Industrial materials are classified as metals and non-metals. Metals include ferrous and non-ferrous materials. Ferrous materials have iron as the base constituent and include iron, steel, and their alloys. Carbon steel is classified as low-carbon steel containing less than 0.25% carbon, medium-carbon steel containing 0.25-0.6% carbon, and high-carbon steel containing 0.6-1.25% carbon. Low-carbon steel is soft and ductile while high-carbon steel is very hard and wear-resistant. Metals are often processed by casting ingots and working them into standard shapes through hot rolling, forging, or extrusion.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
What Are the Different Types of Steel?
Carbon Steels.
Alloy Steels.
Stainless Steels.
Tool Steels.
What is the most common type of steel?
The 3 Most Commonly used Types of Steel
Tool Steel. As the name suggests, tool steel is often used in the construction of tools. ...
Alloy Steel. Alloy steel is called such because it has small amounts of multiple alloying elements within it. ...
Carbon Steel.
How are the steel classified?
Steel is graded as a way of classification and is often categorized into four groups—Carbon, Alloy, Stainless, and Tool. Carbon Steels only contain trace amounts of elements besides carbon and iron. .Alloy steels contain alloying elements like nickel, copper, chromium, and/or aluminum
What is 350-grade steel?
Grade 350 Mild Steel is a medium strength structural steel plate product with a nominal yield strength of 350 MPa. Typical uses include General Fabrication.
What is the softest metal?
Cesium
Cesium is considered the softest metal, Lead is also considered among the softest metals. Answer 3: Mercury is liquid (molten) at room temperature. Gallium, while solid (if soft) at room temperature, is liquid at body temperature.
What are the examples of alloys?
Alloy. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals. Some familiar examples of alloys include brass, bronze, pewter, cast and wrought iron, steel, coin metals, and solder (pronounced SOD-der; a substance used to join other metallic surfaces together).
What is the alloying of steel?
Alloy steels are made by combining carbon steel with one or several alloying elements, such as manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper, chromium, and aluminum. These metals are added to produce specific properties that are not found in regular carbon steel.
What is the 500w TMT bar?
TMT 500W is a reinforcement bar that possesses yield strength of 500 Mega pascals. 'W' means this bar is weldable. TMT means Thermo Mechanically Treated. This is a new generation of high strength steel having superior properties.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
What Are the Different Types of Steel?
Carbon Steels.
Alloy Steels.
Stainless Steels.
Tool Steels.
What is the most common type of steel?
The 3 Most Commonly used Types of Steel
Tool Steel. As the name suggests, tool steel is often used in the construction of tools. ...
Alloy Steel. Alloy steel is called such because it has small amounts of multiple alloying elements within it. ...
Carbon Steel.
How are the steel classified?
Steel is graded as a way of classification and is often categorized into four groups—Carbon, Alloy, Stainless, and Tool. Carbon Steels only contain trace amounts of elements besides carbon and iron. .Alloy steels contain alloying elements like nickel, copper, chromium, and/or aluminum
What is 350-grade steel?
Grade 350 Mild Steel is a medium strength structural steel plate product with a nominal yield strength of 350 MPa. Typical uses include General Fabrication.
What is the softest metal?
Cesium
Cesium is considered the softest metal, Lead is also considered among the softest metals. Answer 3: Mercury is liquid (molten) at room temperature. Gallium, while solid (if soft) at room temperature, is liquid at body temperature.
What are the examples of alloys?
Alloy. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals. Some familiar examples of alloys include brass, bronze, pewter, cast and wrought iron, steel, coin metals, and solder (pronounced SOD-der; a substance used to join other metallic surfaces together).
What is the alloying of steel?
Alloy steels are made by combining carbon steel with one or several alloying elements, such as manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper, chromium, and aluminum. These metals are added to produce specific properties that are not found in regular carbon steel.
What is the 500w TMT bar?
TMT 500W is a reinforcement bar that possesses yield strength of 500 Mega pascals. 'W' means this bar is weldable. TMT means Thermo Mechanically Treated. This is a new generation of high strength steel having superior properties.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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3. Industrial materials are substances employed in industrial processes for the creation of goods and artifacts.
Materials may be classified in different ways: nature of constituents, usage, etc. In general, they are classified
as metals and non-metals.
Most metals are solids at room temperature and exist as crystal lattices with atoms
held together by strong metallic bonds.
Metals are grouped into ferrous and non-ferrous materials.
