ Welding Journal, 63(2):
25-32.
[8] T. Paskell, C. Lundin, and H. Castner, 1997. ―GTAW flux increases
weld joint penetration,‖ Welding Journal, 76(4): 57-62.
[9] ZHANG, Bao-chang, Nonferrous Materials and Heat Processing [M].
Xian Northwestern Polytechnic University Press, 1993. 88-89. (in
chinese).
[10] LI Jiang-guo. Present situation and future of welding machinery in
dietary [J]. China Welding, 1994, 3(2) ; 44-47.
[11] McGaugly T. Two new technologies may increase pipe production and
reduce cost [J]. Welding Journal, 2000, 124(3) ; 695-701.
[12] Zhang Y M. Zhang S B. Double-sided arc welding increases weld joint
penetration [J]. Welding Journal, 1998, 77(6) ; 57-61.
[13] SI Chong-Yao Welding Manuals (Volume 2) [M]. Beijing; China
Machine Press, 1992. 537-540. (in Chinese)
[14] B. Irving, 1994. ―Welding the four most popular aluminum alloys,‖
Welding Journal, 73(2): 51-55.
[15] Zhang, Y. M., and Zhang, S. B. 1999. Method of arc welding using
dual serial opposed torches. U.S. Patent, No. 5,990,446.
[16] Welding Handbook. 8th edition, Vol. 2, Welding Processes. Miami,
Fla.: American Welding Society.
[17] Satoh, T., Katayama, J., Ioka, S., and Otani, M. 1990. Experimental
study on rotating behavior of arc during magnetically impelled arc butt
welding. Quarterly Journal of the Japanese Welding Society 8(1):
71–77.
[18] Dowden, J., and Kapadia, P. 1994. Plasma arc welding: a mathematical
model of the arc. Journal of Physics (D): Applied Physics 27: 902–910.
[19] Puchaicela, J. 1998. Control of distortion of welded steel structures.
Welding Journal 77(8): 49–52.
[20] Halmoy, E., Fostervoll, H., and Ramsland, A. 1994. New applications
of plasma keyhole welding. Welding in the World 34: 285–291.
[21] . Lancaster, J. F. 1986. The Physics of Welding. Oxford, Pergamon
Press
Sambhav Jain is pursuing bachelor of technology in
mechanical engineering fro m Jamia Millia Islamia, New
Delhi. He has keen interest in manufacturing engineering
processes.
Nisarg Shah is a student of mechanical engineering from babaria
institute of technology, Gujarat. He has interests in manufacturing
engineering.