This document discusses illumination engineering and provides definitions and formulas for key terms. It describes:
1. The electromagnetic spectrum and visible light spectrum.
2. Terms like luminous intensity, luminous flux, illuminance, luminous exitance, and luminance and their definitions and relationships.
3. How to calculate illuminance on surfaces using the inverse square law and other formulas, accounting for factors like source intensity, distance, and angle to the surface.
4. Intensity distribution curves and how they illustrate light output as a function of angle.
5. The zonal cavity method for lighting layout and design, which divides a room into cavities and calculates light levels based on factors like room dimensions
Lighting Design - Theory and CalculationsIsham Rashik
Types of lamps, how lamps/luminaires can be mounted and its varieties, basic terminologies associated with illumination engineering, essentials and how lightings are designed for rooms and its classroom example for getting a clear picture of lighting design concept.
Last February 17, 2012, the 2nd IIEE-CRCSA Technical Seminar kicked off with a good response from the members and non-members with the participation of more than 100 who showed-up at the White Palace Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Seminar title was “Basics of Indoor Lighting using DIALux”. The seminar was conducted by Engr. Michael T. Santiago, a Lighting Application & Design Engineer from Saudi Lighting Company. The participants were awed by his DIALux 4.10 software demonstration specially when he imported a room layout from AutoCad drawing and applied the lighting calculation on it which later provided a very nice colored 3-D drawing of the room. A continuation of this seminar which is “Basics of Outdoor Lighting” will be presented on the incoming 14th Midyear Convention.
SOURCE: http://iiee-crcsa.org/index.php/9-news-articles/90-iiee-crcsa-second-technical-seminar-kicked-off
For more relevant materials visit
electro-voyage.blogspot.com
In this slide, we will see how to approach the basic lighting system both manually and using software
We will have to solve a few examples and design the lighting system manually by applying the various formula of the Lumen Method.
This presentation explains how to improve energy efficiency in lighting systems. It was prepared for energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://www.eec-fncci.org
LIGHTING for use in the course INTERIOR DESIGN
This presentation helps to create a beautiful lighting design in Interior Residential project. Hope it helps you to understand about the different types of lighting and its proper placements.
presentation from Smart Buildings 2015 at the NEC discussing the implications and application when planning lighting connection and control. Klik features in addition to Occupancy sensors from Hager
Lighting Design - Theory and CalculationsIsham Rashik
Types of lamps, how lamps/luminaires can be mounted and its varieties, basic terminologies associated with illumination engineering, essentials and how lightings are designed for rooms and its classroom example for getting a clear picture of lighting design concept.
Last February 17, 2012, the 2nd IIEE-CRCSA Technical Seminar kicked off with a good response from the members and non-members with the participation of more than 100 who showed-up at the White Palace Hotel, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Seminar title was “Basics of Indoor Lighting using DIALux”. The seminar was conducted by Engr. Michael T. Santiago, a Lighting Application & Design Engineer from Saudi Lighting Company. The participants were awed by his DIALux 4.10 software demonstration specially when he imported a room layout from AutoCad drawing and applied the lighting calculation on it which later provided a very nice colored 3-D drawing of the room. A continuation of this seminar which is “Basics of Outdoor Lighting” will be presented on the incoming 14th Midyear Convention.
SOURCE: http://iiee-crcsa.org/index.php/9-news-articles/90-iiee-crcsa-second-technical-seminar-kicked-off
For more relevant materials visit
electro-voyage.blogspot.com
In this slide, we will see how to approach the basic lighting system both manually and using software
We will have to solve a few examples and design the lighting system manually by applying the various formula of the Lumen Method.
This presentation explains how to improve energy efficiency in lighting systems. It was prepared for energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://www.eec-fncci.org
LIGHTING for use in the course INTERIOR DESIGN
This presentation helps to create a beautiful lighting design in Interior Residential project. Hope it helps you to understand about the different types of lighting and its proper placements.
presentation from Smart Buildings 2015 at the NEC discussing the implications and application when planning lighting connection and control. Klik features in addition to Occupancy sensors from Hager
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
5. Equal-energy white light is defined as the simultaneous presence of all
wavelengths within the visible spectrum in equal energy amounts.
Incandescent lamps - stronger in reds and yellows.
Standard Fluorescent - weak in blue and green.
