Hypermetropia
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Anisometropia
Anisometropia is a condition where the two eyes have unequal refractive power. It can be congenital due to unequal eyeball growth, or acquired such as after cataract surgery. There are different types including simple where one eye is normal and the other myopic or hyperopic, compound where both eyes are myopic or hyperopic but to different degrees, and mixed where one eye is myopic and the other hyperopic. Treatments include spectacles up to 4 diopters of difference, contact lenses for higher degrees, and refractive surgery for high unilateral refractive errors.
Heterophoria;Definiton,classification and etiology
Heterophoria is a latent eye misalignment where the eyes are directed at the fixation point but tend to deviate when fusion is interrupted. It is classified based on direction of deviation (esophoria, exophoria, hyperphoria, cyclophoria) and symptoms (compensated vs decompensated). Esophoria involves a nasal deviation, exophoria a divergent deviation, and hyperphoria/hypophoria an upward/downward deviation of one eye. Compensated heterophoria causes no symptoms while decompensated heterophoria occurs when the deviation cannot be controlled due to weak fusion, leading to issues like blurred vision, diplopia,
Monofixation syndrome
Monofixation syndrome is a form of subnormal binocular vision characterized by small-angle strabismus, unilateral absolute facultative central suppression scotoma of less than 3 degrees, and peripheral fusion. It can be caused by conditions that surgically corrected strabismus, anisometropia, macular lesions, or a lack of symptoms. Diagnosis involves tests showing subnormal stereopsis, visual acuity differences between eyes, amblyopia, or retinal disease. Treatment may include amblyopia treatment, strabismus surgery, and follow-up care.
ocular Deviations
Ocular deviations can be classified as heterophorias or heterotropias. Heterophorias are latent deviations that are suppressed by fusion, while heterotropias are manifest deviations. Specific types of heterophorias include esophoria, exophoria, hyperphoria, and hypophoria. It is important to record the size of any deviation in prism diopters and the distance at which the test was performed. Heterotropias can be incomitant, meaning the deviation varies with gaze direction, or concomitant, where the deviation remains constant. Incomitant strabismus is often paralytic in origin while concomitant may have an accommodative element.
Astigmatism - Common Eye Condition
Astigmatism occurs when the cornea is oval rather than spherical, causing blurred vision. It is usually hereditary but can also result from eye injury. Symptoms include blurred near and distant vision. Astigmatism can be detected through an eye exam and is treated with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery to reshape the cornea into a spherical form. The goal of treatments is to correct the astigmatic cornea and improve vision.
Alimullah (Hypermetropia) (1).pptx
This document provides information about hypermetropia (farsightedness), including its definition, causes, types, clinical features, treatment, and management in different populations. Key points:
- Hypermetropia is a refractive condition where light focuses behind the retina when accommodation is relaxed.
- It can be caused by factors like short axial length, flat cornea curvature, or decreased lens refractive index.
- Clinical features include defective near vision, eyestrain, and occasionally esotropia.
- Treatment involves spectacles, contact lenses, or refractive surgery to use plus lenses to increase the optical power.
- In children, full correction may not be needed if certain criteria are met, while
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, occurs when parallel rays of light focus behind the retina instead of on it. There are several types and causes of hypermetropia. Simple hypermetropia is the most common form and is often hereditary. Symptoms include headache, blurry near vision, and asthenopia. Treatment options include prescribing convex lenses, contact lenses, or spectacles with eye patching.
Lecture on Hypermetropia For 4th Year MBBS Undergraduate Students By Prof. Dr...
Lecture on Hypermetropia For 4th Year MBBS Undergraduate Students By Prof. Dr...DrHussainAhmadKhaqan
The document defines hypermetropia as a condition where light rays converge behind the retina after passing through the cornea and lens due to the eye's weak refractive power or short anteroposterior diameter. It classifies hypermetropia based on refractive error size, anatomical structure, and manifestation. Complications include amblyopia, presbyopia, glaucoma, and retinoschisis. Treatment involves using convex lenses externally or refractive surgery to increase the eye's refractive power.Recommended
Anisometropia
Anisometropia is a condition where the two eyes have unequal refractive power. It can be congenital due to unequal eyeball growth, or acquired such as after cataract surgery. There are different types including simple where one eye is normal and the other myopic or hyperopic, compound where both eyes are myopic or hyperopic but to different degrees, and mixed where one eye is myopic and the other hyperopic. Treatments include spectacles up to 4 diopters of difference, contact lenses for higher degrees, and refractive surgery for high unilateral refractive errors.
