1. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 1
Computer and Multimedia
in Education:
Theory and Concepts
2. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 2
What is Educational Technology?
Educational Technology
AV ITProcess
Teaching
Methodologies
TV, Radio,
Digital TV,
Cellular phone,
etc
Computer
and Internet
3. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 3
WHAT IS COMPUTER IN EDUCATION ?
Computer in education is the use of
computers in the design, development,
delivery and evaluation of teaching and
learning materials (instruction). It
means:
• computer-based instruction (CBI)
• computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
• computer-assisted language learning
(CALL)
4. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 4
Discussion
Why do we need to use technology in T & L?
ERASE
5. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 5
What is learning?
Learning theory explains how individuals learn
via a set of organized principles in order to
acquire new abilities and/or knowledge
To learn is to change (or have the capacity to
change) one’s level of ability or knowledge in a
permanent way which is brought about by
experience or interaction of a person with his/her
environment
6. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 6
LEARNING THEORIES
Learning Theory Main Principle
Behavioural Perspective reinforcement
Cognitivist Perspective organised information
Constructivist Perspective learn from one another
No one learning theory is the BEST and integrating
them with different learning situation may look the
best.
7. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 7
LEARNING THEORIES
Rules for
making services
Short service
Long service
PRACTICES
EVALUATION
Behaviourist: focus on repetition of observed behaviour
and observation of progress
Cognitivist: focus on comprehension of small chunks of
knowledge and observation of progress
Constructivist: focus on information exchange and
observation of progress
8. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 8
Essentials of Teaching
A teacher needs to:
know how to employ the most effective teaching
and learning strategies to ensure progress of
students
be able to assess what their students know,
understand and can do
have high expectations for all their pupils
irrespective of race, gender, family background
or learning ability
know how to motivate their students
Kingston University, London
Teaching is the activity of facilitating learning
Dr. Kasun, University of Colombo
9. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 9
Discussion
Why are the problems do we face in T & L?
ERASE
10. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 10
INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS
Cooperative learning
Discovery
Problem solving
Instructional games
Simulation
Discussion
Drill and practice
Tutorial
Demonstration
Presentation
11. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 11
INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS
Type T & L Method
Behaviourist Drill and practice
Simulation
Demonstration
Lecture and tutorial
Cognitivist Problem solving
Mind mapping
Constructivist Discussion
Cooperative learning
12. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 12
INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS USNG ICT
Type T & L Method
Behaviourist Online exercises (quiz, objective
items, cloze, matching items)
Simulation/games
Demonstration (video, audio, flash
animation)
Online presentation (slideshare.com,
Prezi, slides.com)
Cognitivist Problem solving
Mind mapping (mindmapping.com)
Constructivist Discussion (online forum –
padlet.com, blogspot.com, LinkedIn)
Cooperative learning (FB, WeChat,
Telegram, Whatapps)
13. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 13
Cooperative learning is an instructional paradigm in which
teams of students work on structured tasks (e.g., homework
assignments, laboratory experiments, or design projects).
Learning is via social interaction among group members.
(Johnson, Johnson, and Smith, 1998)
Approach:
Constructivist
Cooperative Learning Method
14. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 14
Approach:
Constructivist
Discovery learning takes place in problem solving situations
where the learner draws on his or her own past experience and
existing knowledge to discover facts and relationships and new
truths to be learned. Models that are based upon discovery
learning model include: guided discovery, problem-based
learning, simulation-based learning, case-based learning,
incidental learning and etc. Discovery learning is inquiry-based
and was created by Bruner, J.S. (1967).
Discovery Learning Method
15. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 15
Approach:
Cognitivist
Problem solving is a mental process and is part of the larger
problem process that includes problem finding and problem
shaping. It is a way to improve motivation, thinking, and
learning.
Wikipedia
Problem Solving Method
16. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 16
Approach:
Behaviourist
Instructional games are learning activities that encourage
students to perform or master targeted
concepts/skills/strategies in a particular
learning task. Examples of instructional games include
checkers, cards, dice, spinners and game boards (including
games using computer). Instructional games can be
implemented in individualized learning situations. Keyword:
learning is fun.