Mercury - consists of only blue, green and yellow-green.
Sodium - strongest in yellow.
Sunlight – almost uniform but deficient in blue and violet.
However, to the eye they all appear (except Na) to produce white light
and it is only when colours are viewed in these lights that their
deficiency can be detected.
8. Symbol Concept English Unit Metric Unit
I Luminous Intensity
or Candle Power
Candela (cd) Candela (cd)
Luminous Flux Lumen (lm) Lumen (lm)
E Illuminance Lumen/ft2
(footcandle [fc])
Lumen/m2
(lux or lx)
M Luminous Exitance Lumen/ft2 Lumen/m2
L Luminance cd/ft2
(footlambert)
cd/m2 (nit)
Q Quantity of Light lm.s lm.s
ENTITIES IN ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING
9. Luminous flux corresponds to the power in a radiation system.
Quantity of light corresponds to the energy in the system.
lumens watt
lm.s joule (watt.sec)
1 footlambert 1/ cd/ft2
1 footcandle 10.76 lux
The footcandle is the illuminance of a candle placed 1 ft away on
an area 1ft2
10. TERMS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS:
1. Luminous Intensity (I) -:
Initially, a luminous intensity of 1 candela was the strength of light
given off by the burning of a spermaceti candle of a specific weight
burning at a specific rate. Presently, the brightness of a black body
radiator at a temperature of solidification of platinum is 60 cd/cm2
(relative).
2. Luminous flux () -:
A luminous flux of one lumen is the rate at which luminous energy
is incident on a 1 m2 surface placed 1 m away from a uniform point
source of 1 cd intensity.
(lumens)2
d
AI
11. where
A = area of the surface to the direction of luminous intensity
d = diameter of the source
I = intensity of the source
for a UNIT SPHERE; a uniform source of 1 cd emits a luminous
flux of 4 lumens.
4)1(4
r4sphereofArea
2
2
lumens4
4
2
d
I
the luminous flux is the ‘amount of light’
12. 3. Illuminance (E) -:
As luminous flux () travels outwards from a source, it ultimately
impinges on objects where it is reflected, transmitted and absorbed.
The Illuminance (E) on a surface is the density of luminous flux
incident on that surface, or;
areasurfacewhere,
A
A
E
2
2
d
I
A
d
AI
E
An illuminance of 1 lux is established when 1 lumen is
incident on 1 m2
lux lumens/m2 cd/m2
13. 4. Luminous Exitance (M) -:
The luminous flux density leaving a surface is the LUMINOUS
EXITANCE (M) of that surface.
The density of the luminous intensity leaving a surface in a
particular direction is the LUMINANCE (L) of that surface.
)Brightness(
viewingofArea
IntensityLuminous
L
14. Example:
Assume the unit sphere (with 1 cd intensity source) given before is
translucent. It has the property of transmitting 80% of the luminous
flux it receives and absorbing the remaining 20% (none is
reflected).
Thus the luminous flux leaving the sphere:
= (0.8)(4) lm = 3.2 lm
Luminous exitance (M) of the sphere:
2
2
lm/m0.8Eor
d
I2
2
lm/m0.8
4
3.2
M
r
15. Now, if we stand back from the sphere, the sphere would appear as
a source of light of luminous intensity (I) of 0.8 cd and area m2.
lm.s192)2.3)(60(Q
2
cd/m
8.0
LisspheretheofLuminancethe
The quality of light (Q) from surface is the luminous energy from
that surface.
For the sphere with it’s 80% transmittance, the quality of light
emitted is 1 minute is
16. Question 1
The upper hemisphere of a glass globe is silvered on the inside so
that 90% of the lumen hitting it is reflected to the lower
hemisphere. The latter is translucent glass and has a transmittance
of 75% and absorptance of 25%. The sphere has a radius of 0.5 m
with a 100 cd lamp at it’s centre. The lamp emits lumens uniformly
in all directions as does the lower hemisphere. Find the illuminance
on the inside of the lower hemisphere and luminous exitance and
luminance of the outside of the lower hemisphere.