Heterophoria;Definiton,classification and etiology
Heterophoria is a latent eye misalignment where the eyes are directed at the fixation point but tend to deviate when fusion is interrupted. It is classified based on direction of deviation (esophoria, exophoria, hyperphoria, cyclophoria) and symptoms (compensated vs decompensated). Esophoria involves a nasal deviation, exophoria a divergent deviation, and hyperphoria/hypophoria an upward/downward deviation of one eye. Compensated heterophoria causes no symptoms while decompensated heterophoria occurs when the deviation cannot be controlled due to weak fusion, leading to issues like blurred vision, diplopia,
Monofixation syndrome
Monofixation syndrome is a form of subnormal binocular vision characterized by small-angle strabismus, unilateral absolute facultative central suppression scotoma of less than 3 degrees, and peripheral fusion. It can be caused by conditions that surgically corrected strabismus, anisometropia, macular lesions, or a lack of symptoms. Diagnosis involves tests showing subnormal stereopsis, visual acuity differences between eyes, amblyopia, or retinal disease. Treatment may include amblyopia treatment, strabismus surgery, and follow-up care.
ocular Deviations
Ocular deviations can be classified as heterophorias or heterotropias. Heterophorias are latent deviations that are suppressed by fusion, while heterotropias are manifest deviations. Specific types of heterophorias include esophoria, exophoria, hyperphoria, and hypophoria. It is important to record the size of any deviation in prism diopters and the distance at which the test was performed. Heterotropias can be incomitant, meaning the deviation varies with gaze direction, or concomitant, where the deviation remains constant. Incomitant strabismus is often paralytic in origin while concomitant may have an accommodative element.
Astigmatism - Common Eye Condition
Astigmatism occurs when the cornea is oval rather than spherical, causing blurred vision. It is usually hereditary but can also result from eye injury. Symptoms include blurred near and distant vision. Astigmatism can be detected through an eye exam and is treated with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery to reshape the cornea into a spherical form. The goal of treatments is to correct the astigmatic cornea and improve vision.
Alimullah (Hypermetropia) (1).pptx
This document provides information about hypermetropia (farsightedness), including its definition, causes, types, clinical features, treatment, and management in different populations. Key points:
- Hypermetropia is a refractive condition where light focuses behind the retina when accommodation is relaxed.
- It can be caused by factors like short axial length, flat cornea curvature, or decreased lens refractive index.
- Clinical features include defective near vision, eyestrain, and occasionally esotropia.
- Treatment involves spectacles, contact lenses, or refractive surgery to use plus lenses to increase the optical power.
- In children, full correction may not be needed if certain criteria are met, while
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, occurs when parallel rays of light focus behind the retina instead of on it. There are several types and causes of hypermetropia. Simple hypermetropia is the most common form and is often hereditary. Symptoms include headache, blurry near vision, and asthenopia. Treatment options include prescribing convex lenses, contact lenses, or spectacles with eye patching.
Lecture on Hypermetropia For 4th Year MBBS Undergraduate Students By Prof. Dr...
Lecture on Hypermetropia For 4th Year MBBS Undergraduate Students By Prof. Dr...DrHussainAhmadKhaqan
The document defines hypermetropia as a condition where light rays converge behind the retina after passing through the cornea and lens due to the eye's weak refractive power or short anteroposterior diameter. It classifies hypermetropia based on refractive error size, anatomical structure, and manifestation. Complications include amblyopia, presbyopia, glaucoma, and retinoschisis. Treatment involves using convex lenses externally or refractive surgery to increase the eye's refractive power.Errors of refraction
This document summarizes different types of refractive errors including emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. It defines each condition and describes the causes, types, grading, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Myopia is defined as a refractive error where light focuses in front of the retina. It can be axial, curvature, or index-related. Hypermetropia is where light focuses behind the retina and can also be axial, curvature, or index-related. Astigmatism causes unequal refraction in different meridians leading to focal lines rather than a point. Treatment involves corrective lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery depending on the type and
Correction of ametropia
Correction of Ametropia is very basic topic in Optometry background. Hope the SlideShare may help you. This PPT will help Bachelor students (B.optoms).
hypermetropia: a refractive error
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness or long-sightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina instead of directly on it. There are several types of hypermetropia based on etiology, including axial, curvatural, index, and positional. Hypermetropia is classified based on degree as low, moderate, or high. It can be diagnosed through visual acuity screening and retinoscopy. Management includes optical correction with convex lenses via spectacles or contact lenses, as well as refractive surgery for more severe cases once the eye is fully developed. Untreated hypermetropia can lead to complications and negatively impact quality of life.
hypermetropia
This document summarizes hyperopia (farsightedness), including its etiology, clinical types, latent and manifest presentations, symptoms, signs, and treatment options. The main points are:
Hyperopia is caused by an eyeball that is too short or a cornea that is too flat. It can be developmental, pathological, or functional in nature. Symptoms include tiredness, headaches, and blurred distance vision. Examination may reveal a small eye size. Treatment includes glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery to bring light to a focus on the retina.
