Hypothesis types, formulation, and testing
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This document defines and describes different types of hypotheses used in quantitative research. It begins by defining a hypothesis as a prediction about the relationship between variables. There are two main types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis, which predicts no relationship, and the alternative hypothesis, which predicts a relationship. The alternative can be directional, specifying an expected direction of the relationship, or non-directional. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for experimentation, it must be possible to prove it true or false and the results must be reproducible. The process of hypothesis testing involves stating the hypotheses, developing a test plan, analyzing data according to the plan, and rejecting or supporting the null hypothesis based on results.
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Presentation on types of research
Presentation on types of researchResearch Scholar - HNB Garhwal Central University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand.
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Hypothesis -Concept Sources Types
Hypothesis
It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the relationship between two or more variables.
It is a tentative explanation of the research problem
Hypotheses are always in declarative sentence form
An hypothesis is a statement or explanation that is suggested by knowledge or observation but has not, yet, been proved or disproved
Sources of hypothesis
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Review of literature
Findings of the pilot study
Interaction with knowledgeable persons of the concerned field
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Types of Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses / One tailed Hypothesis
Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two tailed Hypothesis
Null Hypotheses
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directional hypothesis predicts the nature of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
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Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two Tailed Hypothesis
A non-directional simply states that there will be a difference between the two groups/conditions but does not say which will be greater/smaller, quicker/slower etc.
non-directional hypothesis predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified.
Null Hypotheses
A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables.
null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable does not affect the other).
It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove.
the null hypothesis is a statement of
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It is often symbolized as H0.
Examples
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We would write Null Hypotheses (H0):
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This document provides information on hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement proposed to explain certain facts or observations. A hypothesis should be specific, testable, and stated in advance of data collection. Hypotheses can be categorized as null or research hypotheses based on their formulation. They can also be directional or non-directional based on whether they specify an expected direction of results. Hypotheses are either deductively or inductively derived depending on whether they are tested top-down from existing theory or built bottom-up from observations.
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A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
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Presentation on types of research
Presentation on types of researchResearch Scholar - HNB Garhwal Central University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand.
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Hypothesis -Concept Sources Types
Hypothesis
It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the relationship between two or more variables.
It is a tentative explanation of the research problem
Hypotheses are always in declarative sentence form
An hypothesis is a statement or explanation that is suggested by knowledge or observation but has not, yet, been proved or disproved
Sources of hypothesis
Experience of researcher
Review of literature
Findings of the pilot study
Interaction with knowledgeable persons of the concerned field
Knowledge of culture and society
Creative thinking and imagination of researcher
Types of Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses / One tailed Hypothesis
Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two tailed Hypothesis
Null Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses / One Tailed Hypothesis
A directional hypothesis is a prediction made by a researcher regarding a positive or negative change, relationship, or difference between two variables /two groups or conditions
directional hypothesis predicts the nature of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
It is often symbolized as H1
Non-Directional Hypotheses / Two Tailed Hypothesis
A non-directional simply states that there will be a difference between the two groups/conditions but does not say which will be greater/smaller, quicker/slower etc.
non-directional hypothesis predicts that the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified.
Null Hypotheses
A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables.
null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable does not affect the other).
It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove.
the null hypothesis is a statement of
-‘no effect’ or ‘no difference’
It is often symbolized as H0.
Examples
“ In a clinical trial of a new drug with the current drug ”
We would write Null Hypotheses (H0):
H0 : there is no difference between the two drugs.
We would write Directional Hypotheses (H1):
H1 : the new drug is better than the current drug.
We would write Non-Directional Hypothesis:
the two drugs have different effects, on average.
Research hypothesis
The document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses help translate research problems into clear predictions and guide investigation. They provide objectivity, direction for data collection, and goals for researchers. Well-stated hypotheses are testable, consistent with existing knowledge, and help establish a link between theory and empirical research. Different types of hypotheses, such as simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, and null hypotheses are described. Sources for developing hypotheses include theoretical frameworks, previous research findings, literature, and experiences.
Research design
The document discusses various aspects of research design. It defines research design and notes that it involves decisions about what, where, when, how much and by what means an inquiry will be conducted. It outlines requirements like identifying the type of research, being realistic and precise. Factors affecting research design are also discussed, like availability of data, time and resources. The main parts of research design are described as sampling design, observational design, statistical design and operational design. Different types of research designs are explained, including exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic and experimental designs. Key concepts in research design are also covered.
Descriptive research
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The formulation of a research problem is the most crucial part of the research journey as the quality and relevance of your research project entirely depends upon it.
The process of formulating a research problem consists of a number of steps. Working through these steps presupposes a reasonable level of knowledge in the broad subject area within which the study is to be undertaken and the research methodology itself.
