The document provides an overview of illumination topics including the nature and production of light, laws of illumination, electrical methods of producing light, and different light sources such as incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, mercury vapor, and halogen lamps. Key points covered include the inverse square law, definitions of luminous flux, lumens, candlepower, efficiency, and different lamp types such as fluorescent, sodium vapor, mercury vapor and their working principles. The document also discusses units and measurement of light, sensitivity of the human eye, and applications of different lighting types.
This document provides an overview of various types of electrical lighting sources and illumination concepts. It discusses the basic terms used in illumination like luminous flux, lumen, candle power, and inverse square and Lambert's cosine laws. It then describes different electrical light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, neon and halogen lamps. For each light source, it explains the working principle, construction details, advantages and applications. The document serves as a useful reference for understanding various electrical lighting techniques and concepts of illumination.
This document presents an overview of different types of lamps by Mr. Kantoli S.B. at B.M. Polytechnic in Solapur, India. It discusses the construction, working principles and applications of incandescent lamps, fluorescent tubes, halogen lamps, sodium vapor lamps, mercury vapor lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, metal halide lamps, LED lamps, and neon signs. The document includes diagrams and videos to illustrate the working of each lamp type. It provides technical details on factors like efficiency, lifespan and materials used for informational purposes.
This document discusses various topics related to illumination including the nature of light sources, terms used in illumination, methods of producing light, sources of light, and the importance of illumination for energy savings. It covers the history of illumination and developments in luminous efficacy over time from early light sources like torches to modern LED lights. Key light sources discussed include incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, mercury vapor, halogen, compact fluorescent, and LED lamps. The document also provides details on light basics, the visible spectrum, and definitions of common terms in illumination.
Illumination basic and lightning schemeADARSH KUMAR
The document discusses various topics related to lighting schemes and electrical lighting. It defines key terms like light, luminous flux, luminous intensity and illumination. It describes different types of lighting schemes and various electrical lamps like filament lamps, sodium vapor lamps, mercury vapor lamps, fluorescent tubes, neon lamps, and halogen lamps. Key factors to consider for an indoor light scheme include adequate illumination levels, uniform light distribution, avoiding glare and shadows, and suitable light quality.
This document discusses two laws of illumination: 1) The Law of Inverse Squares, which states that the intensity of illumination from a point source decreases inversely with the square of the distance from the source. 2) Lambert's Cosine Law, which states that the illumination at a point on a surface is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the normal to the surface and the direction of the light. It also provides background on units of measurement for light intensity, illuminance, and how photometric benches can be used to measure the candlepower of lamps.
Sodium vapour lamp construction , working of sodium vapour lamp, advantages and disadvantages of sodium vapour lamp, explanation of sodium vapour lamp, what is sodium vapour lamp, application of sodium vapour lamp . All information covers in this ppt.
Distribution boards and Protection devices pptZuhairQadri
This document discusses distribution boards and protection devices for electrical installations. It provides information on 3-phase power systems, distribution boards, protection and location of distribution boards, overcurrent protection including fuses and circuit breakers, and characteristics of fuses and miniature circuit breakers. Distribution boards contain circuit breakers and fuses to distribute power to circuits while protecting against overloads and faults. Proper location and enclosure is important for safety. Fuses and circuit breakers each have specific current and time ratings to provide discrimination of protection.
This document provides an overview of various types of electrical lighting sources and illumination concepts. It discusses the basic terms used in illumination like luminous flux, lumen, candle power, and inverse square and Lambert's cosine laws. It then describes different electrical light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, neon and halogen lamps. For each light source, it explains the working principle, construction details, advantages and applications. The document serves as a useful reference for understanding various electrical lighting techniques and concepts of illumination.
This document presents an overview of different types of lamps by Mr. Kantoli S.B. at B.M. Polytechnic in Solapur, India. It discusses the construction, working principles and applications of incandescent lamps, fluorescent tubes, halogen lamps, sodium vapor lamps, mercury vapor lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, metal halide lamps, LED lamps, and neon signs. The document includes diagrams and videos to illustrate the working of each lamp type. It provides technical details on factors like efficiency, lifespan and materials used for informational purposes.
This document discusses various topics related to illumination including the nature of light sources, terms used in illumination, methods of producing light, sources of light, and the importance of illumination for energy savings. It covers the history of illumination and developments in luminous efficacy over time from early light sources like torches to modern LED lights. Key light sources discussed include incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, mercury vapor, halogen, compact fluorescent, and LED lamps. The document also provides details on light basics, the visible spectrum, and definitions of common terms in illumination.
Illumination basic and lightning schemeADARSH KUMAR
The document discusses various topics related to lighting schemes and electrical lighting. It defines key terms like light, luminous flux, luminous intensity and illumination. It describes different types of lighting schemes and various electrical lamps like filament lamps, sodium vapor lamps, mercury vapor lamps, fluorescent tubes, neon lamps, and halogen lamps. Key factors to consider for an indoor light scheme include adequate illumination levels, uniform light distribution, avoiding glare and shadows, and suitable light quality.
This document discusses two laws of illumination: 1) The Law of Inverse Squares, which states that the intensity of illumination from a point source decreases inversely with the square of the distance from the source. 2) Lambert's Cosine Law, which states that the illumination at a point on a surface is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the normal to the surface and the direction of the light. It also provides background on units of measurement for light intensity, illuminance, and how photometric benches can be used to measure the candlepower of lamps.
Sodium vapour lamp construction , working of sodium vapour lamp, advantages and disadvantages of sodium vapour lamp, explanation of sodium vapour lamp, what is sodium vapour lamp, application of sodium vapour lamp . All information covers in this ppt.
Distribution boards and Protection devices pptZuhairQadri
This document discusses distribution boards and protection devices for electrical installations. It provides information on 3-phase power systems, distribution boards, protection and location of distribution boards, overcurrent protection including fuses and circuit breakers, and characteristics of fuses and miniature circuit breakers. Distribution boards contain circuit breakers and fuses to distribute power to circuits while protecting against overloads and faults. Proper location and enclosure is important for safety. Fuses and circuit breakers each have specific current and time ratings to provide discrimination of protection.
LEDs, or light–emitting diodes, are semiconductor devices that produce visible light when an electrical current is passed through them. LEDs are a type of Solid State Lighting (SSL). LED lighting differs from incandescent and compact fluorescent lighting in several ways. When designed well, LED lighting can be more efficient, durable, versatile and longer lasting.This presentation compares the three common types of bulbs on the market today: LED, Incandescent and Compact Fluorescents (CFLs). For more about LED lighting and our LED energy savings programs for businesses in the Caribbean, visit http://www.reelcaribbeanenergy.com.
This document compares different types of lighting sources, including LED, incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, and metal halide lamps. It discusses their working principles, efficiencies, color temperatures, lifetimes, and applications. The key points are:
1. LED lamps have the highest efficacy ranging from 45-150 lumens/watt and longest lifetime of 25,000-30,000 hours. They produce light through electroluminescence and are directional, compact, and resistant to breaking and vibration.
2. Fluorescent lamps have efficacies of 80-90 lumens/watt and lifetimes of 7,000-15,000 hours. They work by passing electricity through gases to
The wiring is important to every industries and domestic.And how the electrical power comes from transmission line to meter board to our domestic switch board ,switches etc.Here we explain the contents of the domestic wiring and industrial electrification etc.
below shows related documents.
KSRM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,KADAPA.
_________________________
ELECTRIACAL WIRING IN DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIES
Contents :
Introduction
1.Electrical power supply wiring.
