Hypermetropia also known as "Hyperopia' or "Farsightedness" is a common type of refractive error where distant objects may be seen more clearly than objects that are near.
Convergence insufficiency is the inability to maintain binocular convergence without undue effort. It is the most common cause of eyestrain. It can be caused by refractive errors, presbyopia, muscle imbalances, or other factors like wide pupil distance. Clinical features include eyestrain in desk workers and blurred near vision. Diagnosis involves measuring near point of convergence over 10cm and difficulty maintaining 30 degrees of convergence. Treatment includes optical correction, orthoptic exercises to improve near point convergence and fusional vergence, relaxation exercises, and prism therapy. Surgical treatment is a last resort.
Aniseikonia refers to an unequal apparent size of images seen by the two eyes. It can result from differences in refractive errors between the eyes (refractive aniseikonia) or differences in the distribution of retinal elements (basic aniseikonia). Symptoms include headaches, asthenopia, and difficulties with mobility or fusion. Aniseikonia is usually caused by anisometropia above 1.50-2.00 diopters and analyzing ocular components can help determine if it is due to refractive or axial differences.
This is a guide for Visual function assessment in low vision. Useful for Optometrists in providing better care to Low vision Patients by assessing the conditions better.
The document summarizes the Amsler grid, a diagnostic tool used since 1945 to screen for and monitor macular diseases. It consists of a grid with a central dot that patients look at to detect any distortions, gaps, or blurred areas in their central vision. Various versions are available, including ones with different colors, patterns of lines, or dot sizes to test specific parts of the visual field and detect different types of visual abnormalities that could indicate conditions like macular degeneration or glaucoma. The procedure involves having patients view the grid with each eye separately at 16 inches and report any anomalies in the lines of the grid.
Eccentric fixation occurs when an amblyopic eye fixes on a point other than the fovea. It is important to diagnose as it impacts visual acuity and treatment. Eccentric fixation can be evaluated using several tests including the corneal light reflex test, ophthalmoscopy, after image transfer, and perimetry. Treatment may involve occlusion of the good eye combined with use of a red filter over the amblyopic eye to encourage central fixation. Careful monitoring of fixation behavior is important for guiding amblyopia treatment.
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate binocular vision, including cover tests, Hess charting, and diplopia charting. Cover tests are used to detect manifest or latent strabismus and determine deviation direction. Hess charting maps eye positions in 9 gazes using colored lenses to dissociate vision between eyes. It identifies muscle under or overaction. Diplopia charting records double vision separation in 9 gazes to localize affected muscles. These objective tests evaluate binocular function and strabismus type and localization.
1. Binocular balancing ensures equal accommodation relaxation in both eyes during subjective refraction. It does not aim to equalize visual acuity between eyes.
2. There are several techniques for binocular balancing, including successive alternate occlusion, vertical prism dissociation, fogging/Humphiss test, polarized filters, and the septum technique. These techniques add plus lenses until the patient reports equal blurriness between eyes.
3. The vertical prism dissociation technique uses prisms to displace one eye's image vertically while fogging is used, and plus lenses are added until equal blur is reported. The polarized technique uses polarizing filters to partially separate the images while the sept
This document discusses pediatric refraction and various techniques used for refracting children. Pediatric refraction is different from adult refraction due to active accommodation in children. Cycloplegic refraction is preferable to paralyze accommodation. Different techniques are used based on the age of the child, including near retinoscopy, dynamic retinoscopy, and book retinoscopy. Cycloplegics help obtain an accurate refraction by paralyzing accommodation.
Convergence insufficiency is the inability to maintain binocular convergence without undue effort. It is the most common cause of eyestrain. It can be caused by refractive errors, presbyopia, muscle imbalances, or other factors like wide pupil distance. Clinical features include eyestrain in desk workers and blurred near vision. Diagnosis involves measuring near point of convergence over 10cm and difficulty maintaining 30 degrees of convergence. Treatment includes optical correction, orthoptic exercises to improve near point convergence and fusional vergence, relaxation exercises, and prism therapy. Surgical treatment is a last resort.