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Hypothesis
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1. A hypothesis is a tentative assumption made to explain a phenomenon or guide an investigation. It can be a conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested.
2. The main functions of a hypothesis are to provide focus for a study by specifying what aspects to investigate and what data to collect. Developing a hypothesis enhances objectivity.
3. For a hypothesis to be testable and useful for a study, it should be simple, specific, conceptually clear, capable of being verified, and related to existing knowledge. The outcome of testing a hypothesis may prove it right, partially right, or wrong.
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The document discusses the different types of hypotheses used in research, including directional and non-directional hypotheses, declarative hypotheses that state relationships between variables, null hypotheses that state no significant differences exist, question form hypotheses used to raise research questions, alternative hypotheses that anticipate differences between variables, and predication form hypotheses that state expected principles for action research studies.
Hypothesis Formulation
This document discusses hypothesis formulation in research. It defines a hypothesis as a statement about the relationship between two or more variables that is tested in a research study. A complete hypothesis includes the variables, population, and relationship between variables. There are different types of variables, populations, and relationships that can be included in a hypothesis. The document also outlines different types of hypotheses like simple, complex, directional, and non-directional and discusses how to properly formulate a hypothesis. Formulating a good hypothesis is important as it provides focus, direction, and guides the research process.
HYPOTHESIS.pptx
This document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested. The key types of hypotheses discussed are simple vs complex, directional vs nondirectional, null vs research, and associative vs causal. Good characteristics of a hypothesis include being testable, consistent with existing knowledge, and having conceptual clarity. Hypotheses can be generated from theoretical frameworks, previous research, literature reviews, and real-life experiences. The steps of hypothesis testing include setting the null and research hypotheses, determining the test statistic and significance level, calculating the test statistic, and making a decision to accept or reject the null hypothesis based on the critical value. Type 1 and Type 2
Lec 5 - Hypotheses.pdf
- A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the solution to a problem that can be tested and verified. It predicts the relationship between two or more variables.
- A good hypothesis is based on existing knowledge, states a clear relationship between variables, and allows for testing and verification.
- Developing a hypothesis involves asking a research question, conducting preliminary research, and formulating a statement about the expected relationship between variables to be tested. Testing a hypothesis aims to determine if it is supported by evidence but does not prove it definitively.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a prediction about the relationship between two variables that is tested through research. There are different types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, empirical, null, and alternative hypotheses. Researchers use hypothesis testing procedures to evaluate hypotheses based on sample data and either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. Type I and Type II errors can occur when evaluating hypotheses. Hypotheses help focus research, guide data collection, and allow conclusions to be drawn.
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This document discusses hypotheses in research studies. It defines a hypothesis and explains their purposes, including guiding research design and statistical analysis. Hypotheses can be classified in various ways, such as simple vs complex, directional vs nondirectional, and causal vs associative. The null hypothesis predicts no relationship while the research hypothesis states an expected relationship. Guidelines are provided for developing testable hypotheses and critiquing them in research reports.
Scientific Research Steps Part 1
Here is the refined hypothesis based on the last homework:
If temperature affects leaf color change, then exposing maple tree leaves to temperatures below 10°C for a period of 2 weeks will result in the leaves changing color from green to shades of red, orange, and yellow earlier than maple tree leaves not exposed to low temperatures.
The independent variable is temperature, and the dependent variable is the timing of leaf color change. The hypothesis predicts that exposing leaves to low temperatures (below 10°C) for 2 weeks will cause them to change color earlier than leaves not exposed to low temperatures.
Research Hypothesis Report.pptx
This document discusses different types of hypotheses that can be formulated in research. It defines what a hypothesis is and explains its importance in focusing a study and guiding data collection. The document outlines characteristics of effective hypotheses and discusses how to formulate hypotheses based on background knowledge, intellect, and analogy. It also describes different forms hypotheses can take, including directional, non-directional, declarative, null, and question forms. Finally, it defines simple, complex, working, alternative, statistical, and logical hypotheses.
20 OCT-Hypothesis Testing.ppt
This document discusses hypothesis testing and the scientific method. It provides details on:
- The key steps of the scientific method including observation, formulation of a question, data collection, hypothesis testing, analysis and conclusion.
- The different types of hypotheses such as simple vs complex, directional vs non-directional, null vs alternative.
- The steps of hypothesis testing including stating the null and alternative hypotheses, using a test statistic, determining the p-value and significance level, and deciding whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
- Examples are given to illustrate hypothesis testing and how the p-value is compared to the significance level to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected.
Hypothesis power point presentation
This document discusses different aspects of hypotheses in research. It defines hypothesis, lists its characteristics and importance. It describes the steps in scientific method, research, educational research and problem solving method. It explains the different forms of hypotheses like simple, complex, working, null, alternative and logical hypotheses. It also discusses the types of hypotheses such as directional, non-directional and declarative hypotheses.