Instructional Game Method
17. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 17
Approach:
Behaviourist
Simulation method is:
The act of imitating the behaviour of some situation.
An ICT technique of representing the real world
by a computer program.
Model: representation of something (sometimes
on a smaller scale).
Simulation Method
18. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 18
Approach:
Constructivist
Discussion method is used usually in brainstorming of
ideas or small scale problem solving. Small group
discussion is more favourable or the buzz group
method where discussion starts off with pairs and later
merged into larger groups for comparison of ideas.
Discussion Method
19. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 19
Approach:
Behaviourist
Drill and Practice method is one of the most effective
instructional techniques in learning. It helps to improve
the learner’s skills and readiness levels, adjusting both
practice repetitions and new content introduction in the
process. For example, the corrective feedback
paradigm sets an effective pattern for the rehearsal of
failed problems.
Allen, M.W. (2006)
Drill and Practice Method
20. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 20
Approach:
Constructivist
The tutorial method is a sequential small group discussion
that derives from the main lecture group. Students are
encouraged to participate in tutorial discussion on lecture
topics to motivate and reinforce understanding of concepts
that are being lectured.
Tutorial Method
21. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 21
Approach:
Behaviourist
The demonstration method is an instructional method in
which an instructor shows and explains to enrich and
increase the learner's understanding. The effective
demonstration involves telling, showing, questioning,
and application. This method is also known as
“imitation learning” or “teaching by showing”. It is quite
similar to simulation but usually done by human or can
be done with recorded videos too.
Demonstration Method
22. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 22
Approach:
Behaviourist
Presentation method is:
The act of presenting, or something presented
A lecture or speech given in front of an audience
Presentation using computer slides is known as
electronic presentation and it is usually a 1-way traffic
but also can improved by allowing interactions with the
audience.
Presentation Method
23. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 23
OTHER INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES
Highlighting
Analogies
Mnemonics
Imagery
Concept maps
Feedback
Case studies
Role playing
24. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 24
WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA?
Instructional Media Characteristics
Real objects and models Actual item / 3-D
representation
Text Words (written format)
Video Recorded Movies /
Videos
Audio Sound /music / narration
Graphics (visuals / slides) Graphics, pictures, line
drawings, maps
Multimedia Combination of some of
the above formats
25. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 25
WHAT IS MULTIMEDIA ?
Multimedia combines text, graphics, audio,
animation and video into educational activities
that provide information, entertainment
and motivation to learners.
Many multimedia research showed that a learner can
understand and learn :
• 20 % of what they see
• 30% of what they hear
• 50% of what they see and hear
• 80 % of what they see, hear and do
26. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 26
MULTIMEDIA: THE LEARNING PIRAMID
National Training Laboratories, Betel, Maine, USA
27. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 27
Relationship between Learning Method
and Comprehension
Learning Method Comprehension (%)
Watch presentation 50
Active discussion 70
Give speech 70
Give presentation 90
Simulate real incident 90
Complete a project 90
28. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 28
Discussion
How does giving a presentation help students learn better?
ERASE
29. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 29
ADVANTAGES OF MULTIMEDIA
The advantages of multimedia are as follow :
• more effective learning if can be integrate multimedia
in learning
• will increase learner’s interest and motivation
• promote personalized learning: self-paced, self-directed
and self-access learning
• can save manpower for teaching (role as facilitator
only) via Learning Management System (LMS) and can
save cost and time.
• today’s storage technology allows a lot of multimedia
learning materials and sources to be put google drive
(online) or on pen drive (offline)
30. Dr. CK Tan, UMS 30
DISADVANTAGES OF MULTIMEDIA
The disadvantages of multimedia are as follow :
• multimedia computers can be costly.
• teachers need to be trained on how to produce
multimedia content. High training cost.
• a lot of copyrighted multimedia materials are costly.
• distance education using multimedia content can be
disrupted if internet access is slow.
• rural areas are at a disadvantage with regard to the use
of multimedia in education; unequalled learning
oppurtunities