Aniseikonia refers to an unequal apparent size of images seen by the two eyes. It can result from differences in refractive errors between the eyes (refractive aniseikonia) or differences in the distribution of retinal elements (basic aniseikonia). Symptoms include headaches, asthenopia, and difficulties with mobility or fusion. Aniseikonia is usually caused by anisometropia above 1.50-2.00 diopters and analyzing ocular components can help determine if it is due to refractive or axial differences.
This is a guide for Visual function assessment in low vision. Useful for Optometrists in providing better care to Low vision Patients by assessing the conditions better.
The document summarizes the Amsler grid, a diagnostic tool used since 1945 to screen for and monitor macular diseases. It consists of a grid with a central dot that patients look at to detect any distortions, gaps, or blurred areas in their central vision. Various versions are available, including ones with different colors, patterns of lines, or dot sizes to test specific parts of the visual field and detect different types of visual abnormalities that could indicate conditions like macular degeneration or glaucoma. The procedure involves having patients view the grid with each eye separately at 16 inches and report any anomalies in the lines of the grid.
Eccentric fixation occurs when an amblyopic eye fixes on a point other than the fovea. It is important to diagnose as it impacts visual acuity and treatment. Eccentric fixation can be evaluated using several tests including the corneal light reflex test, ophthalmoscopy, after image transfer, and perimetry. Treatment may involve occlusion of the good eye combined with use of a red filter over the amblyopic eye to encourage central fixation. Careful monitoring of fixation behavior is important for guiding amblyopia treatment.
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate binocular vision, including cover tests, Hess charting, and diplopia charting. Cover tests are used to detect manifest or latent strabismus and determine deviation direction. Hess charting maps eye positions in 9 gazes using colored lenses to dissociate vision between eyes. It identifies muscle under or overaction. Diplopia charting records double vision separation in 9 gazes to localize affected muscles. These objective tests evaluate binocular function and strabismus type and localization.
1. Binocular balancing ensures equal accommodation relaxation in both eyes during subjective refraction. It does not aim to equalize visual acuity between eyes.
2. There are several techniques for binocular balancing, including successive alternate occlusion, vertical prism dissociation, fogging/Humphiss test, polarized filters, and the septum technique. These techniques add plus lenses until the patient reports equal blurriness between eyes.
3. The vertical prism dissociation technique uses prisms to displace one eye's image vertically while fogging is used, and plus lenses are added until equal blur is reported. The polarized technique uses polarizing filters to partially separate the images while the sept
This document discusses pediatric refraction and various techniques used for refracting children. Pediatric refraction is different from adult refraction due to active accommodation in children. Cycloplegic refraction is preferable to paralyze accommodation. Different techniques are used based on the age of the child, including near retinoscopy, dynamic retinoscopy, and book retinoscopy. Cycloplegics help obtain an accurate refraction by paralyzing accommodation.
This document discusses the fitting of toric contact lenses. It begins with an introduction and discusses preliminary testing, fitting steps, and different toric lens designs. Stabilization techniques for toric lenses like prism ballast, truncation, and reverse prism are explained. The conclusion emphasizes measuring axis mislocation and compensating for lens rotation when determining the final prescription.
The document discusses the duochrome or bichrome test, which is used to refine the spherical endpoint during monocular refraction. It uses chromatic aberration and different wavelengths of light to determine if a patient is emmetropic, hyperopic, or myopic. The test involves showing the patient red and green filters and adding plus or minus lenses until the clarity is the same between the colors. It can detect refractive errors as small as 0.25 diopters and is reliable for patients with visual acuity of 6/9 or better. The document provides details on interpreting test results and final refractive corrections.
The LogMAR chart is designed to provide a more accurate measurement of visual acuity compared to other charts like the Snellen chart. Each line of the LogMAR chart contains the same number of letters and the letter sizes decrease logarithmically between lines, making it easy to use at different distances. The LogMAR chart is now commonly used in clinical settings and recommended for research due to its improved accuracy over other charts, especially for testing children's vision. Visual acuity is scored on the LogMAR chart by referring to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, with more positive values indicating poorer vision.