2.Domestic electric circuits.
3.Domestic wiring .
4.Sub-circuits in domestic wiring.
5.Methods of wiring.
6.Industrial Electrification .
7.Types of installation.
8.Electrical installation for power circuits.
INTRODUCTION :
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building’s wiring system are subject to voltage, current and functional specification. It is necessary to select proper type of wiring scheme for the domestic purpose. Thus a network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from the supplier meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices through controlling and safety devices is known as Electrical wiring.
Electrical power supply wiring
Fig(1):Electrical power transmission from electric pole to energy meter to distribution board
Domestic electric circuits:
1.Electric power is usually generated at places which are far away from the places where it is consumed . At the generating station, the electric power is generated at 11KV volts . This voltage alternates at a frequency of 50HZ.
2.The power is transmitted over a long distance at high voltages to minimize the loss of energy in the transmission.
3.The electric power line enter our house through three wires -namely the live wire, the neutral wire and the earth wire.
4.To avoid confusion we follow a colour code for insulating these wires.
5.The ted wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral, the earth wire is given green plastic insulation.
Domestic wiring
1.The live wire has a high potential of 220V whereas the neutral wire has zero potential .Thus the potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire is 220-0=220V.
2.The earth wire is much thicker in size and is made of copper. One end of it is connected to a copper plate buried deep under the earth. The earth connection is made to the electric meter and then the main switch.
Earthing is the process of connecting metallic electrical equipment to the earth using a low resistance wire. This serves several important purposes: to protect human life from electric shock by providing an alternative path for fault currents, to protect buildings and machinery under fault conditions, to safely dissipate lightning and short circuit currents, and to maintain a stable voltage for sensitive electronic equipment. Traditionally, earthing involved digging a pit and burying a metal plate or pipe surrounded by charcoal and salt, which required regular maintenance and watering.
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Protection Devices and the Lightning,. protection,
Lightning protection, Introduction
Air Break Switches
Disconnect switches
Grounding switches
Current limiting reactors
Grounding transformers
Co-ordination of protective devices
Grounding of electrical installations
Electric shock
Lightning protection
Lightning Arrestor
Energy Efficient Lighting Systems ppt.pptChaudharyJi6
The document discusses India's need for energy efficient lighting to meet growing electricity demand and reduce peak loads by 17-18%. It describes the Bachat Lamp Yojana program which replaces incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) through public-private partnerships. Best practices for lighting systems include using T5 fluorescent lamps and LEDs instead of incandescent bulbs, and using electronic ballasts instead of magnetic ballasts. Solar lighting systems provide an environmentally sustainable option for rural areas with no grid access.
Hi there,
In this presentation we have the complete details about the incandescent lamp and this presentation gives the complete history of the incandescent lamp or the history of the lamp. This presentation tells that what it have and what it is.....
I hope that you like this presentation........
Have A Nice Day
Yours Krishna.....
The document discusses different types of circuit breakers, including air blast, vacuum, oil, and SF6 circuit breakers. It explains that a circuit breaker can make, carry, and break currents under normal and abnormal circuit conditions. The operating mechanism involves using stored energy to move a moving contact to open or close the circuit. When contacts separate during a fault, an arc is formed that must be quickly quenched for circuit interruption. Each breaker type uses a different medium, such as air, vacuum, oil or SF6 gas, to rapidly cool and extinguish the arc. Modern systems commonly use vacuum or SF6 breakers for their fast, reliable performance.
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
study of lightning arrester ' working principal and working of lighning and construction of lightning arrester. and at the end what are the types of lightning arrester how these types are different from each other and what is their working principal and which is used mostly on 500kva substation.
Transformers are an essential part of the electricity network: they convert electrical energy from one voltage level to another. This course is introducing the subject of transformers. The intention of the whole series is to promote lifecycle thinking when procuring transformers. Therefore, the focus will be on energy performance, reliability, asset management
Introduction to electric power transmission and distributionABDULRAHMANALGHANIM
The document provides an overview of electric power transmission and distribution systems. It discusses how electric power is generated at power stations and stepped up to high voltages for transmission through networks of transmission lines. It then explains how power is stepped down at substations for distribution through primary and secondary distribution networks to reach customers. The key components and classifications of distribution systems are also outlined.
Contents:-
#What is Grounding or Earthing?
#Symbol
#Earthing cable
#History
#How Earthing works?
#Difference between Earth & Neutral
#Importance of Earthing
#Components of earthing system
#Types of Earthing
Lightning occurs during thunderstorms in different types of strikes between clouds and the ground. A lightning protection system provides a low resistance path to safely direct lightning strikes around structures to prevent damage. It consists of air terminals, conductor cables connected to ground rods buried underground. Proper installation is key to effectively protecting buildings from lightning strikes.
A neon lamp is a miniature gas discharge lamp that produces an orange glow when voltage is applied between its electrodes. It consists of a glass capsule containing a mixture of neon and other gases at low pressure. When sufficient voltage is applied, the lamp produces a glow discharge near the cathode. Neon lamps emit a red glow and are widely used as indicator lamps due to their low power consumption and long life. They require external circuitry to limit the current flowing through the lamp to prevent overheating.
The document summarizes information about incandescent light bulbs. It describes how an incandescent bulb works by heating a thin tungsten filament to produce light. The filament is supported inside a glass bulb that contains either a vacuum or inert gas. The document outlines the key parts of an incandescent bulb and provides a brief history of its development. It also compares the efficiency and energy usage of incandescent bulbs to CFL bulbs. Finally, it lists different types and common uses of incandescent light bulbs.
This document summarizes different types of circuit protection devices used in electrical installations including fuses, circuit breakers, miniature circuit breakers (MCB), molded case circuit breakers (MCCB), and earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB). It describes the working and advantages of each device. Fuses provide overcurrent protection with a low resistance element that melts under high temperatures from overload currents. Circuit breakers and MCBs interrupt circuits automatically during overloads or faults for safer operation than fuses. ELCBs detect ground faults for protection in systems with high earth impedance.
BREAKDOWN MECHANISM OF GASEOUS , VACUUM, LIQUID & SOLID DIELECTRICSSwaminathan P
1. The document discusses breakdown mechanisms in gaseous, liquid, and solid dielectric materials. It explains that gases are good insulators at normal conditions but can break down through ionization processes under high electric fields.
2. It introduces Townsend's first ionization coefficient which describes the number of electrons produced per unit length through collisions. Cathode processes and secondary effects are also discussed.
3. Breakdown in liquid dielectrics can occur through electronic breakdown, suspended particles, cavitation, and electroconvection. Various insulating materials and their applications in different temperature classes are reviewed.
4. Insulation used in power transformers, circuit breakers, and applications of gases in power systems are summarized. Common
This document discusses different types of fuses and miniature circuit breakers used in power systems. It provides definitions of key terms like fuse and fuse wire. It describes how fuses and MCBs are constructed and how they work to interrupt circuits during overloads or faults. The document outlines different types of low voltage and high voltage fuses, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of fuses.
This document provides an overview of electrical power utilization and lighting. It discusses the nature of light and how different light sources work, including incandescent lamps, arc lamps, and discharge lamps like fluorescent lamps. Key terms related to illumination such as luminous flux, luminance, inverse square law, and Lambert's cosine law are defined. The document also describes the construction and properties of common light sources like incandescent lamps, arc lamps, and high-pressure mercury vapor lamps.