HYPERMETROPIA .pdf
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina when the eye is at rest. There are several types of hypermetropia including axial, refractive, index, curvature, and anterior chamber hypermetropia. Hypermetropia can also be classified as simple, pathological, or functional based on physiological and anatomical factors. It can be further broken down into total, manifest, latent, and facultative hypermetropia depending on whether it can be corrected with accommodation. Treatment options include spectacle correction with convex lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery procedures like LASIK.
Refractive errors of eye ophthalmology astigmatism hypermetropia myopia medic...
This document discusses various refractive errors of the eye including emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. It provides details on the etiology, classification, signs, symptoms, and treatment options for each condition. Key points include:
- Myopia is caused by the eyeball being too long or the cornea having too much curvature. It is usually treated with concave glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery like LASIK.
- Hypermetropia is caused by the eyeball being too short or the cornea having too weak curvature. It can be corrected with convex glasses, contact lenses, or refractive procedures.
- Astig
HYPERMETROPIA REFRACTIVE ERROR OF AN EYE
TYPES
DEFINATION
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
help full for optometry students
@optometry
@ophthalmology
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
EYE & LIFESTYLE DISEASE CONSULTATION & MANAGEMENT CENTER
WHAT IS HYPERMETROPIA
TYPES OF HYPERMETROPIA
ETILOGY OF HYPERMETROPIA
CLINICAL FEATURES OF HYPERMETROPIA
HYPERMETROPIA PPT
Hypermetropia also known as Hyperopia or Farsightedness is a common type of r...
Hypermetropia also known as "Hyperopia' or "Farsightedness" is a common type of refractive error where distant objects may be seen more clearly than objects that are near.
Errors 3
This document discusses various refractive errors including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It defines each condition and describes their causes, symptoms, signs, and treatment options. Myopia is defined as nearsightedness where parallel rays focus in front of the retina. Hyperopia is farsightedness where rays focus behind the retina. Astigmatism occurs when the cornea is not uniformly curved causing blurred vision. Presbyopia is the age-related hardening of the lens causing difficulty with near vision. Treatment options discussed include glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery, and lens implantation.
Eye Disorders and Management
The document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It discusses the various layers of the eye including the sclera, choroid, chambers and fluids, iris, lens, ciliary muscle, and retina. It also describes the functions of rods and cones and how light rays are focused in the eye. Common eye disorders like blepharitis, hordeolum, chalazion, entropion, ectropion, trichiasis, conjunctivitis, trachoma, keratitis, cataract, and glaucoma are defined and their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment are explained. Examination tools used in ophthalmology like the ophthalmoscope
APPROACH TO RED EYE -DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eye and various approaches to patients presenting with red eye. It begins with describing the three layers of the eyeball and three chambers of the eye. It then outlines the key components of history taking and physical examination for red eye. Specific conditions covered include subconjunctival hemorrhage, acute angle closure glaucoma, corneal abrasion, viral and bacterial conjunctivitis, uveitis, keratitis, hordeolum, herpes keratitis, and cellulitis. Treatment approaches are provided for each condition.
Hypermetropia.pptx
1) Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where parallel rays of light from infinity focus behind the retina when accommodation is at rest.
2) There are different types of hypermetropia including axial, curvatural, and pathological. The most common form is simple hypermetropia which can be hereditary.
3) Treatment options for hypermetropia include spectacle correction with convex lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery depending on the amount of refractive error and presence of symptoms.
Lecture on Pupillary Reflexes; Common Abnormalities For 4th Year MBBS Undergr...
Lecture on Pupillary Reflexes; Common Abnormalities For 4th Year MBBS Undergr...DrHussainAhmadKhaqan
This document provides information on common abnormalities of pupillary reflexes, including Adie's (tonic) pupil, Argyll Robertson pupils, Horner's syndrome, and anisocoria. It defines each condition, describes associated signs and symptoms, potential causes, diagnostic testing, and treatment considerations. Prof. Dr. Hussain Ahmad Khaqan provides details on evaluating pupils using slit lamp examination and pharmacological testing to differentiate various conditions causing pupillary reflex abnormalities.Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia, or long-sightedness, is a refractive error where light rays focus behind the retina at rest. It occurs when the eye has insufficient converging power. There are different types including total, latent, and manifest hypermetropia. Symptoms include asthenopia and loss of near vision. Signs include esophoria/esotropia, a positive angle kappa, and pseudopapilledema. It is graded as low, moderate, or high. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses through refraction under cycloplegia. Surgical options include laser and conductive keratoplasty procedures.