'Hypothesis'
This document discusses hypotheses in research methods. It defines a hypothesis as a specific, testable statement of prediction about what is expected to happen in a study. The document outlines the assumption, nature, roles, importance, and characteristics of hypotheses. It discusses the sources and types of hypotheses, including simple, complex, directional, and associative hypotheses. Finally, it describes the uses of hypotheses in experimental, survey, historical, and complex causal research. Hypotheses guide research, focus studies, and allow theories to be tested through empirical investigation.
Research methodology Chapter 5
This document discusses research methodology and the concept of hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about a problem's solution that can be empirically tested. The document outlines the key characteristics of hypotheses, including that they are conceptual, declarative statements that reference empirical variables and have a future orientation toward verification. Hypotheses are important as they focus research, guide the investigator, and prevent blind searches for data. Different types of hypotheses are discussed, including question, declarative statement, directional statement, and null forms.
punar hyothesis
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a research hypothesis as a statement created by researchers to speculate on the outcome of an experiment. The hypothesis is at the core of any experimental design and is the ultimate aim. Researchers use inductive and deductive reasoning on observations to form a testable and falsifiable hypothesis. There are different types of hypotheses, including null, non-directional, directional, and causal hypotheses. The precursor to a hypothesis is usually a research problem framed as a question.
Hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses, which are statements predicting the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses allow theories to be tested, guide research design and data analysis, and provide context for study results. They are typically derived from prior research, theoretical frameworks, or a researcher's experiences. Constructing hypotheses brings focus and clarity to an investigation and can have outcomes of being right, partially right, or wrong based on data collection and analysis. Hypotheses are classified as simple, involving one independent and dependent variable, or complex, involving multiple variables. Guidelines for critiquing hypotheses include assessing clarity, direct ties to the research problem, inclusion of variables, and precision of research questions.
Hypothesis
This document discusses hypotheses in quantitative research. It defines a hypothesis and explains that hypotheses provide focus to a study by indicating what aspects to investigate and what data to collect. A hypothesis must be simple, specific, verifiable, and related to existing knowledge. There are different types of hypotheses, including the research hypothesis, null hypothesis, and hypothesis of difference. Testing a hypothesis involves constructing it, gathering evidence, and analyzing evidence to draw conclusions about its validity. Errors can occur in testing if the study design, sampling, data collection, analysis, or conclusions are faulty. In qualitative research, hypotheses are not emphasized or constructed since the focus is on describing and understanding phenomena.
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Chapter 2
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Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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Hypothesis types, formulation, and testing
- 2. Definition of Hypotheses Hypotheses are statements in quantitative research in which the investigator makes a prediction or a guess about the outcome of a relationship among attributes or characteristics. Traditionally used in experiments, they serve, like research questions, to narrow the purpose statement to specific predictions. These predictions are not simply an “educated guess.” Rather, researchers base them on results from past research and literature where investigators have found certain results and can now offer predictions as to what other investigators will find when they repeat the study with new people or at new sites.
- 3. Characteristics of Hypotheses Is the language clear and focused? Is your hypothesis testable? What is the relationship between your hypothesis and your research topic? Does your hypothesis include both an independent and dependent variable?
- 4. Types of Hypothesis 2. Alternative Hypothesis It predicts the relationship between two or more independent and dependent variables. It have two types. directional and non-directional. It states a negative statement to support the researcher’s findings that there is no relationship between two variables. 1. Null Hypothesis
- 5. 4. Directional Hypothesis 5. Non- Directional Hypothesis It specifies the expected direction to be followed to determine the relationship between variables, and is derived from theory. Furthermore, it implies researcher’s intellectual commitment to a particular outcome. It does not predict the exact direction or nature of the relationship between the two variables. Non-directional hypothesis is used when there is no theory involved or when findings contradict previous research.
- 6. Importance of a Testable Hypothesis To devise and perform an experiment using scientific method, you need to make sure that your hypothesis is testable. To be considered testable, some essential criteria must be met: • There must be a possibility to prove that the hypothesis is true. • There must be a possibility to prove that the hypothesis is false. • The results of the hypothesis must be reproducible.
- 7. 4 Steps of Hypothesis Testing The first step is for the analyst to state the two hypotheses so that only one can be right. The next step is to formulate an analysis plan, which outlines how the data will be evaluated. The third step is to carry out the plan and physically analyze the sample data. The fourth and final step is to analyze the results and either reject the null hypothesis, or state that the null hypothesis is plausible.
- 8. Thank you
- 9. Resources How to Write a Research Hypothesis. (2019, February 14). Enago Academy. https://www.enago.com/academy/how-to-develop-a-good-research-hypothesis/ Majaski, C. (2021). How Hypothesis Testing Works. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hypothesistesting.asp