This document provides an overview of electrical lighting and illumination concepts. It discusses the different types of artificial light sources including incandescent lamps, arc lamps, and discharge lamps like fluorescent lamps. Key concepts covered include luminous flux, luminous intensity, illumination, brightness, inverse square law, and Lambert's cosine law. The document also describes the construction and working principles of different light sources as well as terms used in illumination engineering.
LEDs, or light–emitting diodes, are semiconductor devices that produce visible light when an electrical current is passed through them. LEDs are a type of Solid State Lighting (SSL). LED lighting differs from incandescent and compact fluorescent lighting in several ways. When designed well, LED lighting can be more efficient, durable, versatile and longer lasting.This presentation compares the three common types of bulbs on the market today: LED, Incandescent and Compact Fluorescents (CFLs). For more about LED lighting and our LED energy savings programs for businesses in the Caribbean, visit http://www.reelcaribbeanenergy.com.
This document compares different types of lighting sources, including LED, incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, and metal halide lamps. It discusses their working principles, efficiencies, color temperatures, lifetimes, and applications. The key points are:
1. LED lamps have the highest efficacy ranging from 45-150 lumens/watt and longest lifetime of 25,000-30,000 hours. They produce light through electroluminescence and are directional, compact, and resistant to breaking and vibration.
2. Fluorescent lamps have efficacies of 80-90 lumens/watt and lifetimes of 7,000-15,000 hours. They work by passing electricity through gases to
The wiring is important to every industries and domestic.And how the electrical power comes from transmission line to meter board to our domestic switch board ,switches etc.Here we explain the contents of the domestic wiring and industrial electrification etc.
below shows related documents.
KSRM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,KADAPA.
_________________________
ELECTRIACAL WIRING IN DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIES
Contents :
Introduction
1.Electrical power supply wiring.
2.Domestic electric circuits.
3.Domestic wiring .
4.Sub-circuits in domestic wiring.
5.Methods of wiring.
6.Industrial Electrification .
7.Types of installation.
8.Electrical installation for power circuits.
INTRODUCTION :
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building’s wiring system are subject to voltage, current and functional specification. It is necessary to select proper type of wiring scheme for the domestic purpose. Thus a network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from the supplier meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices through controlling and safety devices is known as Electrical wiring.
Electrical power supply wiring
Fig(1):Electrical power transmission from electric pole to energy meter to distribution board
Domestic electric circuits:
1.Electric power is usually generated at places which are far away from the places where it is consumed . At the generating station, the electric power is generated at 11KV volts . This voltage alternates at a frequency of 50HZ.
2.The power is transmitted over a long distance at high voltages to minimize the loss of energy in the transmission.
3.The electric power line enter our house through three wires -namely the live wire, the neutral wire and the earth wire.
4.To avoid confusion we follow a colour code for insulating these wires.
5.The ted wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral, the earth wire is given green plastic insulation.
Domestic wiring
1.The live wire has a high potential of 220V whereas the neutral wire has zero potential .Thus the potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire is 220-0=220V.
2.The earth wire is much thicker in size and is made of copper. One end of it is connected to a copper plate buried deep under the earth. The earth connection is made to the electric meter and then the main switch.
Earthing is the process of connecting metallic electrical equipment to the earth using a low resistance wire. This serves several important purposes: to protect human life from electric shock by providing an alternative path for fault currents, to protect buildings and machinery under fault conditions, to safely dissipate lightning and short circuit currents, and to maintain a stable voltage for sensitive electronic equipment. Traditionally, earthing involved digging a pit and burying a metal plate or pipe surrounded by charcoal and salt, which required regular maintenance and watering.
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Protection Devices and the Lightning,. protection,
Lightning protection, Introduction
Air Break Switches
Disconnect switches
Grounding switches
Current limiting reactors
Grounding transformers
Co-ordination of protective devices
Grounding of electrical installations
Electric shock
Lightning protection
Lightning Arrestor
Energy Efficient Lighting Systems ppt.pptChaudharyJi6
The document discusses India's need for energy efficient lighting to meet growing electricity demand and reduce peak loads by 17-18%. It describes the Bachat Lamp Yojana program which replaces incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) through public-private partnerships. Best practices for lighting systems include using T5 fluorescent lamps and LEDs instead of incandescent bulbs, and using electronic ballasts instead of magnetic ballasts. Solar lighting systems provide an environmentally sustainable option for rural areas with no grid access.
Hi there,
In this presentation we have the complete details about the incandescent lamp and this presentation gives the complete history of the incandescent lamp or the history of the lamp. This presentation tells that what it have and what it is.....
I hope that you like this presentation........
Have A Nice Day
Yours Krishna.....
The document discusses different types of circuit breakers, including air blast, vacuum, oil, and SF6 circuit breakers. It explains that a circuit breaker can make, carry, and break currents under normal and abnormal circuit conditions. The operating mechanism involves using stored energy to move a moving contact to open or close the circuit. When contacts separate during a fault, an arc is formed that must be quickly quenched for circuit interruption. Each breaker type uses a different medium, such as air, vacuum, oil or SF6 gas, to rapidly cool and extinguish the arc. Modern systems commonly use vacuum or SF6 breakers for their fast, reliable performance.
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
study of lightning arrester ' working principal and working of lighning and construction of lightning arrester. and at the end what are the types of lightning arrester how these types are different from each other and what is their working principal and which is used mostly on 500kva substation.
Transformers are an essential part of the electricity network: they convert electrical energy from one voltage level to another. This course is introducing the subject of transformers. The intention of the whole series is to promote lifecycle thinking when procuring transformers. Therefore, the focus will be on energy performance, reliability, asset management
Introduction to electric power transmission and distributionABDULRAHMANALGHANIM
The document provides an overview of electric power transmission and distribution systems. It discusses how electric power is generated at power stations and stepped up to high voltages for transmission through networks of transmission lines. It then explains how power is stepped down at substations for distribution through primary and secondary distribution networks to reach customers. The key components and classifications of distribution systems are also outlined.
Contents:-
#What is Grounding or Earthing?
#Symbol
#Earthing cable
#History
#How Earthing works?
#Difference between Earth & Neutral
#Importance of Earthing
#Components of earthing system
#Types of Earthing
Lightning occurs during thunderstorms in different types of strikes between clouds and the ground. A lightning protection system provides a low resistance path to safely direct lightning strikes around structures to prevent damage. It consists of air terminals, conductor cables connected to ground rods buried underground. Proper installation is key to effectively protecting buildings from lightning strikes.
A neon lamp is a miniature gas discharge lamp that produces an orange glow when voltage is applied between its electrodes. It consists of a glass capsule containing a mixture of neon and other gases at low pressure. When sufficient voltage is applied, the lamp produces a glow discharge near the cathode. Neon lamps emit a red glow and are widely used as indicator lamps due to their low power consumption and long life. They require external circuitry to limit the current flowing through the lamp to prevent overheating.
The document summarizes information about incandescent light bulbs. It describes how an incandescent bulb works by heating a thin tungsten filament to produce light. The filament is supported inside a glass bulb that contains either a vacuum or inert gas. The document outlines the key parts of an incandescent bulb and provides a brief history of its development. It also compares the efficiency and energy usage of incandescent bulbs to CFL bulbs. Finally, it lists different types and common uses of incandescent light bulbs.
This document summarizes different types of circuit protection devices used in electrical installations including fuses, circuit breakers, miniature circuit breakers (MCB), molded case circuit breakers (MCCB), and earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB). It describes the working and advantages of each device. Fuses provide overcurrent protection with a low resistance element that melts under high temperatures from overload currents. Circuit breakers and MCBs interrupt circuits automatically during overloads or faults for safer operation than fuses. ELCBs detect ground faults for protection in systems with high earth impedance.