Sau
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina instead of directly on it. It can be caused by several factors such as an abnormally short eyeball or a flat cornea. Symptoms may include eyestrain, headaches, or blurred vision. Diagnosis involves visual acuity testing, refraction, and examination of ocular health. Treatment options include optical correction with glasses or contact lenses, refractive surgery such as LASIK, and vision therapy in cases with accommodative or binocular issues. The appropriate treatment depends on factors like the degree of hypermetropia and the patient's age.
Refractive errors & their management
This document discusses different types of refractive errors including emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. It provides details on:
- The definition and normal state of emmetropia
- Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options for myopia and hypermetropia such as prescription lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery
- Types of myopia including simple, pathological, and congenital myopia
- Causes of refractive errors like abnormal eyeball length, corneal or lens curvature, or refractive index
- Potential complications of high degrees of myopia like macular degeneration and retinal detachment
Evaluation of Esotropia in children
This document discusses the evaluation and management of esotropia in children. It begins by defining esotropia as inward turning of one or both eyes. It then describes the different types of esotropia including esophoria, intermittent esotropia, and constant esotropia. For evaluation, it recommends assessing visual acuity, stereopsis, ocular alignment and motility. Management involves treating any amblyopia or refractive error first through non-surgical means such as glasses, patching, or botulinum toxin injection. For persistent esotropia, surgical options include recession or resection of the medial or lateral rectus muscles. The document outlines approaches for different types of esotropia
hypermetropia.pptx
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness or hyperopia, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina. It occurs when the eyeball is too short or the cornea is too flat. Hypermetropia can be classified as physiological, pathological, or functional. It is commonly diagnosed using a retinoscope or autorefractor. Symptoms include blurry vision and eye strain. Treatment options include corrective lenses, refractive surgery such as LASIK, or intraocular lens implantation.
↑ ↑ ↑ !
This document discusses various eye conditions that commonly present in the upper eyelid or superior region of the eye. It notes that capillary haemangioma most frequently presents in the upper eyelid. Plexiform neurofibromas typically cause an S-shaped deformity of the upper eyelid in neurofibromatosis type 1. Nodular squamous cell carcinoma commonly appears as a hard nodule within the upper tarsal plate. Laser iridotomy often targets a site under the upper eyelid between 11 and 1 o'clock. Several other conditions mentioned also have predilections for the superior or upper areas of the orbit.
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INFLAMMATION OF THE CORNEA keratitis.pptx
This document discusses different types of keratitis, an inflammation of the cornea. It states that exogenous infections are most common, which can spread from the conjunctiva or sclera to the cornea. It also mentions endogenous infections can cause superficial or deep keratitis. The document classifies keratitis as either infective from bacteria, fungi or viruses, or non-infective forms such as exposure keratitis or neurotrophic keratitis.
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Errors of refraction
This document summarizes different types of refractive errors including emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. It defines each condition and describes the causes, types, grading, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Myopia is defined as a refractive error where light focuses in front of the retina. It can be axial, curvature, or index-related. Hypermetropia is where light focuses behind the retina and can also be axial, curvature, or index-related. Astigmatism causes unequal refraction in different meridians leading to focal lines rather than a point. Treatment involves corrective lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery depending on the type and
Correction of ametropia
Correction of Ametropia is very basic topic in Optometry background. Hope the SlideShare may help you. This PPT will help Bachelor students (B.optoms).
hypermetropia: a refractive error
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness or long-sightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina instead of directly on it. There are several types of hypermetropia based on etiology, including axial, curvatural, index, and positional. Hypermetropia is classified based on degree as low, moderate, or high. It can be diagnosed through visual acuity screening and retinoscopy. Management includes optical correction with convex lenses via spectacles or contact lenses, as well as refractive surgery for more severe cases once the eye is fully developed. Untreated hypermetropia can lead to complications and negatively impact quality of life.
hypermetropia
This document summarizes hyperopia (farsightedness), including its etiology, clinical types, latent and manifest presentations, symptoms, signs, and treatment options. The main points are:
Hyperopia is caused by an eyeball that is too short or a cornea that is too flat. It can be developmental, pathological, or functional in nature. Symptoms include tiredness, headaches, and blurred distance vision. Examination may reveal a small eye size. Treatment includes glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery to bring light to a focus on the retina.
