This document discusses hypotheses in research. A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Good hypotheses are specific, empirically testable, and manageable. Researchers develop hypotheses to give direction to their research and focus their study. There are different types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, working, null, and alternative hypotheses. Once a hypothesis is developed, researchers select a research design to collect data, such as descriptive or experimental methods, to test their hypothesis.

1. RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
Presented by Ranjithkumar
MBA

2. Meaning Of Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about
the relationship between two or more variables. It
is a specific, testable prediction about what you
expect to happen in a study. For example, a study
designed to look at the relationship between sleep
deprivation and test performance might have a
hypothesis that states, "This study is designed to
assess the hypothesis that sleep-deprived people
will perform worse on a test than individuals who
are not sleep deprived."

3. Elements of a Good Hypothesis:
When trying to come up with a good
hypothesis for your own research or experiments
Before you come up with a specific hypothesis,
spend some time doing background research on
your topic. Once you have completed a literature
review, start thinking about potential questions you
still have. Pay attention to the discussion section in
the journal articles you read. Many authors will
suggest questions that still need to be explored.

4. Collecting Data On Your Hypothesis
Once a researcher has formed a
testable hypothesis, the next step is to select
a research design and start collecting data.
The research method a researcher chooses
depends largely on exactly what they are
studying. There are two basic types of
research methods - descriptive research and
experimental research.

5. Descriptive Research Methods
Descriptive research such as case
studies, naturalistic observations, and surveys are
often used when it would be impossible or difficult
to conduct an experiment. These methods are best
used to describe different aspects of a behavior or
psychological phenomenon. Once a researcher has
collected data using descriptive methods,
a correlational study can then be used to look at
how the variables are related. This type of research
method might be used to investigate a hypothesis
that is difficult to test experimentally.

6. Experimental Research Methods
Experimental methods are used to
demonstrate causal relationships between variables. In
an experiment, the researcher systematically
manipulates a variable of interest (known as the
independent variable) and measures the effect on
another variable (known as the dependent variable).
Unlike correlational studies, which can only be used to
determine if there is a relationship between two
variables, experimental methods can be used to
determine the actual nature of the relationship. That is
to say that if changes in one variable
actually cause another to change.

7. Characteristics Of Hypothesis
Empirically Testable
 Simple And Clear
 Specific And Relevant
 Predictable
 Manageable

8. Importance of hypothesis
Its Gives A Direction To The Research
Its Specifies The Focus Of The
Researcher
Its Helps In Devising Research
Techniques
Its Prevents From Blind Research
Its Ensures Accuracy And Precision
Its Saves Resources – Time, Money
And Energy

9. Types of hypothesis
simple hypothesis
 complex hypothesis
 working or research hypothesis
 null hypothesis
 alternative hypothesis
 logical hypothesis
 statistical hypothesis

10. Simple hypothesis
A simple hypothesis is a hypothesis that reflects
a relationship between two variables
independent and dependent variable
Examples:
Higher the unemployment, higher would be
the rate of crime in society.
Lower the use of fertilizers, lower would be
agricultural productivity
Higher the poverty in a society, higher would
be the rate of crimes.

11. Complex hypothesis
A complex hypothesis is a hypothesis that’s
reflects relationship among more than two
variables
Example:
Higher the poverty, higher the illiteracy in a
society, higher will be the rate of crime.
Lower the use of fertilizer, improved seeds and
modern equipment's lower would be the
agricultural productivity

12. Working hypothesis
A hypothesis that is accepted to put to test
and work on in a research is called a
working hypothesis
It’s a hypothesis that is assumed to be
suitable to explain certain facts and
relationship of phenomena
Its hoped that this hypothesis would
generate a productive theory and is
accepted to put to test for investigation

13. Alternative hypothesis
If the working hypothesis is
proved wrong or rejected, another
hypothesis is formulated to be
tested to generate the desired
results – this is known as the
alternative hypothesis.
Alternative hypothesis is denoted
by H1

14. Null hypothesis
A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that
expresses no relationship between the
variables it negates association between
variables
A null hypothesis has its purpose. A null
hypothesis is made with an intention were
the researcher wants to disapprove, reject
or nullify
A null hypothesis is usually made for a
reverse strategy

15. Statistical hypothesis
A hypothesis that can be verified
statistically, is known as a statistical
hypothesis
It can be any hypothesis that has the quality
of being verified statistically
Its means using quantitative techniques, to
generate statistical data, can easily verify it
It can also be said that the variables in a
statistical hypothesis can be transformed in
to quantifiable sub- variable to test it
statistically

16. Logical hypothesis
A hypothesis that can be verified logically
is known as a logical hypothesis
It is a hypothesis expressing a relationship
whose inter-links can be joined on the
basis of logical explanation
It is can be verified by logical evidence
Being verified logically does not
necessarily mean that it cannot be verified
statistically
It may or may not be verified statistically
but it can be verified logically.