This document describes the methods and process of subjective refraction. Subjective refraction requires patient input to determine the best lens correction. The examiner uses trial lenses and frames along with visual acuity tests to refine the lens prescription through spherical, cylindrical, and axis adjustments until the best visual acuity is achieved. The process involves initially estimating the refractive error and starting point based on history and tests, then iteratively adjusting lenses based on patient feedback to get the optimal prescription.
Vision screening is a cost-effective method to identify people with visual impairments or eye conditions that require further evaluation. Screenings can be performed using various techniques like eye exams, mobile clinics, photoscreening, and visual acuity tests. The goal is to detect issues like refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia and refer individuals for comprehensive eye exams. Proper vision screening helps ensure early detection and treatment of vision problems.
This document provides information about the Maddox rod and Maddox wing, which are used to measure eye alignment and phoria. The Maddox rod consists of cylindrical lenses available in red and white, and is used at distances of 3m and 6m to measure horizontal and vertical distance phoria by having one eye view a line while the other views a spot. The Maddox wing is used at 33cm to measure near phoria by having the eyes view dissimilar images of arrows pointing to a scale. The procedures for each are described. References for more information are also provided.
Fitting soft contact lenses requires considering many patient-specific factors to achieve excellent vision and ocular health. A proper fit involves selecting the correct total diameter, base curve, thickness, and material based on the patient's prescription, corneal shape, lifestyle, and health. Trial lenses are used to evaluate fit parameters like coverage, centration, movement, comfort, and vision to optimize on-eye performance while avoiding issues like tightness or looseness that could impact ocular health or vision. The goal is to find a lens that provides optimum vision and good comfort without causing any ocular insult.
Dr. Monika Soni presented on the topic of tear film at the upgraded department of ophthalmology at MGMMC & MYH Indore. The presentation discussed the anatomy and physiology of tear film, including the three layers of the tear film, mechanisms of tear secretion and distribution, functions of the tear film, tests to evaluate tear film such as tear breakup time, Schirmer's test, and osmolarity. A variety of glands contribute secretions to form and maintain the tear film, which is essential for maintaining a clear cornea and proper vision.
This document discusses suppression, which is one of the three mechanisms of sensory adaptation that occurs in patients with strabismus. Suppression refers to the active inhibition of the image from the deviated eye to avoid diplopia. There are different types of suppression depending on factors such as etiology, retinal area involved, constancy, and the eye affected. Several tests are used to diagnose suppression including the Worth four dot test, Bagolini striated glass test, and visual acuity testing. Treatment involves refractive correction, occlusion therapy, eye alignment procedures, and anti-suppression exercises.
CLINICAL REFRACTION QUESTION SET 1 M.C.Q WITH ANSWERRAIN HEALTH CARE
This document contains 10 multiple choice questions that test knowledge about various eye conditions and treatments. The questions cover topics like anisometropic amblyopia, crowding phenomena, tests used to measure near visual acuity, penalization as a treatment for anisometropia, which refractive errors are more prone to amblyopia, findings on cover testing, contrast sensitivity in amblyopia patients, treatments for high anisometropia when glasses do not achieve binocular vision, characteristics of different types of squint, and the relationship between distance and near exophoria measurements.
- Absorptive lenses reduce the amount of transmitted light through absorption. They act as filters and may absorb uniformly or selectively across the spectrum.
- Lenses can be tinted through various methods like adding metallic oxides during manufacturing, surface coating with oxides, or dyeing plastic lenses through immersion in solutions.
- Tint colors like green, grey, and brown provide good contrast and protection from glare, while rose tints reduce eyestrain. Darker tints above 70% are needed for sunglasses, while lighter tints around 10-20% are used for fashion.
This document provides information on low vision assessment, including its purpose and steps. The purpose is to evaluate a person's residual vision and determine how to enhance their visual function based on their needs. The main steps are reviewing medical records, observation, interview, assessing visual acuity, visual fields, contrast sensitivity, and refraction. The assessment helps identify appropriate aids like magnification, filters, or training to help low vision patients perform daily activities.