BREAKDOWN MECHANISM OF GASEOUS , VACUUM, LIQUID & SOLID DIELECTRICSSwaminathan P
1. The document discusses breakdown mechanisms in gaseous, liquid, and solid dielectric materials. It explains that gases are good insulators at normal conditions but can break down through ionization processes under high electric fields.
2. It introduces Townsend's first ionization coefficient which describes the number of electrons produced per unit length through collisions. Cathode processes and secondary effects are also discussed.
3. Breakdown in liquid dielectrics can occur through electronic breakdown, suspended particles, cavitation, and electroconvection. Various insulating materials and their applications in different temperature classes are reviewed.
4. Insulation used in power transformers, circuit breakers, and applications of gases in power systems are summarized. Common
This document discusses different types of fuses and miniature circuit breakers used in power systems. It provides definitions of key terms like fuse and fuse wire. It describes how fuses and MCBs are constructed and how they work to interrupt circuits during overloads or faults. The document outlines different types of low voltage and high voltage fuses, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of fuses.
This document provides an overview of electrical power utilization and lighting. It discusses the nature of light and how different light sources work, including incandescent lamps, arc lamps, and discharge lamps like fluorescent lamps. Key terms related to illumination such as luminous flux, luminance, inverse square law, and Lambert's cosine law are defined. The document also describes the construction and properties of common light sources like incandescent lamps, arc lamps, and high-pressure mercury vapor lamps.
This document provides an overview of electrical lighting and illumination concepts. It discusses the different types of artificial light sources including incandescent lamps, arc lamps, and discharge lamps like fluorescent lamps. Key concepts covered include luminous flux, luminous intensity, illumination, brightness, inverse square law, and Lambert's cosine law. The document also describes the construction and working principles of different light sources as well as terms used in illumination engineering.
This document provides information on various types of artificial lighting sources powered by electricity. It discusses incandescent lamps, which produce light through filament heating. Arc lamps are described as producing light through an electric arc between electrodes. Discharge lamps like fluorescent lamps produce light through gas discharge and come in various types like mercury vapor lamps. The document also defines various lighting terms and concepts like illumination, luminous flux, luminance, inverse square law, and Lambert's cosine law. It provides details on the construction and working of different lamp types as well as their relative advantages.
This document discusses electrical lighting and illumination. It begins by introducing different types of lighting schemes like direct, indirect, semi-direct, and general lighting. It then covers key concepts in illumination like luminous flux, lumen, candela, lux, and the inverse square and Lambert's cosine laws that govern illumination. The document also discusses factors to consider for lighting schemes like illumination level, quality of light, coefficient of utilization, depreciation factor, and space height ratio. Overall, the document provides an overview of electrical lighting and the principles of illumination.
This document discusses illumination and lighting design. It begins by outlining the objectives of studying illumination for architects, including providing proper ambient lighting, safety, and energy efficiency. It then defines key lighting terms like illuminance, luminous intensity, and luminance. The document covers the inverse square law and Lambert's cosine law governing light distribution. It describes the history of lighting technologies from candles to modern LEDs. It also discusses light sources like fluorescent lamps and the types of lighting schemes and lamps used in various applications.
This document defines key terms related to illumination and lighting. It explains that light is a form of radiant energy and the human eye is most sensitive to yellow-green wavelengths. Color is determined by the wavelength of light. Illumination is the result of light falling on a surface and makes it appear bright. Common light sources are incandescent, fluorescent and gas discharge lamps. Key terms defined include luminous flux, intensity, lumen, lux, candlepower, illumination, brightness and maintenance factor. Proper lighting design requires an understanding of these illumination fundamentals and metrics.
The document provides information on the basics of lasers and laser light. It defines LASER as an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It describes the key properties of laser beams including high coherence, intensity, directionality, and monochromaticity. It also discusses atomic transitions, population inversion, components of lasers including the active medium and optical resonator, and provides examples of specific lasers such as Nd:YAG lasers.
Light is electromagnetic radiation that affects sight. It exhibits properties of rectilinear propagation, reflection, and refraction. Visible light has wavelengths from 400-700 nm. Luminous flux is the radiant power affecting sight, measured in lumens. Shadows are formed when an object blocks light rays from a source. Illumination is the luminous flux per unit area, measured in lux, and follows the inverse square law with distance from the light source.
Lighting terminology and units can be complex, but essentially come down to three main concepts:
1) Luminous flux refers to the total amount of visible light emitted by a source, measured in lumens. 2) Illuminance refers to the amount of light falling on a surface, measured in lux. 3) Luminance refers to the amount of light emitted from or reflected off a surface, measured in candelas per square meter. Understanding these core photometric concepts and the related units like lumens, lux, and candelas is essential for working with lighting.
UV-visible spectroscopy is a technique that uses light in the visible and adjacent ranges. It works by measuring how much light is absorbed by a sample at each wavelength. There are several types of electronic transitions that can occur when molecules absorb this light. The amount of light absorbed follows Beer's law and is proportional to the concentration and path length of the sample. A UV-visible spectrophotometer consists of a light source, monochromator, sample holder, detector, and recording device. This technique has many applications including detection of impurities, structure elucidation, and quantitative analysis in pharmaceutical analysis.
The document provides lecture notes on the utilization of electrical energy. It covers topics such as illumination, electric heating and welding, electric traction, and the economic aspects of utilizing electrical energy. For illumination, it defines key terms such as luminous flux, luminous intensity, lumen, and candlepower. It also discusses interior lighting, outdoor lighting, and the nature of light. The notes provide information on different light sources as well as factors involved in lighting design such as lamp efficiency and space-to-height ratio.
A complete presentation on solar cells.
It includes working of solar cells,solar cell Models, parameters,Applications,solar energy harvesting,Generation wise comparison of solar cells,Kitchen made solar cells.This presentation can be a wild card entry to the arena of solar cells.
This document provides an overview of electrical lighting and illumination terms. It discusses:
1. The advantages of electrical lighting over mechanical lighting, including cleanliness, easy control, economy, reliability, and steady output.
2. Key illumination terms - like luminous flux, luminous intensity, lumen, candlepower, illumination, space height ratio, and utilization factor.
3. The two laws of illumination - Inverse square law and Lambert's cosine law - which describe how illumination decreases with distance from the light source and is affected by the angle between the light rays and surface.
4. Different types of electrical lamps for lighting - incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, halogen, sodium vapor,
What is the light spectrum of different visible light sources ErinChen37
What is the light spectrum of different visible light sources ?
The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, Visible light comprises only a tiny fraction of the entire electromagnetic radiation spectrum, yet it contains the only region of frequencies to which the rods and cones of the human eye will respond. The wavelengths that humans are typically able to visualize lie in a very narrow range between approximately 400 and 700 nanometers.In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 400–790 THz. Humans can observe and respond to stimuli created by visible light because the eyes contain specialized nerve endings that are sensitive to this range of frequencies. However, the remainder of the electromagnetic spectrum is invisible. These boundaries are not sharply defined and may vary per individual.Under optimal conditions these limits of human perception can extend to 310 nm (UV) and 1100 nm.
The document discusses UV-Visible spectroscopy. It begins by introducing the principles of spectroscopy and UV-Visible spectroscopy. It then covers various concepts related to UV-Visible spectroscopy including electronic transitions, absorption and intensity shifts, Beer's law, instrumentation, choice of solvent, and applications. The key components of a UV-Visible spectrophotometer are described including the light source, monochromator, sample holder, and detector. Common types of light sources and monochromators such as filters, prisms and gratings are also discussed.