HYPERMETROPIA .pdf
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina when the eye is at rest. There are several types of hypermetropia including axial, refractive, index, curvature, and anterior chamber hypermetropia. Hypermetropia can also be classified as simple, pathological, or functional based on physiological and anatomical factors. It can be further broken down into total, manifest, latent, and facultative hypermetropia depending on whether it can be corrected with accommodation. Treatment options include spectacle correction with convex lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery procedures like LASIK.
Refractive errors of eye ophthalmology astigmatism hypermetropia myopia medic...
This document discusses various refractive errors of the eye including emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. It provides details on the etiology, classification, signs, symptoms, and treatment options for each condition. Key points include:
- Myopia is caused by the eyeball being too long or the cornea having too much curvature. It is usually treated with concave glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery like LASIK.
- Hypermetropia is caused by the eyeball being too short or the cornea having too weak curvature. It can be corrected with convex glasses, contact lenses, or refractive procedures.
- Astig
HYPERMETROPIA REFRACTIVE ERROR OF AN EYE
TYPES
DEFINATION
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
help full for optometry students
@optometry
@ophthalmology
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
EYE & LIFESTYLE DISEASE CONSULTATION & MANAGEMENT CENTER
WHAT IS HYPERMETROPIA
TYPES OF HYPERMETROPIA
ETILOGY OF HYPERMETROPIA
CLINICAL FEATURES OF HYPERMETROPIA
HYPERMETROPIA PPT
Hypermetropia also known as Hyperopia or Farsightedness is a common type of r...
Hypermetropia also known as "Hyperopia' or "Farsightedness" is a common type of refractive error where distant objects may be seen more clearly than objects that are near.
Errors 3
This document discusses various refractive errors including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It defines each condition and describes their causes, symptoms, signs, and treatment options. Myopia is defined as nearsightedness where parallel rays focus in front of the retina. Hyperopia is farsightedness where rays focus behind the retina. Astigmatism occurs when the cornea is not uniformly curved causing blurred vision. Presbyopia is the age-related hardening of the lens causing difficulty with near vision. Treatment options discussed include glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery, and lens implantation.
Eye Disorders and Management
The document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It discusses the various layers of the eye including the sclera, choroid, chambers and fluids, iris, lens, ciliary muscle, and retina. It also describes the functions of rods and cones and how light rays are focused in the eye. Common eye disorders like blepharitis, hordeolum, chalazion, entropion, ectropion, trichiasis, conjunctivitis, trachoma, keratitis, cataract, and glaucoma are defined and their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment are explained. Examination tools used in ophthalmology like the ophthalmoscope
APPROACH TO RED EYE -DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eye and various approaches to patients presenting with red eye. It begins with describing the three layers of the eyeball and three chambers of the eye. It then outlines the key components of history taking and physical examination for red eye. Specific conditions covered include subconjunctival hemorrhage, acute angle closure glaucoma, corneal abrasion, viral and bacterial conjunctivitis, uveitis, keratitis, hordeolum, herpes keratitis, and cellulitis. Treatment approaches are provided for each condition.
Hypermetropia.pptx
1) Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where parallel rays of light from infinity focus behind the retina when accommodation is at rest.
2) There are different types of hypermetropia including axial, curvatural, and pathological. The most common form is simple hypermetropia which can be hereditary.
3) Treatment options for hypermetropia include spectacle correction with convex lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery depending on the amount of refractive error and presence of symptoms.
Lecture on Pupillary Reflexes; Common Abnormalities For 4th Year MBBS Undergr...
Lecture on Pupillary Reflexes; Common Abnormalities For 4th Year MBBS Undergr...DrHussainAhmadKhaqan
This document provides information on common abnormalities of pupillary reflexes, including Adie's (tonic) pupil, Argyll Robertson pupils, Horner's syndrome, and anisocoria. It defines each condition, describes associated signs and symptoms, potential causes, diagnostic testing, and treatment considerations. Prof. Dr. Hussain Ahmad Khaqan provides details on evaluating pupils using slit lamp examination and pharmacological testing to differentiate various conditions causing pupillary reflex abnormalities.Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia, or long-sightedness, is a refractive error where light rays focus behind the retina at rest. It occurs when the eye has insufficient converging power. There are different types including total, latent, and manifest hypermetropia. Symptoms include asthenopia and loss of near vision. Signs include esophoria/esotropia, a positive angle kappa, and pseudopapilledema. It is graded as low, moderate, or high. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses through refraction under cycloplegia. Surgical options include laser and conductive keratoplasty procedures.