Cycloplegic refraction involves temporarily paralyzing the ciliary muscle with eye drops in order to determine a person's full refractive error. This is important for children who accommodate too much. Common cycloplegic agents include atropine, homatropine, and cyclopentolate. Cyclopentolate is often the drug of choice due to its faster onset and shorter duration. A cycloplegic refraction allows an accurate assessment of refractive error, especially in children and other patients where accommodation can affect results.
This document discusses measurement of fusion and stereopsis in binocular vision. It begins by defining binocular vision and binocular single vision. It then discusses various classifications, prerequisites, advantages, and related terms of binocular single vision. The document also describes different tests used to measure fusion, including the synaptophore, prism fusion test, Worth's four dot test, Bagolini's striated glass test, and Maddox rod test. It provides details on the procedures and interpretations of these tests. Finally, it discusses the development and grades of binocular vision.
Real pediatric refraction and spectacle power prescription in pediatrics.Bipin Koirala
The document discusses pediatric refraction and spectacle prescription. It covers several topics including emmetropization, refractive changes with age, types of pediatric refraction such as near retinoscopy and cycloplegic refraction, and considerations for spectacle prescription in children. Cycloplegic refraction is recommended for all non-verbal children to fully paralyze the ciliary muscles and determine the total refractive error, as the eye's refraction can change dramatically during development. The challenges of pediatric refraction include a child's ability to accommodate and their lack of cooperation, emphasizing the need for objective refraction techniques.
The document discusses various techniques for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP), including Goldmann applanation tonometry, Perkins tonometry, non-contact tonometry, and digital evaluation. Goldmann applanation tonometry is described as the most accurate method. The document provides details on properly using Goldmann tonometry, including preparing the patient, aligning the probe, applying the correct amount of force, and interpreting the results. Contraindications and sources of error are also reviewed.
The document discusses refractive surgeries and provides details on LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis) specifically. It summarizes that LASIK combines lamellar corneal surgery using a microkeratome to create a corneal flap with excimer laser ablation of corneal stroma beneath the flap. The procedure involves creating a corneal flap using a microkeratome, ablating the stroma with an excimer laser according to a calculated profile, and repositioning the flap. Complications are minimized as the flap protects underlying tissues from the laser.
Fixation disparity occurs when the visual axes of the eyes are not perfectly aligned on an object being fixated. It results in a small misalignment that falls within Panum's fusional area. Different types of fixation disparity include exo and eso disparities. Fixation disparity is a more useful measure of binocular vision status than phoria, as it can be measured under normal binocular viewing conditions, unlike phoria which requires dissociating the eyes. Fixation disparity curves provide information about the relationship between phoria and fixation disparity.
Keratometry is used to measure the curvature of the cornea by analyzing the reflection of light off its surface. It works by projecting illuminated circles called mires onto the cornea and measuring the size of the reflected image to calculate the radius of curvature. The main uses of keratometry include measuring corneal astigmatism, estimating contact lens power, and detecting irregularities like keratoconus. Modern instruments automate the process but traditional keratometers require aligning the mires and adjusting knobs until the doubled images come into close alignment. Factors like blinking, eye movements, and irregular corneas can impact the accuracy of measurements.
Non - surgical treatment of squint i.e. all types of squint have some modalities of treatment [ optical treatment, orthoptic treatment, Prismo-therapy, and pharmacological treatment] except surgical treatment.
1. OPTICAL TREATMENT -
in optical treatment, it should be include correction of refractive error and prismotherapy.
SPECTACLES should be prescribed in every cases.
It may correct to squint partially or completely.
IN PRISMOTHERAPY, for correction of squint, This is light weight, and easy to apply on the back surface of glass.
It is useful in heterophoria, nystagmus, convergence insufficiency, managing diplopia and maintain binocular single vision.
IN PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT, miotics, atropine and botulinum toxin are prescribed in some types of cases of strabismus.
IN ORTHOPTIC TREATMENT, means straight eyes.
It is used as a diagnostic purpose and therapeutic purposes.
- to increase fusion amplitude.
- anti suppression exercises.
- treatment of amblyopia.
- treatment of abnormal retinal correspondance.
- to control deviations.
ORDER OF ORHOPTIC TREATMENT -
. amblyopia is treated firstly.