17. Soln:
(a) The luminous flux emitted by the source (per unit sphere) is
1 cd source 4 lumens
lm180)200)(9.0(reflectedQuantity
of which
200 lm goes towards the silvered surface
AND 200 lm goes downwards.
lm400100.4
lm380)180200(
)(downwardsfluxluminousorquantityTotal
d
lux760
)5.0(2
380
)(EeIlluminanc 2
A
d
18. Luminous flux towards surface = 380 lm
transmitted = 0.75 x 380 lm = 285 lm
Area
mittedflux transLuminous
(M)exitanceLuminous(b)
2
2
2
lm/m570
)hemisphereofarear2and0.5rewher
0.5
285
2
285
M
r
19. At a distance, the source would appear as a source of
Area
directionparticularainintensityLuminous
(L)Luminance(c)
cd
2
285
where (2 is half of the unit circle)
At a distance the unit sphere appears as a unit circle
Note : 1 cd source emits 2 lm in a unit hemisphere
0.25
0.5)(r25.0xdistanceatsphereofArea 2
r
22
cd/m
570
cd/m
0.25
142.5
L
References:
1. IES – Illumination Engineering Society (of North America)
2. ESI – Equivalent Sphere Illumination
sphere)unit(ESIcd/m
570
r
M
Lor 2
2
20. Inverse Square Law: (I.S.L)
As was stated before, a source of luminous intensity (I) of 1 cd will emit
a luminous flux of 4 lumens.
If the unit sphere is replaced by a sphere of radius ‘r’, the same 1 cd
source has to now light up an area of 4 r2.
22
r4
4
r
1
sphereunitaofthattosurfacenewonlightofRatio
A
A
A
1
x
D
I
E 2
1
(m)planereceivingthetosourcethefromdistanceD
(cd)intensityI
luxEwhere
D
I
EstatesISL 2
21. Simply put, the intensity per unit area varies inversely to the square of
the distance.
22. If the plane is angled ‘’ to the vertical then:
D
cosI
E 2
23. Assumption:
the distance must be large compared to the maximum dimension of the
source (at least 5 times)
aa'2a'2a E
4
1
E
4D
cosI
E;
D
cosI
E
25. Illumination on a Horizontal Plane:
2
3
horizontalP
2
3
222P
h
)cos(I
E
h
)cos(I
dh
)cos(I
D
)cos(I
Ethen
Let h – height of luminaire above plane
d – horizontal distance to point of observation
26. where
EP horizontal - illumination at point P (lux)
I( ) - intensity of the source in the direction of P (i.e. from
the vertical
D – distance from the light centre of the source to the point P
- the angle between the normal to the receiving surface at P
and the distance d (in this case = )
27. Example 2:
cm56.25cm
2
15
surfacelightofArea
:Soln
22
2
A flat circular fixture 15 cm in diameter is mounted on a ceiling in a
recreation room. It’s luminance (luminous flux) in the direction of point
P on a table is 40 cd/m2. Find its intensity in the direction of P and the
illuminance on the table at P.
29. Intensity Distribution Curves:
This is a graph illustrating the variation in luminous intensity as a
function of distance and angle for a particular luminance.
Figure showing luminous intensity distribution curve standardized at
1000 lm represented in both Polar and Cartesian coordinates
30. Lighting Layout and Design:
1. CHOICE OF LAMP – see attachment
The entire lighting system relies on the dimensions and finish of
the room surfaces and room to accurately determine light levels.
2. POINT BY POINT METHOD
Using equations developed before, the illumination at specific
‘points’ in a room are calculated. By using basic trigonometry
the designer can predict light levels on both horizontal and
vertical surfaces.
3. ZONAL CAVITY METHOD – (Lumen method)
In this case the room is divided into three separate cavities
- ceiling cavity
- room cavity
- floor cavity
31. For our calculations we would use the following symbols:
h.c.c - height of ceiling cavity
h.r.c - height of room cavity
h.f.c - height of floor cavity
32. Theory:
Light from a lamp is reflected by all surfaces by varying amounts.
These multiple reflections from the room surfaces all add to produce
light on the task.
Before start of the design, determine:
1. Room dimensions
2. Room finishes (i.e. reflectance) of:
(a) ceilings
(b) walls
(c) floors
3. Lamp characteristics
4. Luminaire characteristics
33. 5. Environmental effects e.g.
(a) dust and dirt
(b) temperature
6. Lighting system maintenance plan
Recall that 100 lux average illumination over an area of 100 m2 will
require 10,000 lumens to be directed on the task.
