This document discusses several topics related to research ethics including guidelines, codes, and organizations. It provides 10 guidelines for ethical research including honesty, objectivity, integrity, and social responsibility. It summarizes the Nuremberg Code which consists of 10 principles for ethical human experimentation such as voluntary consent and avoiding unnecessary suffering. It also discusses the Belmont Report which established three ethical principles for research involving human subjects: beneficence, justice, and respect for persons. It provides an overview of the roles of WHO, UNESCO, and UNESCO in establishing standards and guidance for ethical research practices globally. It identifies several types of research misconduct and issues that can arise from collaboration, peer review, and conflicts of interest. It

1. Discussants:
CHRISTER P. MANALO
SHEILA S. JOSE
VANESSA KATE MANALO

2. -Greek word “ethos” = custom or convention, or the
spirit of community
-is the branch of Philosophy that deals with morals or
right and wrong.
-are the principles and guidelines that help us uphold
things we value.

3. 1. HONESTY- honestly report data, results, methods and procedures and publication status.
Do not fabricate, falsify, or misinterpret data
2. OBJECTIVITY – strike to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data
interpretation, peer review,etc.
3. INTEGRITY – keep your promises and agreement, act with sincerity, strive for consistency
of thought and action.
4. CAREFULNESS – avoid careless errors and negligence. Carefully and critically examine
your own work. Keep good record of research activities such as data collection, research design
and correspondence with agencies or journals.
5. OPENNESS – share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.

4. 6. RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
- Honor patents, copyright and other forms of intellectual property
- Do not use unpublished data, methods or results without permission
- Never plagiarize
7. CONFIDENTIALITY
- Protect confidential communication such as paper or grants submitted for publication,
personnel records, trade or military secrets and patients’ records
8. RESPECT FOR COLLEAGUES
- Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly
9. NON- DISCRIMINATION
- Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, or other
factors, that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity
10. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
- Strive to promote social good and prevent social harms through research, public
education and advocacy

7. RESEARCH ETHICS concerns the
responsibility of researchers to be
honest and respectful to all
individuals who are affected by their
research studies or their reports of the
studies’ results.

18. •A set of 10 guidelines for the ethical treatment of
human participants in research.
•The Nuremberg Code (German: Nürnberger
Kodex) is a set of research ethics principles for
human experimentation created as a result of the
Nuremberg trials at the end of the SecondWorld
War.

19. The ten points of the code were given in the section of
the verdict entitled "Permissable Medical
Experiments":[5]
1.The voluntary consent of the human subject is
absolutely essential.
2.The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful
results for the good of society, unprocurable by other
methods or means of study, and not random and
unnecessary in nature.

20. 3.The experiment should be so designed and based on the
results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the
natural history of the disease or other problem under study that
the anticipated results will justify the performance of the
experiment.
4.The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all
unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury.
5. No experiment should be conducted where there is an a priori
reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur;
except, perhaps, in those experiments where the experimental
physicians also serve as subjects.

21. 6.The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed
that determined by the humanitarian importance of the
problem to be solved by the experiment..
7. Proper preparations should be made and adequate
facilities provided to protect the experimental subject
against even remote possibilities of injury, disability, or
death.
8.The experiment should be conducted only by
scientifically qualified persons.The highest degree of
skill and care should be required through all stages of
the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the
experiment.

22. 9. During the course of the experiment the human
subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to
an end if he has reached the physical or mental state
where continuation of the experiment seems to him
to be impossible.
10. During the course of the experiment the scientist in
charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment
at any stage, if he has probable cause to believe, in the
exercise of the good faith, superior skill and careful
judgment required of him that a continuation of the
experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or
death to the experimental subject.

28. - is one of the leading works concerning ethics and health care
research. Its primary purpose is to protect subjects and
participants in clinical trials or research studies.
This report consists of 3 principles:
1. BENEFICENCE
- ethical decision- making (cost- benefits analysis)
2. JUSTICE
- equitable distribution of risks and benefits
3. RESPECT FOR PERSONS
- informed consent
-coercion is unethical

32. - is an international nongovernmental
organization established jointly
byWHO and UNESCO in 1949.
- represents a substantial proportion of the
biomedical scientific community through its member
organizations.

33. - is to advance public health through
guidance on health research including
ethics, medical product development
and safety.

34. was established in 1946 to
• "contribute to peace and security by promoting
collaboration among nations through education, science
and culture in order to further universal respect for
justice,
• for the rule of law and
• for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which
are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without
distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the
Charter of the United Nations”.