Sau
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina instead of directly on it. It can be caused by several factors such as an abnormally short eyeball or a flat cornea. Symptoms may include eyestrain, headaches, or blurred vision. Diagnosis involves visual acuity testing, refraction, and examination of ocular health. Treatment options include optical correction with glasses or contact lenses, refractive surgery such as LASIK, and vision therapy in cases with accommodative or binocular issues. The appropriate treatment depends on factors like the degree of hypermetropia and the patient's age.
Refractive errors & their management
This document discusses different types of refractive errors including emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. It provides details on:
- The definition and normal state of emmetropia
- Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options for myopia and hypermetropia such as prescription lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery
- Types of myopia including simple, pathological, and congenital myopia
- Causes of refractive errors like abnormal eyeball length, corneal or lens curvature, or refractive index
- Potential complications of high degrees of myopia like macular degeneration and retinal detachment
Evaluation of Esotropia in children
This document discusses the evaluation and management of esotropia in children. It begins by defining esotropia as inward turning of one or both eyes. It then describes the different types of esotropia including esophoria, intermittent esotropia, and constant esotropia. For evaluation, it recommends assessing visual acuity, stereopsis, ocular alignment and motility. Management involves treating any amblyopia or refractive error first through non-surgical means such as glasses, patching, or botulinum toxin injection. For persistent esotropia, surgical options include recession or resection of the medial or lateral rectus muscles. The document outlines approaches for different types of esotropia
hypermetropia.pptx
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness or hyperopia, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina. It occurs when the eyeball is too short or the cornea is too flat. Hypermetropia can be classified as physiological, pathological, or functional. It is commonly diagnosed using a retinoscope or autorefractor. Symptoms include blurry vision and eye strain. Treatment options include corrective lenses, refractive surgery such as LASIK, or intraocular lens implantation.
↑ ↑ ↑ !
This document discusses various eye conditions that commonly present in the upper eyelid or superior region of the eye. It notes that capillary haemangioma most frequently presents in the upper eyelid. Plexiform neurofibromas typically cause an S-shaped deformity of the upper eyelid in neurofibromatosis type 1. Nodular squamous cell carcinoma commonly appears as a hard nodule within the upper tarsal plate. Laser iridotomy often targets a site under the upper eyelid between 11 and 1 o'clock. Several other conditions mentioned also have predilections for the superior or upper areas of the orbit.
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Corneal edema occurs when the corneal thickness increases and transparency decreases due to a buildup of fluid between the corneal layers. Fluid accumulation can be caused by inflammation from conditions like corneal ulcers or iridocyclitis, trauma from mechanical injuries or surgery, increased intraocular pressure, corneal hypoxia, or dystrophic eye conditions. Symptoms include decreased vision acuity and seeing colored halos. Treatment focuses on removing the excess fluid through the use of hot air, saline drops or ointment, or glycerin drops.
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is an age-related loss of the eye's ability to focus on near objects. It typically begins around age 40 and causes symptoms like eyestrain and headaches when reading. Tests like visual acuity and refraction exams are used to diagnose presbyopia. Treatment involves using appropriate corrective lenses matched to the patient's specific needs, like bifocals or progressive lenses, to bring their near vision point within a comfortable reading distance. Presbyopia is a natural part of aging and should not be overcorrected, as that can cause discomfort.
Aphakia
Aphakia is the absence of the crystalline lens in the eye. It can be congenital or acquired through cataract surgery. Patients with aphakia experience high hyperopia and a loss of accommodation. Treatment options include spectacle correction, contact lenses, intraocular lens implantation, or refractive corneal surgery. Each option has advantages and disadvantages related to image quality, comfort, risk of complications, and cost.
Astigmatism
Astigmatism
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
WHAT IS ASTIGMATISM
TYPES OF ASTIGMATISM
SYMPTOMS OF ASTIGMATISM
TREATMENT OF ASTIGMATISM
Myopia
This document defines and describes myopia (nearsightedness). There are several types of myopia depending on the mechanism, including axial, curvature, and index myopia. Clinically, myopia can be congenital, simple, or pathological depending on presentation. Pathological myopia develops in childhood, progresses significantly, and causes degenerative changes to the fundus. Myopia is diagnosed through visual acuity and refraction tests and treated with corrective lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery. Proper treatment depends on the type and severity of myopia.