This document discusses the principles, instrumentation, and applications of UV spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction to UV spectroscopy and its uses in qualitative and quantitative analysis. It then covers the underlying principles of UV absorption, including Lambert's law and Beer's law. The key components of a UV spectrophotometer are described, including radiation sources, monochromators, sample containers, detectors, and recording systems. Finally, common applications of UV spectroscopy are outlined, such as determining functional groups, conjugation, and reaction monitoring.
Module about Basics of illumination engineering.pdfsuhailcg11
This document discusses illumination engineering and lighting design. It covers various light sources like incandescence, luminescence, fluorescence and phosphorescence. It defines key lighting terms such as luminous flux, lumen, solid angle, candle power, illuminance, luminance and glare. The inverse square law and Lambert's cosine law governing illumination are explained. Methods for lighting design including the lumen method and short hand, long hand and simplified methods are described.
This document discusses lighting design and different lighting technologies. It begins with an overview of visual tasks and factors affecting them. Then it covers the principles of light, including color theory, luminous flux, illumination levels, and lighting laws. Various lighting sources are described like incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, LED, and OLED. Recommendations are provided for illumination levels in different building types. Modern lighting classifications and applications are also discussed.
This document provides information about lasers and optical fibers. It begins with definitions of lasers and describes the characteristics of laser light such as monochromaticity, directionality, coherence and brightness. It then discusses population inversion and the basic requirements for a laser system including the pumping system, active medium and optical resonator. Specific laser types are described like ruby lasers, He-Ne lasers and semiconductor lasers. Optical fibers are also summarized, including their construction, principles of total internal reflection, acceptance angle, numerical aperture and types such as step-index and graded-index fibers.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
Illumination.ppt
1. UNIT-1
Illumination
Introduction, nature and production of light, Sensitivity of
the eye, Units of light. The inverse square law and cosine
law, Solid angle, lighting calculations, determination of
M.S.C.P, Rousseau’s construction, Discharge lamps,
Sodium vapour lamps, Mercury vapour lamps, Fluorescent
lamps, Starting and power factor corrections, Stroboscopic
effects, Neon signs, Application to factory lighting, Street
lighting and Flood lighting.
2. Topics
1. Introduction
2. Nature of light
3. Terms used in illumination
4. Law of illumination
5. Electrical methods of producing light
6. Sources of light
7. Arc lamps
8. Filament lamps
9. Gaseous discharge lamps
3. Topics
10. Sodium vapor lamp
11. Mercury vapor lamp
12. Fluorescent tube
13. Neon lamp
14. Halogen lamp
15. Compact fluorescent lamp
16. Candle power and its measurement
17. Lighting scheme
18. Street light
19. Flood lighting
4. Introduction
As we know that almost all human activities depends on
light. Sun is a prime natural source of light but artificial
lighting plays almost main role in our daily life. These
artificial lights are produced by mechanical lamps and
electrical lamps.
But due to poor performance the mechanical light are
totally replaced by electrical lights. The electrical
lighting are mainly used for decorative purpose,
advertising, traffic control , medical field and street
lighting etc.
5. Increase in temperature produces an increase in the amount of both
kinds of radiations(heat and light) but the colour of light or visible
radiation changes from bright red to orange, to yellow and then finally,
if the temperature is high enough, to white. As temperature is
increased, the wavelength of the visible radiation goes on becoming
shorter. It should be noted that heat waves are identical to light waves
except that they are of longer wavelength and hence produce no
impression on the retina. Obviously, from the point of view of light
emission, heat energy represents so much wasted energy.
6. Electrical Lighting
Electrical lighting has following advantages :
1. Cleanliness
2. Easy to control
3. Economical
4. Easy to handle
5. Steady output
6. Better reliability
7. Suitable for almost all purposes etc.
8. Sensitivity of Human Eye
As we know natural light consists of seven colors
having different wavelengths. The average human
eye is most sensitive to a wave length of 5500 0A.
The relative sensitivity of eye for a particular wave
length is the visual effect produced by the light on
the average human eye as compared with the
effect of light having wave length 5500 0A on
human eye.
11. light
•That part of radiant energy from
a hot body which produced the
visual sensation on human eye is
called light.
12. Luminous Flux
•The total quantity of radiant
energy per second responsible for
visual sensation from a luminous
body is called Luminous Flux.
•It is represented as F of Ø and
measured in lumens.
13. Lumen
•It is the unit of luminous flux. One
lumen is defined as the luminous
flux emitted per unit solid angle
from a point source of one candle
power.
14. The angle subtended at a point by two converging lines lying in the same plane is
called plane angle. It is measured in radians and equal to the ratio of the length
of the arc too its radius,
θ = arc/ radius = l/ r radians
15. Solid Angle
The angle subtended by the partial surface area of a sphere at its centre is called
as solid angle. It is measured in steradians and equal to the ratio of area of the
surface to the square of radius of sphere,
ω = area of surface/ square of radius = A/ r2 steradians
16. Steradian
•the unit of solid angle. One steradian is
defined as the solid angle that is
subtended at the centre of a sphere by
its surface having area equal to radius
square,
ω = surface area/ (radius)2
= r 2 / r2 = 1 steradian
17. Candle Power
•The light radiating capacity of a source is
called its candle power. The number of
lumens given out by a source per unit
solid angle in a given direction is called its
candle power. It is denoted by C.P.
Total flux emitted = CP X solid angle
= 1 X 4π = 4π lumens
= 4π lumens
18. Luminous Intensity
•Luminous intensity in any particular
direction is the luminous flux emitted by
the source per unit solid angle in that
direction.
•It is denoted by I and its unit is candela or
candle power (CP) .
•Luminous intensity of source in a
particular direction, I = φ / ω
19. Reduction Factor
reduction factor of a source of light is the
ratio of its mean spherical candle power
to its mean horizontal candle power.
Reduction factor = MSCP/ MHCP
20. Illumination
When light falls on a surface, it becomes
visible, the phenomenon is called as
illumination.
It is defined as luminous flux falling on a
surface per unit area. It is denoted by E
and measured in lumen per square meter
or meter- candle.
E = Ф / A lux
21. Lux
One meter candle or lux is defined as the
illumination produced by a uniform souce
of one CP on the inner surface of a sphere
of radius one meter.
22. Glare
In the human eye, the opening of pupil is controlled by
its iris which depends upon the intensity of light
received by the eye. If the eye is exposed to a very
bright source of light, the pupil of the eye contracts
automatically in order to reduce the amount of light
admitted and prevent damage to the retina. This effect
is called glare.
Glare is defined as the brightness within the field of
vision of such a character so as to cause discomfort and
interference in vision.
24. Lamp Efficiency
It is defined as the visible radiations emitted
by it in lumens per watt.
Usually, the light sources do not radiate
energy only in the visible spectrum. The
radiant energy is also accompanied with
infrared and ultra violet radiations.
Sun light produces majority of radiations in
the visible spectrum. The tungsten lamp
produces small radiations so its efficiency is
very poor.
26. Reflection Factor
Whole of the light incident on a reflecting surface is
not reflected. Some portion of it is absorbed by the
surface.
The ratio of the reflected light to the incident light is
called reflection factor.
27.
