REFRACTIVE ERROR

1. HYPERMETROPIA & HYPROPIA
Presented By – Harshali Mestri
2nd year B-Optometry
ITM-IHS

3. Definition-
When the parallel rays of light
coming from infinity pass through
different media and focus behind
the sensitive layer of retina when
accommodation is at rest

4. Etiology
1. Axial Hypermetropia : The axial length of
eyeball less than normal.
2. Curvature Hypermetropia : the curvature of
cornea or less flatter than normal.
3. Index Hypermetropia : change of refracted
index of crystalline lens.
4. Absence of lens: surgical removal o crystalline
lens can lead to aphakia.
5. Positional Hypermetropia: posterior
displacement of lens can cause the rays to focus
behind the retina.

5. Clinical Types
1. Simple Hypermetropia :
a. This is the most commonest form.
b. Most oftenly this is associated with heriditory
conditions
2.Patological Hypermetropia : It can occurs due to
congenital & acquired condition which includes
curvature hypermetropia , index, positional,
aphakia.
3. Functional hypermetropia : It is a result of
paralysis of accommodation seen in patient with
3rd nerve palsy.

6. Symptoms
Asymptomatic (small degree of
hypermetropia)
Headache
Blurring of near vision
Asthenopic symptoms

7. Signs
Patients reading chart is abnormal distance.
Size of eyeball is smaller A scan
Visual acuity is different in different
accommodation.
Fundus examination .

8. Complications
a. Recurrent stye , chalzion, blepharitis
are common in hypermetropia due to
frequent rubbing of the eye.
b. Amblyopia convergent squint is in
commonly produced by long standing
hypermetropia.
c. PNAG : PRIMARY NARROW ANGLE
GLAUCOMA.

9. Treatment
1. Prescribing convex lenses spectacles
2. Option contact lens
3. Spectacles with eye patching.

10. THANK YOU