Vitamin e
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
CONSULTATION & MANAGEMENT CENTER
PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
OPTOMETRY SEMINARS--
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZm8DzFMd3cp2g3QkNfOvQv
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNfjXjU1FA-S7TQbr7_yhq
OPTOMETRY PRACTICAL--https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZiOJmdkT2Xy97R70pYT4jy
LIFESTYLE DISEASE BENGALI--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaRK1UhmollSiQj3dFKx0V9
OCULAR DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYo67e0GeIJuYl8h6sGGmnG
LIFESTYLE DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
SLIT LAMP-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbyAK5bNBrjiyv1mZHKBa7m
JOINT PAIN--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
CLINICAL REFRACTION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
INSTRUMENTAL VIEW --
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
RETINOSCOPY--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
GLAUCOMA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
DISEASE SEMINARS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
LIFESTYLE DISEASE SEMINARS HINDI-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZOU11kpPWSgFNkIcyKGjH6
YOGA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
CONTACT LENS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
OCULAR DRUGS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
NUTRITION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
THYROID DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
CONJUNCTIVITIS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
#RAINHEALTHCARE
#OPTOMETRY
#BETTERHEALTH
Vitamin d
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
CONSULTATION & MANAGEMENT CENTER
PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
OPTOMETRY SEMINARS--
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZm8DzFMd3cp2g3QkNfOvQv
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNfjXjU1FA-S7TQbr7_yhq
OPTOMETRY PRACTICAL--https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZiOJmdkT2Xy97R70pYT4jy
LIFESTYLE DISEASE BENGALI--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaRK1UhmollSiQj3dFKx0V9
OCULAR DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYo67e0GeIJuYl8h6sGGmnG
LIFESTYLE DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
SLIT LAMP-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbyAK5bNBrjiyv1mZHKBa7m
JOINT PAIN--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
CLINICAL REFRACTION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
INSTRUMENTAL VIEW --
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
RETINOSCOPY--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
GLAUCOMA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
DISEASE SEMINARS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
LIFESTYLE DISEASE SEMINARS HINDI-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZOU11kpPWSgFNkIcyKGjH6
YOGA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
CONTACT LENS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
OCULAR DRUGS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
NUTRITION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
THYROID DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
CONJUNCTIVITIS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
#RAINHEALTHCARE
#OPTOMETRY
#BETTERHEALTH
Vitamin b
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
CONSULTATION & MANAGEMENT CENTER
PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
OPTOMETRY SEMINARS--
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZm8DzFMd3cp2g3QkNfOvQv
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNfjXjU1FA-S7TQbr7_yhq
OPTOMETRY PRACTICAL--https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZiOJmdkT2Xy97R70pYT4jy
LIFESTYLE DISEASE BENGALI--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaRK1UhmollSiQj3dFKx0V9
OCULAR DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYo67e0GeIJuYl8h6sGGmnG
LIFESTYLE DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
SLIT LAMP-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbyAK5bNBrjiyv1mZHKBa7m
JOINT PAIN--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
CLINICAL REFRACTION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
INSTRUMENTAL VIEW --
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
RETINOSCOPY--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
GLAUCOMA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
DISEASE SEMINARS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
LIFESTYLE DISEASE SEMINARS HINDI-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZOU11kpPWSgFNkIcyKGjH6
YOGA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
CONTACT LENS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
OCULAR DRUGS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
NUTRITION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
THYROID DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
CONJUNCTIVITIS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
#RAINHEALTHCARE
#OPTOMETRY
#BETTERHEALTH
Vitamin a
Vitamin A is a yellow-colored fat-soluble vitamin derived from carotenoids. It has direct or indirect effects on skin growth and protection, epithelial tissues, bones, teeth, vision and reproduction. Deficiency can cause night blindness, dry and scaly skin, impaired epithelial tissue growth, susceptibility to infections, dryness and inflammation of mucus membranes, insomnia, and acne. Good sources include carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, pumpkin, papaya, milk, mangoes, cantaloupe, and oils from palm and palm kernel. Toxicity from excess intake can cause nausea, headaches, fatigue, loss of appetite, dizziness, dry skin, and birth defects if taken in excess during
Foods