28. Laws of Illumination
The illumination on a surface depends upon the
luminous intensity, distance between the source
and surface and the direction of rays of light. It is
governed by following laws :
1. Inverse square law
2. Lambert’s cosine law
29. Inverse Square
Law
It states that the illumination of a surface is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance of the surface from
the source. E α 1/d2
30. Lambert’s
Cosine Law
This law states that the illumination on any surface is
proportional to the cosine of angle between the direction of the
incident flux and perpendicular to the area. E = 1/d2 cos θ
31.
32.
33. Electrical method of producing
Light
Following are the methods of producing light :
1. By developing arc between two electrodes
2. By passing a current through a filament
3. By electric discharge through vapors or gases
34. Arc Lamp
The principle of an arc lamp is that when two
electrodes carrying current are separated through a
small distance, an arc is struck between them. The arc
lamps were used in the past for street lighting
purposes but now a days these are used when
extreme brightness is required.
Most commonly use arc lamp is
Carbon Arc Lamp
35. Carbon Arc Lamp
This is the oldest type of lamp and is still being
employed in cinema projectors and search lights. It
consists of two hard carbon rods (Electrodes).
The diameter of +ve electrode is double to that of –ve
electrode. The –ve electrode is generally fixed and +ve
electrode is placed in adjustable holder and the
process is manual or automatic. The arc consists of
carbon vapors surrounded by orange red zone of
burning carbon and pale green flames.
36. Carbon Arc Lamp
When the lamp is OFF, the two electrodes are touching
each other due to spring pressure on +ve electrode.
When the supply is ON a large current is flow through
electrodes. The temperature of carbon electrode is
increased and thus the +ve electrode is pulled away
against its spring pressure through a small distance by coil
and thus an arc is struck between electrodes. This arc is
maintained by transfer of carbon particles from one
electrode to other electrode.
37. Carbon Arc Lamp
These particles travel from +ve electrode to –ve electrode,
thus after sometime of operation +ve electrode become
hollow and –ve become pointed. That’s why +ve
electrode is made double than –ve electrode.
In carbon arc lamp 85 % of light is given by +ve electrode
which produces high intensity light and only 10 % by –ve
electrode and 5 % by air. The temperature of +ve
electrode is 4000 oC and that of –ve electrode is about
2500 oC. The luminous efficiency of such lamps is about 9
lumen/watt.
38. ARC Lamps
For maintaining the arc, a minimum voltage required is
given by : V = (39 + 28 L ), where L is length of arc in
centimeter.
39. Filament or Incandescent Lamp
Working Principle :
As we know when a room heater is switched On , it
gives out red light with heat at the working
temperature of 750 oC and at this temperature the
radiations are mostly in infrared regions. This working
principle is used to develop the filament lamp.
40. Filament or Incandescent Lamp
When an electric current is passed through a fine
metallic wire , it raises the temperature of wire.
At low temperature only heat is produced but at
higher temperature light radiations goes on
increasing.
As filament lamp consists of fine wire of high resistive
material placed in an evacuated glass bulb. This type
of lamps are operated at the temperature of 2500 oC .
41. Incandescent Lamps
• One of the oldest
electric lighting
technologies.
• Light is produced by
passing a current
through a tungsten
filament.
• Least efficient – (4 to 24
lumens/watt).
• Lamp life ~ 1,000 hours.
42. Filament Lamp
A tungsten filament is enclosed in evacuated glass bulb but to
improve its performance some chemical like argon or nitrogen gas
are filled.
43. Properties of Metal for Filament
1. High melting point : so that it can be operated at high
temperature.
2. High specific resistance : so that it produces more heat.
3. Low temperature coefficient : so that filament
resistance may not change at operating temperature.
4. Low vapor pressure ; so that it may not vaporize
5. High ductile : so that it may withstand mechanical
vibrations
44. Tugnsten-Halogen Lamps
• A type of incandescent lamp.
• Encloses the tungsten
filament in a quartz capsule
filled with halogen gas.
• Halogen gas combines with
the vaporized tungsten and
redeposits it on the filament.
• More efficient.
• Lasts longer (up to 6,000
hrs.)
45. Sodium Vapor Lamp
This lamp consists of discharge tube made from special
heat resistance glass, containing a small amount of
metallic sodium, neon gas and two electrodes.
Neon gas is added to start the discharge and to develop
enough heat to vaporised sodium.
A long tube is required to get more light. To reduce
overall dimensions of the lamp, the tube is generally
bent into U-shape .
46. Sodium Vapor Lamp
Working Principle :
An electric discharge lamps require a high voltage at
staring and low voltage during operation.
So at starting a voltage of 450 V is applied across the
lamp to start the discharge. After 10 to 15 minutes, the
voltage falls to 150 V because of low power factor. To
improve the power factor a capacitor is connected
across the supply. The color of light produce is
yellowish.
48. A sodium-vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an
excited state to produce light.
There are two varieties of such lamps: low pressure and high pressure.
Low-pressure sodium lamps are highly efficient electrical light sources,
but their yellow light restricts applications to outdoor lighting such as street
lamps.
High-pressure sodium lamps have a broader spectrum of light than the
low pressure, but still poorer color rendering than other types of lamps.
Low-pressure and so inhibit sodium lamps only give monochromatic yellow
light color vision at night.
49. Mercury Vapor Lamp
On the basis of pressure inside the discharge tube, the
mercury vapor lamps are classified as high pressure
Mercury Vapor Lamp and low pressure Mercury Vapor
Lamp. High pressure M.V. Lamps are of following types :
1. M.A. type : these are operated at 220 -250 V A.C. main
and made in 250 W and 400 W.
2. M.A.T. type : these are made in 300 and 500 W and
operated at 200 -250 V A.C. as well as D.C.
3. M.B. type : This is operated at 200 – 250 V A.C. and
made in 80 W and 125 W.
50. Mercury Vapor Lamp
Construction :
It consists of hard glass tube enclosed in outer bulb of
ordinary glass. The space between two bulbs are
completely evacuated to prevent heat loss by convection
from inner bulb. The outer bulb absorbs harmful ultra
violet rays. The inner bulb contains argon gas with certain
quantity of mercury. In addition with two electrodes on
starting electrode having high resistance in series also
provided. The main electrodes are made of tungsten wire
in helical shape. The lamp has screwed cap and
connected to supply with choke. A capacitor is connected
across supply to improve power factor.
51. Mercury Vapor Lamp
Working Principle :
When the supply is switched ON, full voltage is applied
across main and starting electrodes. This voltage breaks
down the gap and discharge through argon gas takes
place. As the lamp warms up, mercury is vaporized , which
increase the vapor pressure. This discharge takes the
shape of intense arc. After 5 minutes, the lamp gives full
light.
It gives greenish blue color light .
this lamp is always suspended vertically, other wise inner
glass tube may break due to excessive heat.
53. The mercury vapor lamp is a high intensity discharge lamp. It uses an arc through
vaporized mercury in a high pressure tube to create very bright light directly from it's
own arc. This is different from fluorescents which use the mercury vapor arc to create
a weaker light that mainly creates UV light to excite the phosphors. The "Merc" as it is
known has been a workhorse for society; lighting streets, factories and large areas for
over 100 years.
Advantages
- Good efficiency (lamps after 1980s have a high lumen per watt rating)
- Color rendering is better than that of high pressure sodium street lights
- Some lamps last far longer than the 24000 hour mark, sometimes 40 years
Disadvantages
- Like many lamps it contains traces of mercury which must be disposed of properly
- HPS streetlights have a better lumen per watt rating
- Human skin looks green under the light, it is poor for color film/photography
-Warm up time required to start the lamp
54. Common uses: large areas like
parks, street lighting, high
ceiling buildings, gyms. Low
pressure lamps with a quartz
envelope are used for
germicidal purposes since they
allow UV light to pass.