35. 1. Research Misconduct
- Falsification
- Fabrication
- Plagiarism
2. Collaboration Issues
- Authorship
- Data Ownership and Management

36. 3. Peer Review
4. Conflicts of Interest or
Obligation
5. Complicity and funding
Sources
6. Animal Subject Research
7. Human Subject Research

37. - Means fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in
proposing or performing research funded by NSF,
reviewing research proposals submitted to NSF, or in
reporting research results funded by NSF. (The National
Science Foundation Definition)
- Is the process of identifying and reporting unethical or
unsound research.

38. - Means making up data or results and
recording or reporting them.
- Means manipulating research materials, equipment, or
processes, or changing or omitting data or results such
that the research is not accurately represented in the
research record.

39. - Means the appropriation of another
person’s ideas, processes, results or words
without giving appropriate credit.
- Act of passing of somebody else ideas,
thoughts, pictures, theories, words or stories
as your own

40.  Image Manipulation
 Data fabrication or falsification
 Data omission/ suppression
 Plagiarism from the work of another – could also be
ideas gleaned from peer review and used as one’s own
work
 Sabotage

42. A researcher preparing a manuscript should cite the
original source if he or she:
a. Quotes another persons actual words, either oral or
written
b. Paraphrases another persons’ words, either oral or
written
c. Uses another persons ideas opinion and theory
d. Borrows facts statistics or other illustrative material
unless the information is common knowledge

43. What kinds of research ethics issues can you think of that
might stem from collaboration?
 Authorship
 Intellectual Property
 Rigor with which the experiment is conducted
 Good recordkeeping
 Accurate calculations

48. What do you do if you learn something from reviewing a
manuscript that could help your own research?
What can you do to protect your intellectual property
during the review process?
Can graduate students read manuscripts on behalf of their
professors?

49. - Process in which an author submits a written manuscript
or article to a journal for publication and journal editor
distributes the article to the experts
- Experts- as reviewers
- Editor- then enter the peer review process

50.  Reviewers and editors read and evaluate the article
 Reviewers submit their reviews back to the journal
editor
 Journal editor takes all comments including their own
and communicates back to the original

51.  Reviewers and editors read and evaluate the
article
 Reviewers submit their reviews back to the journal
editor
 Journal editor takes all comments including their
own and communicates back to the original

52.  2 most important ethical concept in peer review:
1. CONFIDENTIALITY
2. PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
 Reviewer should not know the author they are reviewing
 And the author should not be told the names of the reviewers
 No person involved in this process can publicly disclose the
information in the article.

53.  A situation in which one experiences conflicting pulls from one’s
personal interests and from one’s professional obligations
 Most direct example: being paid to say something untrue.
 Indirect example: Knowing that if you say something positive about a
company that gave you a grant, you may be more likely to get a
grant from them again in the future.
 Another indirect example: A funding agency may stipulate that they
have a right to decide whether you can publish your findings or may
delay publication.
 “Ghostwriting” and “ghost management” in the medical literature is
rampant and raises these questions.

54.  Having duties to 2 or more parties at the same
time
For example: the duty to research and the duty
to teach not to mention the duty to one’s family,
friends and self.

55. Moral issues beyond scientific misconduct can arise
depending on one’s field of research and funding
source
Examples:
- stem cell research
- dual- use biological agents
- weaponized technology/DoD funding

56. May we use animals in research?
What are the arguments for or against?
Are there limits to how we might treat them,
and if so, what are they, and what justifies
these limits?

57. Refine – refining experiments to cause less
pain and distress
Reduce – reducing the number of animals
used if posiible
Replacement – replace higher – order
animals with lower- order ones

58. Animals play a significant role in research:
a. Used in testing new pharmaceuticals
b. As teaching tools for medical students
c. As experimental subjects for new surgical
procedures
Research projects that use animals have to be
reviewed.

59.  To ensure that animals intended for use in research facilities or
for exhibition purposes or for use as pets are provided human
care and treatment
 To assure that humane treatment of animals during the
transportation in commerce
 To protect the owners of animals from theft of their animals
which have been stolen.

60. May we use human sujects in research?
Under what conditions?
Nuremberg Code: first attempt to answer
these questions with guidelines for the use
of human subjects of research.

61. -The issues concerning research with human
subjects involves topics ranging from voluntary
participation in research to fair selection and
justice.
-This variety makes the topics surroundings
research ethics with human subject a
challenging one.

62. Respect for person – Informed Consent
-involves voluntary participation by subjects who
understand what participation entails
Research for Persons – Privacy Confidentiality
-people have right to protect themselves and
information gathered during research participation
could harm a person by violating their right to
information about themselves private.

63. Risk Benefit and Beneficence
- It means doing good.
- Biomedical research strives to do good by
studying disease and health data to uncover
information that may be used to help others.