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
CONSULTATION & MANAGEMENT CENTER
PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
OPTOMETRY SEMINARS--
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZm8DzFMd3cp2g3QkNfOvQv
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNfjXjU1FA-S7TQbr7_yhq
OPTOMETRY PRACTICAL--https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZiOJmdkT2Xy97R70pYT4jy
LIFESTYLE DISEASE BENGALI--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaRK1UhmollSiQj3dFKx0V9
OCULAR DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYo67e0GeIJuYl8h6sGGmnG
LIFESTYLE DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
SLIT LAMP-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbyAK5bNBrjiyv1mZHKBa7m
JOINT PAIN--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
CLINICAL REFRACTION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
INSTRUMENTAL VIEW --
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
RETINOSCOPY--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
GLAUCOMA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
DISEASE SEMINARS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
LIFESTYLE DISEASE SEMINARS HINDI-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZOU11kpPWSgFNkIcyKGjH6
YOGA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
CONTACT LENS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
OCULAR DRUGS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
NUTRITION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
THYROID DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
CONJUNCTIVITIS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
#RAINHEALTHCARE
#OPTOMETRY
#BETTERHEALTH
ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY OF CONJUNCTIVA
The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior portion of the eye. It has three parts - the marginal, tarsal, and orbital conjunctiva. The marginal conjunctiva extends from the eyelid margin to the subtarsal fold. The tarsal conjunctiva is firmly attached to the tarsal plate. The orbital conjunctiva lies loosely over underlying structures. Histologically, the conjunctiva has an epithelial layer, adenoid layer, and fibrous layer. The epithelial layers vary between regions from stratified squamous to columnar epithelium. The adenoid layer contains lymphocytes and the fibrous layer consists of collagen and elastic fibers with blood vessels and nerves
Hirschberg test
The Hirschberg test provides an objective estimate of the angle of a manifest squint by measuring the deviation of the corneal light reflex from the center of the pupil in the squinting eye when the patient fixates on a point light held 33cm away. Each millimeter of deviation roughly equals 7 degrees of squint, with 15 degrees indicated if the light reflex reaches the pupil border and 45 degrees if it reaches the limbus.
Maddox rod
1. The Maddox rod test uses a red or white lens with parallel cylinders to convert a point light source into a vertical streak of light, which is used to assess the type and size of strabismus.
2. The test procedure involves placing the Maddox rod in front of one eye to see a vertical streak while fixating on a distant light with both eyes. The relative position of the streak compared to the light indicates the type of strabismus.
3. The amount of strabismus is measured by adding prisms until the streak is seen passing through the light, indicating the strength of prism needed to align the eyes.
Maddox wing
The Maddox wing is an instrument used to measure the amount of near phoria at 33cm through dissociating two dissimilar images seen by each eye. To administer the test, the right eye views a red and white arrow on a scale while the left eye views only the numbers on the scale, with the patient identifying the number indicated by the arrows' positions. The test requires a brightly lit room and the patient wearing any needed optical correction.
Ophthalmoscope
Ophthalmoscopy is a test performed during an eye exam that allows a health professional to examine the interior structures of the eye, especially the retina, using an ophthalmoscope. There are two main types - direct ophthalmoscopy, where the health professional looks directly into the eye, and indirect ophthalmoscopy, where a light is shone into the eye so the health professional can view the retina through a lens. Ophthalmoscopy is used to check for signs of eye diseases and conditions like cataracts, macular degeneration, and retinal tears or detachments.
Synoptophore
The synoptophore is an ophthalmic instrument used to diagnose and treat imbalances of the eye muscles. It consists of two movable lighted tubes that allow visual stimuli to be presented simultaneously to both eyes while compensating for the angle of squint. The synoptophore is used for various orthoptic diagnostic tests and treatments related to binocular vision and retinal correspondence.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Hypermetropia
- 2. WHAT IS? It is the refractive error, in which the incident parallel rays of light are brought to a focus posterior to the light-sensitive layer of the retina, when the accommodation is at rest.
- 3. ETIOLOGY Axial hypermetropia Curvature hypermetropia Index hypermetropia Removal of the lens (aphakia)
- 4. TYPES Latent hypermetropia Manifest hypermetropia– 1. facultative hypermetropia 2. absolute hypermetropia T H= l H + m H (f H + a H)
- 5. CLINICAL FEATURES SYMPTOMS: 1. NEAR BLURRED VISION 2. EYE STRAIN 3. EARLY ONSET OF PRESBYOPIA 4. CONVERGENT SQUINT SIGNS: 1. SMALL EYEBALL 2. SMALLER CORNEA 3. SHALLOW ANTERIOR CHAMBER 4. APPARENT DIVERGENT SQUINT
- 6. COMPLICATIONS AMBLYOPIA ACCOMMODATIVE CONVERGENT SQUINT ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA EARLY ONSET OF PRESBYOPIA
- 7. TREATMENTS OPTICAL– GLASSES, CONTACT LENS SURGICAL LASER
- 8. THANK YOU