55. High-pressure sodium lamps produce light from the yellow, red and orange
spectrums. Mercury vapor lamps produce light from the blue and green spectrums.
Neither lamp is necessarily good for the environment because of their mercury
content.
High pressure sodium lamps put out more lumens than mercury vapor lamps while
lasting about the same amount of hours before they need to be replaced.
They have a starting electrode provided to initiate the arc. After a run-up time of
typically 2 min., mercury vapor discharge starts. Gas at high pressure improves the
CRI (color rendering index) of mercury vapor discharge lamp. With Sodium vapor
lamps a pre-heating heater is provided. The lamp glows initially with red color (Neon -
vapor discharge which is used as initiating gas) & then turns to orange yellow arc
(Sodium vapor discharge)
Light produced by high intensity discharge lamps can affect health in some instances.
Light in the blue spectrum can slow melatonin production and affect hormone levels.
56. Fluorescent Tube
it is a low pressure mercury vapor lamp. It consists
of a glass tube 25 mm in diameter and 0.6 m, 1.2 m
and 1.5 m in length. The tube contains argon gas at
low pressure about 2.5 mm of mercury. At the two
ends, two electrodes coated with some electron
emissive material are placed.
57. Fluorescent Tube
The colors produce by this tubes are as :
Material Color
Zinc silicate Green
Calcium tungsten Blue
Cadmium borate Pink
Calcium Holo phosphate White or day light
Magnesium tungsten Bluish white
60. Fluorescent Tube
Working :
A choke is connected in series with the tube which
act as a blast and provide a high voltage at starting
glow in the tube.
During running condition the same choke absorbs
some supply voltage and remain a voltage of 110 V
across the tube. A capacitor is connected to improve
the power factor.
61. Advantages of Fluorescent Tube
1. Voltage fluctuation has very small effect on light
output.
2. The luminous efficiency is more as length of rod is
more.
3. It gives light close to natural light.
4. Heat radiations are negligible.
63. Neon Lamp
These lamps are operated at a very low temperature of
about 200 oC that’s why these are called cold cathode
discharge lamps.
Two electrodes are housed at the two ends of the tube
which contain neon gas. The electrodes are made of iron
or nickel cylinder without any coating and practically they
do not emit electrons. It gives red light whereas with
mixture of mercury and argon it gives bluish green color.
Voltage require for starting and operation is 10000 V. This
high voltage is obtained from transformer.
64. Neon Lamp
Working :
When the supply is switched ON at primary side of
transformer, a voltage of 10000 V develops across
secondary side which come across two electrodes. At this
voltage a discharge occurs in neon gas.
Different colors can be obtained by changing the
constituents of gases and mercury filled in the tubes.
66. Neon Lamp
Applications :
Neon lamps are generally used for advertising. Most
of letters having two ends at which electrodes are
placed. In letter having more than two ends , the
tube path is repeated for some portion.
67. Halogen Lamp
Halogen lamp is a special type of tungsten filament
lamp which was developed in 1959, in this lams, a
small amount of halogen vapor is added to the inert
gas of the bulb. Its glass bulb is small in size and
mechanically strong. It operates at high temperature
of 3000 oC .
68. Halogen Lamp
When the supply is given to the lamp, a filament glows
and produce light. The halogen in addition to inert gas
causes the evaporated tungsten to resettle back on
the filament during cooling, that’s why lamp can be
operated at high temperature. It provides high
intensity light.
70. Advantages of Halogen Lamp
1. It is smaller in size.
2. It does not need any blast.
3. Good colors can be obtained.
4. Excellent optical control.
5. Gives same output throughout life
6. It has long life
71. Disadvantages of Halogen Lamp
1. During maintenance the handling of lamp is
difficult.
2. Radiant heat is more which heats the
surroundings.
3. Operating temperature is high which effects its
life.
72. Compact fluorescent Lamp( CFL)
The compact fluorescent lamps are becoming more and
more popular now a days because of their low
power consumption, low running cost, longer life,
attractive look, smooth light and low maintenance.
These lamps are available in different sizes and
designs. They have single rod, double rod, triple rod
or spiral rod. These lamps are available in different
power rating e.g. 5, 7, 9, 11, 18 and 24 watt 220 V
73. Compact fluorescent Lamp( CFL)
It is basically a low pressure mercury vapor
lamp having two electrodes coated with
electron emissive material placed in a
glass tube. The tube is coated internally
with some fluorescent material in the
form of powder. In the tube one drop of
mercury and argon gas is filled at low
pressure.
74. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
• Fluorescent lamp that is
small in size (~2 in. diameter,
3 to 5 in. in length).
• Developed as replacement
for incandescent lamps.
• Two Main Types
• Ballast-integrated.
• Ballast non-integrated (allows
only lamp to be replaced).
75. Compact Fluorescent
•Excellent color available – comparable to incandescent
•Many choices (sizes, shapes, wattages, output, etc.)
•Wide Range of CRI and Color Temperatures
•Energy Efficient (3.5 to 4 times incandescent)
•Long Life (generally 10,000 hours –
lasts 12 times longer than standard 750 hour incandescent lamps)
•Less expensive dimming now available (0-10v dimming to 5%)
•Available for outdoor use with amalgam technology
76. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) are compact, efficient, energy
saving,
having higher lifetime with reasonably good CRI & near daylight
illumination characteristics. Moreover they have all the accessories
inbuilt.
Hence they are better than traditional fluorescent lamps in terms of
economy and efficiency.
77. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (cont’d)
• Use ¼ the power of an
incandescent for an
equivalent amount of
light. (an 18-watt CFL is
equivalent to a 75-watt
incandescent.)
• 10,000 hour life. (10x
an incandescent).
• Saves about $30 over
the life of the CFL.
78. Ballasts
• Auxiliary component that
performs 3 functions:
• Provides higher starting
voltage.
• Provides operating voltage.
• Limits operating current.
• Old type ballasts were
electromagnetic.
• New ballasts are electronic.
• Lighter, less noisy, no lamp
flicker, dimming capability).
79. Ballast Factor
•DEFINITION: The fraction of rated lamp lumens produced by a specific lamp-
ballast combination
•APPLICATIONS: High Ballast Factor Increases output
(1.00-1.30) AND energy consumption
Typical Ballast Factor Comparable light output in
(0.85-0.95) one-to-one replacement
Low Ballast Factor Decreases light output
(0.47-0.83) AND energy consumption
•For optimal efficiency lamps and ballasts must be properly matched.
•Maximize energy savings by selecting electronic ballasts with ballast factor
that provides target illuminance.
80. Advantage of CFL
1. Low energy consumption.
2. Low maintenance cost
3. It stars instantly
4. It does not heat the surroundings
5. Excellent color properties
6. Low operating cost
7. More life
81. Applications of CFL
The compact size, longer life, low running
and maintenance cost, instant glow
makes these lamps suitable for all
places where uniform illumination is
required.
It is used in offices, shops, hotels,
hospitals, cinema halls, residential
buildings etc.
82. Measurement of Candle Power
The candle power of a source in any
given direction is measured by
comparing it with a standard or
substandard source with the help of an
optical instrument called
PHOTOMETER.
83. Photometer
Photometers are mostly based on inverse square law of
illumination and may be classified as stationary and portable
photometers.
The stationary photometers are usually installed in a dark room
with dead black walls and ceiling in order to eliminate error due
to reflected light.
Theportable photometers are direct reading instruments used to
measured illumination in houses, offices , commercial and
industrial places.