Metals can further be classified as plain or alloy metals. Plain metals are materials that have a significant composition
of a base element but contain traces of other elements mainly as impurities.
Alloy metals are materials that have one or more base elements but contain significant amount of other elements
that are used to impact specific properties.
That is, for some metals, mechanical, chemical, electrical, etc., properties can be modified by
adding alloys.
An alloy is an element added to a base material so as to modify the properties of the base
material.
An alloyed material is a uniform mixture of the base and alloying substances. Metals usually have
high melting point, are relatively ductile and malleable, and are hard with relatively high tensile strength.
They are often good conductors of heat and electricity with high densities.
o Exceptions include mercury which is liquid at room temperature with a melting point of -39 oC. Sodium and potassium
are light and soft with melting points of 97 oC and 63 oC respectively.
https://alansfactoryoutlet.com/20-common-metal-alloys-and-what-they-are-made-
of/#:~:text=Amalgam%20%28mercury%2C%20silver%2C%20tin%2C%20copper%2C%20and%20possibly%20other,titaniu
4. Industrial materials are substances employed in industrial processes for the creation of goods and artifacts.
Materials may be classified in different ways: nature of constituents, usage, etc. In general, they are classified
as metals and non-metals. Cont.…
Metals are used in two forms of castings and wrought metals
Casting is used to produce ingots or component blanks.
The component blanks or work pieces are processed into finished forms by secondary manufacturing
processes.
Ingots are used as stock materials for producing wrought metals which are obtained by some
secondary manufacturing processes such as forging, rolling, and extrusion.
Practically all metals, which are not used in cast form or component blank, are reduced to some standard shapes for
subsequent processing.
Ingots are obtained by casting liquid metal into rectangular and square cross-sections. The section may be in
form of a slab, billet, or bloom.
Sometimes continuous casting methods are also used to cast the liquid metal
into slabs, billets or blooms.
Slabs measure 500-1800 mm wide and 50-300 mm thick. Billets measure 40x40
to 150x150 sq. mm, and blooms measure 150x150 to 400x400 sq. mm.
These shapes are further processed
through hot rolling, forging or extrusion, to produce materials in standard form such as plates, sheets, rods,
tubes and structural sections.
5. Industrial materials are substances employed in industrial processes for the creation of goods and artifacts.
Materials may be classified in different ways: nature of constituents, usage, etc. In general, they are classified
as metals and non-metals. Cont.…
Non-metals exist as covalent molecules where atoms are held together by weak forces.
Non-metals usually have low melting point, are relatively brittle and soft with relatively low tensile strength.
They are often bad conductors of heat and electricity with low densities. Exceptions include carbon which is extremely
hard with high melting temperature when in the form of diamond and is a good conductor of heat and electricity
when in the form of graphite.
8. Extrusion Process Products: Steel Pipes and Tubes
Extrusion Process : something that has been shaped by being forced through a die:
Die casting is a metal casting process that is characterized by forcing molten metal
under high pressure into a mould cavity. The mold cavity is created using two
hardened tool steel dies which have been machined into shape and work similarly to
an injection mold during the process
10. FERROUS MATERIALS
Ferrous materials have iron as base or main constituent. They include iron, steel and
their alloys. For example,
1. Pig iron has iron content of 91% to 99% and carbon content of 3.5% to 4.5%.
Pig iron is the product of smelting iron ore (also ilmenite) with a high-carbon fuel and reductant such as coke,
usually with limestone as a flux. Charcoal and anthracite are also used as fuel and reductant. Pig iron is produced
by smelting or iron ore in blast furnaces or by smelting ilmenite in electric furnaces
11. FERROUS MATERIALS
Ferrous materials have iron as base or main constituent. They include iron, steel and
their alloys. For example,
2. Carbon steel has iron content of 98.1% to 99.5% and carbon content of 0.07% to 1.5%.
Carbon steel is an iron-carbon alloy, which contains up to 2.1 wt.% carbon. For carbon steels, there is no minimum
specified content of other alloying elements, however, they often contain manganese. The maximum manganese,
silicon and copper content should be less than 1.65 wt.%, 0.6 wt.% and 0.6 wt.%, respectively
Types of carbon steel and their properties
Carbon steel can be classified into three categories according to its carbon content:
1. low-carbon steel (or mild-carbon steel),
2. 2. medium-carbon steel and
3. 3. high-carbon steel follows:
12. FERROUS MATERIALS
Types of carbon steel and their properties cont.…
Their carbon content, microstructure and properties compare as follows:
Low-carbon steel
Low-carbon steel is the most widely used form of
carbon steel. These steels usually have a carbon
content of less than 0.25 wt.%. They cannot be
hardened by heat treatment (to form martensite)
so this is usually achieved by cold work.
