This document discusses ethics with respect to science and research. It defines ethics and explains that ethics deals with judgements about human conduct and what is considered right or wrong behavior. The document then discusses research ethics and explains that what is considered acceptable or unacceptable ways of conducting research can vary in different contexts. Finally, it outlines several key principles of ethics in research, including duty to society, beneficence, informed consent, integrity, and protecting privacy and confidentiality of research participants.

1. Ethics With Respect To Science And Research
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Prince George Thomas
Research Scholar
(Reg.No.160/2022)
Rajagiri College of Social Sciences
Kakkanad
Kochi
Date: 30-03-2023

2. Ethics
• Greek word ‘ethos’ - character or conduct
• Philosophical study of morality
• Morality - ‘good’ or ‘evil’
• Acceptable and unacceptable behavior or way of conducting a task
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3. • Study of goodness & right action
• Latin word ‘rectus’ - ‘straight’ or ‘according to rule’
• Rules are the means
• An end or goal as well
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4. • Right (according to rule) is the mean of conduct
• Good - everything useful or serviceable for some purpose
• Ethics - end or goal of life
• ‘Summum bonum’
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5.  Normative science:
- what ought to be done rather than what is the case
- standard or norms decide right and wrong
 Science of character:
- deals with judgements about human conduct
- right is the basic concept
- act in accordance with laws
- laws are for the attainment of good
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6.  Not a practical science:
- not realization of an end
- guides us to achieve a specific goal
- what the ultimate goal of life is?
- how this can be reached?
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7.  Ethics is not an art:
Art
- depends upon result
- deals with acquisition of skill to
produce objects
- possession of skill is important
Ethics
- based on motive
- consists of goodness
- virtue implies activity
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8. Research
 An inquiry:
- discovery and interpretation of facts
- revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts
- practical application of new or revised theories or laws
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9. Research Ethics
- Acceptable Vs. unacceptable way of conducting a task
- vary across countries, government, disciplines, institutions,
laboratories
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 Ethics “Dumping”
- to circumvent the regulations, policies, or processes

10. Importance
- Promote knowledge and truth
- Promote trust, respect, and objectivity in a collaborative
work environment
- Help maintain the safety and interest of human and animal subjects
- Make researchers accountable for quality and outcome of research
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11. Ethics with respect to Science and Research
- duty to society;
- beneficence;
- conflict of interest;
- informed consent;
- integrity;
- nondiscrimination;
- non exploitation;
- privacy and confidentiality;
- professional competence;
- professional discipline
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12. • Duty to society;
- must contribute to the well-being of society
eg: Biological weapons
• Beneficence
- welfare of the research participant in mind
- benefits should outweigh the risks
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13. • Conflict of Interest
- minimize financial and other influences
- could bias research results
eg: free medical tests, publishing opportunities, professional
opportunities etc.
• Informed Consent
- voluntarily agree to participate
- understanding of the research and its risks
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14. • Integrity
- demonstrate honesty and truthfulness
- fabrication of data, falsify results, or omit relevant data
plagiarism
• Non discrimination
- minimize attempts to reduce benefits of research on specific groups
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15. • Non exploitation
- should not exploit, or take unfair advantage of, research participants
- One population to benefit another
• Privacy and Confidentiality
- Participants control how others see, touch, or obtain their information
- Protect private information provided by participants from release
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Privacy paradox- high levels of interest in protecting personal information, yet freely give it
away

16. • Professional Competence
- engage only in work that one is qualified to perform
• Professional Discipline
- promoting ethical behaviors through practice, publishing and
communicating, mentoring and teaching
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17. Policy Makers
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Food and Drug Administration
Committee On

18. Code of Ethics in Research
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19.  Integrity:
- Promises and obligations of agreements
- Sincerity and consistency in actions and thoughts
 Honesty:
- Research data, results, methods, procedures, and publication
status honestly
- Avoid falsification, fabrication, and misrepresentation of research
output
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20.  Objectivity:
- Avoid bias in experiment/study design, data analysis, data
interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, and writing
- Disclose both personal and financial interests
 Competence:
- Improve expertise
- Take effective steps to advance competence in the field
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21.  Carefulness:
- Maintain a record of research activities including data collection
and correspondences with journals
- Examine work thoroughly with peers
 Openness:
- Share data, results, tools, resources, and ideas
 Legality:
- Adhere to governmental and institutional laws/policies
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22.  Confidentiality:
- Information such as patient records, trade or military secrets,
grant applications, papers submitted for publication
 Non-discrimination:
- Based on gender, sex, ethnicity, race, or religion
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23.  Respect for Intellectual Property:
- Plagiarism
- Credit the original author/creator
- Patent, copyright, trademark etc..
 Responsible Publication:
- Avoid duplicate publication
 Responsible Mentoring:
- Encourage, educate, mentor, and advise students
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24.  Social Responsibility:
- Advocate and advance public interests and health through
research
 Animal Care:
- Respect and care for animals
- Avoid bad study designs and experiments
 Human Subjects Protection:
- Respect, confidentiality, welfare, and dignity in clinical studies
- Minimize any risk/harm.
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