Room Finish:
Room surface colour affects the light level in the room. This also
applies to furnishings within the room, drapery materials and also
carpeting used.
34. BASIC FORMULA (ZONAL CAVITY)
M.F.xC.U.x
AxE
N
where
N = No. of fittings needed
E = the required illumination in (Lux)
A = working area in m2
= flux produced per fitting (lumens)
C.U. = coefficient of utilization
M.F. = maintenance factor
35. Coefficient of Utilization (C.U.)
This factor allows for losses incurred by absorption of light by walls,
ceiling, floor, furniture, etc.
sourcefromemittedlight
surfacedilluminateon theincidentlight
C.U.
Maintenance Factor(M.F.)
cleanfittingsandnewlampswitheilluminanc
given timeanyateilluminanc
M.F.
L.D.DxL.L.DM.F.
where
L.L.D = lamp lumen depreciation
L.D.D = luminaire dirt depreciation
36. Example
Determine the no. of fixtures required to light an area 50,000 m2 to
100 lux average level.
Given: C.U. = 0.74
L.L.D = 90%
L.D.D = 85%
Lumens/lamp = 50,000
Lamps/luminaire = 1
177
0.85x0.9x0.74x50,000
50,000x100
N
37. STEPS IN DESIGN LAYOUT:
1. Determine what task or tasks are to be performed in the area. This
will determine the quality and quantity of light needed.
2. Determine what light source should be used.
3. Determine the environmental conditions which will prevail in the
area. (This will affect the M.F.)
4. Determine the physical and operating characteristics of the area and
how it will be used. This includes:
(a) Room dimensions
(b) Room reflectance values
(c) h.c.c, h.r.c and h.f.c
(d) Time duration during which room will be in use (24 hrs,
12 hrs, 8 hrs, etc.).
38. 5. Select the luminaire to be used. This will be affected by:
(a) mounting height
(b) lamp type
(c) L.D.D
(d) physical mounting restrictions (pendant, recessed,
enclosed, open)
(e) maintenance required (cleaning of reflectors)
(f) cost, size, weight
(g) aesthetics
6. Determine the M.F. for luminance.
7. Determine the cavity ratios for the area. This is given by:
39. 9. Determine the C.U.
10. Compute the no. of luminaire required using:
determinedbeingisratioon whichdependingh.f.corh.r.ch.c.c.,hwhere
idthLength x W
width)Roomlength(Roomhx5
RatioCavity
M.F.xC.U.x
AxE
N
40. Example:
It is required to maintain the average illumination in a room at 100
lux. The dimensions of the room are (L x W x H) 150 x 36 x 10 m.
The luminaire to be used is a wide distribution type (No 11)
Lumalux, LV 400 W, Hg HID lamp. The environmental conditions
are dirty, category V, with the lamps being cleaned every six months.
Initial lumens output of the lamp is 50,000 lms and L.L.D at re-
lamping is 50%. The work plane is 1 m above ground and the
luminaire is pendant type hanging 1 m from the ceiling. Determine
the number of luminaire required and give a proposed luminaire
arrangement. Room reflectance are
wall = 30%
ceiling = 80%
floor = 20%
41. Length = 150 m; Width = 36 m; Height = 10 m
h.c.c = 1 m; h.f.c = 1 m; h.r.c = 8 m
Average lighting required = 100 lux
42. # of lumens/luminaire = 50,000
From Fig 13-15 L.D.D = 0.85
and L.L.D = 0.5 (given)
M.F = L.D.D x L.L.D = 0.425
M.F.xC.U.x
AxE
NBut
Required to determine C.U.
1. Determine Cavity Ratios:
17.0
36x150
36)(150x1x5
RatioCavityCeiling(C.C.R)
46. The number of luminaire in each row is:
2
m100
54
36x150
luminaireperdilluminatebetoareaaveragethe
m10100luminaireperspacingaveragetheand
46.3
10
36
m)(36Width
15
10
150
m)(150lengthFor
Actual No. to be installed = 15 x 4 = 60
47. Check From data sheet for luminaire # 11 (Fig 13-12A)
1.3
HeightMounting
)(SSpacingMaximum max
o.k.isondistributihetm10SBut
10.48x1.3HeightMountingx1.3Smax