Carbon steels are usually relatively soft and have
low strength. They do, however, have high
ductility, making them excellent for machining,
welding and low cost.
High-strength, low-alloy steels (HSLA) are also often classified as low-carbon steels, however, also contain other elements such as copper,
nickel, vanadium and molybdenum. Combined, these comprise up to 10 wt.% of the steel content. High-strength, low-alloy steels, as the
name suggests, have higher strengths, which is achieved by heat treatment. They also retain ductility, making them easily formable and
machinable. HSLA are more resistant to corrosion than plain low-carbon steels.
13. FERROUS MATERIALS
Types of carbon steel and their properties cont.…
Low-carbon steel Products
Low carbon steel is generally not heat treated before use, and is generally rolled into angle steel, channel steel, I-
beam, steel pipe, steel strip or steel plate for making various building components, containers, boxes, furnace bodies
and agricultural machinery.
Between 400 – 550 MPa
14. FERROUS MATERIALS
Types of carbon steel and their properties cont.…
Their carbon content, microstructure and properties compare as follows:
Medium-carbon steel
Medium-carbon steel has a carbon content of 0.25 – 0.60 wt.% and a manganese content of 0.60 – 1.65 wt.%. The
mechanical properties of this steel are improved via heat treatment involving autenitising followed by quenching
and tempering, giving them a martensitic microstructure.
Heat treatment can only be performed on very thin sections, however, additional alloying elements, such as
chromium, molybdenum and nickel, can be added to improve the steels ability to be heat treated and, thus,
hardened.
Hardened medium-carbon steels have greater strength than low-carbon steels, however, this comes at the expense
of ductility and toughness. ( for machining, it has a risk…due to its carbon content…)
15. FERROUS MATERIALS
Types of carbon steel and their properties cont.…
Medium-carbon steel
Medium carbon steel products are often found as manufactured automotive parts like axles, crankshafts, couplings,
forgings, and chassis. They provide stability to vehicle engines, as well as, improve upon safety and performance.
620 Mpa yeilds
16. FERROUS MATERIALS
Types of carbon steel and their properties cont.…
Their carbon content, microstructure and properties compare as follows:
High-carbon steel
High-carbon steel has a carbon content of 0.60– 1.25 wt.% and a manganese content of 0.30 – 0.90 wt.%. It has the
highest hardness and toughness of the carbon steels and the lowest ductility. High-carbon steels are very wear-
resistant as a result of the fact that they are almost always hardened and tempered.
Tool steels and die steels are types of high-carbon steels, which contain additional alloying elements including
chromium, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten. The addition of these elements results in the very hard wear-
resistant steel, which is a result of the formation of carbide compounds such as tungsten carbide (WC).
17. FERROUS MATERIALS
Types of carbon steel and their properties cont.…
Their carbon content, microstructure and properties compare as follows:
High-carbon steel
High carbon steel is better for structural applications, such as in heavy-duty parts. For example, AISI 1095 is a type
of high carbon steel with high hardness and wear resistance, it’s often used for knives and daggers. Manganese
steel is also less brittle than carbon steel.
Ultimate Tensile strength =685 MPa
18. FERROUS MATERIALS
Types of carbon steel and their properties cont.…
Their carbon content, microstructure and properties compare as follows:
High-carbon steel AISI SAE 1095 product sample.
which can be used as tool steel, blade steel,
spring steel. 1095 high carbon steel uses
mainly include chef knife, kitchen knife,
pocket knife, mower knives, Bowie knife,
hunting knife, doctor blade, wear parts,
various springs, plow beams, ploughshares,
scraper blades, and brake discs.
steel billets steel powder
19. FERROUS MATERIALS
Production and processing
Carbon steel can be produced from recycled steel, virgin steel or a combination of both.
Virgin steel is made by combining iron ore, coke (produced by heating coal in the absence of air) and lime in a blast
furnace at around 1650 °C. The molten iron extracted from the iron ore is enriched with carbon from the burning
coke. The remaining impurities combine with the lime to form slag, which floats on top of the molten metal where
it can be extracted.
The resulting molten steel contains roughly 4 wt.% carbon. This carbon content is then reduced to the desired
amount in a process called decarburisation. This is achieved by passing oxygen through the melt, which oxidises the
carbon in the steel, producing carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
20. FERROUS MATERIALS
Examples & Applications
Low-carbon steel are often used in automobile body components, structural shapes (I-beams, channel
and angle iron), pipes, construction and bridge components, and food cans.