84.
85. Rousseau‘s Construction
Only half of the vertical polar curve is shown in the figure below, since it is
symmetrical about the vertical axis. With O is the centre and radius OR
equal to the maximum radius of the polar curve, a semi-circle LRM is
drawn. A convenient number of points on this semi-circle (say 10° points)
are projected onto any vertical plane as shown. For example, points a,b,c
etc. are projected to d,e,f and so on. From point d, the horizontal line dg is
drawn equal to the intercept OA of the polar diagram on the radius oa.
Similarly, eh = OB, fk = OC and so on. The points g, h, k etc., define the
Rousseau figure. The average width w of this figure represents the
M.S.C.P. to the same scale as that of the candle powers in the polar curve.
The average width is obtained by dividing the Rousseau area by the base
of the Rousseau figure i.e. length lm which is the projection of the semi-
circle LM on the vertical axis. The area may be determined by Simpson‘s
rule or by using a planimeter
86.
87. Lighting Schemes
Lighting schemes are classified according to
the location, requirement and purpose etc.
are as under :
1. Direct lighting
2. Indirect lighting
3. Semi direct lighting
4. Semi indirect lighting
5. General lighting
88. Direct Lighting
As is clear from the name, in this system
almost 90 to 95 % light falls directly on
the object or the surface. The light is
made to fall upon the surface with the
help of deep reflectors. Such type of
lighting scheme is most used in
industries and commercial lighting.
Although this scheme is most efficient
but it is liable to cause glare and
shadows.
89. Indirect Lighting
In this system, the light does not fall
directly on the surface but more than 90 %
of light is directed upwards by using
diffusing reflectors. Here the ceiling acts as
a source of light and this light is uniformly
distributed over the surface and glare is
reduced to minimum. It provides shadow
less illumination which is useful for drawing
offices and composing rooms. It is also used
for decoration purposes in cinema halls,
hotels etc.
90. Semi direct Lighting
This is also an efficient system of lighting and chances of
glare are also reduced. Here transparent type shades
are used through which about 60 % light is directed
downward and 40 % is directed upward. This also
provides a uniform distribution of light and is best
suited for room with high ceilings.
91. Semi indirect Lighting
In this system about 60 to 90 % of total light is thrown
upward to the ceiling for diffused reflection and the
rest reaches the working plane directly. A very small
amount of light is absorbed by the bowl. It is mainly
used for interior decoration.
92. General Lighting
This system employs such type of luminaries, shades and
reflectors which give equal illumination in all the
directions.
93. Design of Indoor Light Scheme
While designing a good lighting schemes, the following
points must be kept in mind :
1. It should provide adequate illumination.
2. It should provides uniformly distributed light all over
working plane.
3. It should avoid glare and shadows as far as possible.
4. It should provide light of suitable colors.
94. Factors required for Light Scheme
The following factors are required to be considered
while designing the lighting scheme :
1. Illumination level
2. Quality of light
3. Co efficient of utilization
4. Depreciation factor
5. Space height ratio
95. Illumination Level
This is the most vital factor in deciding the number and
wattage of luminaries so that we are able to see and
recognize the object properly. Colors of the body
have the property of reflecting the light in different
proportions, degree of illumination, its distance from
the viewer, contrast between the object to be seen
and its surroundings.
96. Illumination Level
Type of work recommended illumination level
Offices 100-400 lumens/ meter square
Schools 250-400 lumens/ meter square
Industry 1000 lumens/ meter square
Shops 250-500 lumens/ meter square
Hotels 80-100 lumens/ meter square
Hospitals 250-3500 lumens/ meter square
97. Quality of Light
This means that the illumination should not be harmful
to the viewers. It should be glare free, shadow less
and contrast free. Direct glare from the source of
light is most common factor. Presence of polished
and glassy surface will cause indirect glare unless
diffused light is used. Hard and long shadows can be
avoided by using a large number of lamps and
adjusting the mounting height.
98. Co – efficient of Utilization
A surface to be illuminated receive light either directly
from the lamps or reflected from the ceiling and
walls or both. In this case, the total flux reaching the
surface will never be equal to the flux emitted by the
lamp, due to absorption by reflectors, ceiling and
walls.
Utilization factor = lumens reaching at the working place
total lumens emitted by the source
Usually it varies from 0.5 to 0.8.
99. Depreciation Factor
The total flux emitted by the source and its fitting may
be reduced due to deposition of dust upon the
surfaces. Similarly quantity of light reflected from the
ceiling and walls also decreases with the passage of
time. This is called as depreciation facto.
Usually it varies from 1.3 to 1.6.
100. Space Height Ratio
The ratio of space (horizontal distance ) between the
two adjacent lamps to the vertical height of the
lamps above the working plane is called space height
ratio.
So the distance between the lamps is not too much.
An ideal scheme could be when there is large
number of small size lamps are used also it increases
the cost of installation. So the space height ratio is 1
to 1.5.
103. High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
• produces light by means
of an electric arc
between tungsten
electrodes housed inside
a translucent or
transparent fused quartz
or fused alumina
(ceramic) arc tube filled
with special gases.
104. High Intensity Discharge Lamps
(cont’d)
• Arc tube can be filled by various types of gases and
metal salts.
• HID lamps are used in industrial high bay
applications, gymnasiums, outdoor lighting, parking
decks, street lights.
• Efficient (up to 150 lumens/watt).
• Long Life (up to 25,000 hours).
• Drawback – take up to 15 minutes to come up to
full light after power outage.
105. High Intensity Discharge Lamps (cont’d)
• Types of HIDs
• Mercury Vapor
(obsolete)
• Sodium Vapor
• High pressure
• Low pressure
• Metal Halide
• Arc tube contains argon,
mercury, and metal
halides.
• Gives better color
temperature and CRI.
106. Metal Halide Lamps
• Most common HID in use today.
• Recent Improvements.
• Allow higher pressure & temperature.
• Better efficiency, better CRI and better lumen
maintenance.
• Pulse Start vs. older Probe Start
• Ceramic vs. older Quartz arc tube.
107. Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
• Latest Lighting Technology.
• Invented in 1962.
• In the past, used as indicator lights, automotive
lights, and traffic lights; now being introduced for
indoor and outdoor lighting.
• LED is a semiconductor technology.
• Electroluminescence. Electrons recombine with
holes in the semiconductor, releasing photons.
110. Comparison of LED with a Fluorescent
Lamp
EverLED-TR
Popular T8 Brand
Fluorescent
Watt Rating, typical B.F. = 0.8 22W 34W
Lumens, initial Equivalent 2850
CRI 85 85
Color Temperature 5000K 5000K
Life Expectancy 12 hrs per
start / 3 hrs per start
10 years 10
years
20000 hours 16000
hours
Light output at 0° C 20% increase 50% decrease
111. LED Applications
Successfully used today for many markets
• Signs & Traffic signals (most common)
• Displays (change colors for attention)
• Exit Signs (most common)
• Indicators and Flashlights
• Under Counter & Coves
• Accent
• Parking Garage & Outdoor
• Downlights
• Food Freezers
113. 113
Comparison: LED to Ceramic Metal Halide
Cree LED Lighting LRP38 – Total Wattage = 36W
Ceramic Metal Halide – Total Wattage ~ 158 to 237W
114. Outdoor Lighting
• Older technology for
outdoor lighting
• High pressure sodium
• Metal Halide
• Newer technology
• Compact fluorescents
• LEDs
• Solar street lights
(economical when electric
lines don’t need to be run
in a new installation).