Medium-carbon steel As a result of their high strength, resistance to wear and toughness, medium-
carbon steels are often used for railway tracks, train wheels, crankshafts, and gears and machinery parts
requiring this combination of properties.
High-carbon steel Due to their high wear-resistance and hardness, high-carbon steels are used in cutting
tools, springs high strength wire and dies.
21. FERROUS MATERIALS
Type
AISI/ASTM
name
Carbon
content
(wt.%)
Tensile
strength
(MPa)
Yield
strength
(MPa)
Ductility (%
elongation
in 50 mm)
Applications
Low 1010 0.1 325 180 28
Automobile panels,
nails, wire
Low 1020 0.2 380 205 25
Pipes, structural steel,
sheet steel
Low A36 0.29 400 220 23 Structural
Low A156-Grade 70 0.31 485 260 21
Low-temperature
pressure vessels
Medium 1030 0.27 – 0.34 460 325 12
Machinery parts, gears,
shifts, axles, bolts
Medium 1040 0.37 – 0.44 620 415 25
Crankshafts, couplings,
cold headed parts.
High 1080 0.75 – 0.88 924 440 12 Music wire
High 1095 0.90 – 1.04 665 380 10 Springs, cutting tools
Comparison of properties and applications of different grades
Examples, properties, and applications of the various carbon steels are compared in the following table.
23. FERROUS MATERIALS
Ferrous materials have iron as base or main constituent. They include iron, steel and
their alloys. For example,
Wrought iron has iron content of 99% to 99.8% and carbon content of 0.05% to 0.25%. These materials usually
have some traces of manganese, Sulphur, phosphorus, and silicon
Wrought iron is magnetic, corrosion-resistant and easily welded. It has high elasticity and tensile strength. It
can be heated and reheated and worked into various shapes
24. Wrought Iron
Ferrous materials have iron as base or main constituent. They include iron, steel and
their alloys. For example,
Wrought iron has iron content of 99% to 99.8% and carbon content of 0.05% to 0.25%. These materials usually
have some traces of manganese, Sulphur, phosphorus, and silicon
Wrought iron is magnetic, corrosion-resistant and easily welded. It has high elasticity and tensile strength. It
can be heated and reheated and worked into various shapes
Wrought iron is an iron alloy with very low carbon content (less than 0.08%) with respect to cast iron (2.1%
to 4%). The microstructure of wrought iron shows dark slag inclusions in ferrite.
It is soft, ductile, fibrous variety that is produced from a semifused mass of relatively pure iron globules
partially surrounded by slag. It usually contains less than 0.1 percent carbon and 1 or 2 percent slag.
Wrought iron is magnetic, corrosion-resistant and easily welded.
It has high elasticity and tensile strength
It can be heated and reheated and worked into various shapes. Wrought iron is no longer produced on a
commercial scale. The modern functional equivalent of wrought iron is mild steel, also called low-carbon
steel. Many products described as wrought iron, such as guard rails, garden furniture and gates, are actually
made of mild steel. For example, the Eiffel Tower is a wrought-iron lattice tower.
26. Ferrous Material : Cast Iron
Ferrous iron materials include pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron. Cast iron can further be classified
into :
1. gray cast iron Grey cast iron is a ferrous alloy which has been heated until it liquefies and is then
poured into a mould to solidify. Grey cast iron, or grey iron, has graphitic flakes which deflect a
passing crack and initiate countless new cracks as the material breaks.
2. white cast iron White cast irons are hard and brittle; they cannot easily be machined.
White cast iron has a light
appearance due to the
absence of graphite.
27. Ferrous Material : Cast Iron
Ferrous iron materials include pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron. Cast iron can further be classified
into :
3. chilled cast iron Chilled Cast Iron White cast iron is made by quenching hot metal. Quenching is
commonly called quenching, and cast iron produced in this way is called chilled cast iron. All castings
are skin cooled by the contact of molten iron with cold sand in the mold.
4. ductile and malleable cast iron
small amounts of magnesium is added. Ductile
iron is very similar to malleable iron, but parts
can be cast larger compared to malleable iron
where there is a limit of how large the part
sections can be cast.
28. Assignment :
1.Comparison between wrought iron, steel and cast iron
2.Common metals and their alloys found on our daily living and
its application
3. Explore on the material code shown.