. anti- suppression therapy.
- diplopia training.
- amplitude improvement.
Hypermetropia, or long-sightedness, is a refractive error where light rays focus behind the retina at rest. It occurs when the eye has insufficient converging power. There are different types including total, latent, and manifest hypermetropia. Symptoms include asthenopia and loss of near vision. Signs include esophoria/esotropia, a positive angle kappa, and pseudopapilledema. It is graded as low, moderate, or high. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses through refraction under cycloplegia. Surgical options include laser and conductive keratoplasty procedures.
Correction of Ametropia is very basic topic in Optometry background. Hope the SlideShare may help you. This PPT will help Bachelor students (B.optoms).
This document discusses the fitting of toric contact lenses. It begins with an introduction and discusses preliminary testing, fitting steps, and different toric lens designs. Stabilization techniques for toric lenses like prism ballast, truncation, and reverse prism are explained. The conclusion emphasizes measuring axis mislocation and compensating for lens rotation when determining the final prescription.
The document discusses the duochrome or bichrome test, which is used to refine the spherical endpoint during monocular refraction. It uses chromatic aberration and different wavelengths of light to determine if a patient is emmetropic, hyperopic, or myopic. The test involves showing the patient red and green filters and adding plus or minus lenses until the clarity is the same between the colors. It can detect refractive errors as small as 0.25 diopters and is reliable for patients with visual acuity of 6/9 or better. The document provides details on interpreting test results and final refractive corrections.
The LogMAR chart is designed to provide a more accurate measurement of visual acuity compared to other charts like the Snellen chart. Each line of the LogMAR chart contains the same number of letters and the letter sizes decrease logarithmically between lines, making it easy to use at different distances. The LogMAR chart is now commonly used in clinical settings and recommended for research due to its improved accuracy over other charts, especially for testing children's vision. Visual acuity is scored on the LogMAR chart by referring to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, with more positive values indicating poorer vision.
This document describes the methods and process of subjective refraction. Subjective refraction requires patient input to determine the best lens correction. The examiner uses trial lenses and frames along with visual acuity tests to refine the lens prescription through spherical, cylindrical, and axis adjustments until the best visual acuity is achieved. The process involves initially estimating the refractive error and starting point based on history and tests, then iteratively adjusting lenses based on patient feedback to get the optimal prescription.
Vision screening is a cost-effective method to identify people with visual impairments or eye conditions that require further evaluation. Screenings can be performed using various techniques like eye exams, mobile clinics, photoscreening, and visual acuity tests. The goal is to detect issues like refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia and refer individuals for comprehensive eye exams. Proper vision screening helps ensure early detection and treatment of vision problems.
This document provides information about the Maddox rod and Maddox wing, which are used to measure eye alignment and phoria. The Maddox rod consists of cylindrical lenses available in red and white, and is used at distances of 3m and 6m to measure horizontal and vertical distance phoria by having one eye view a line while the other views a spot. The Maddox wing is used at 33cm to measure near phoria by having the eyes view dissimilar images of arrows pointing to a scale. The procedures for each are described. References for more information are also provided.
Fitting soft contact lenses requires considering many patient-specific factors to achieve excellent vision and ocular health. A proper fit involves selecting the correct total diameter, base curve, thickness, and material based on the patient's prescription, corneal shape, lifestyle, and health. Trial lenses are used to evaluate fit parameters like coverage, centration, movement, comfort, and vision to optimize on-eye performance while avoiding issues like tightness or looseness that could impact ocular health or vision. The goal is to find a lens that provides optimum vision and good comfort without causing any ocular insult.
Dr. Monika Soni presented on the topic of tear film at the upgraded department of ophthalmology at MGMMC & MYH Indore. The presentation discussed the anatomy and physiology of tear film, including the three layers of the tear film, mechanisms of tear secretion and distribution, functions of the tear film, tests to evaluate tear film such as tear breakup time, Schirmer's test, and osmolarity. A variety of glands contribute secretions to form and maintain the tear film, which is essential for maintaining a clear cornea and proper vision.
This document discusses suppression, which is one of the three mechanisms of sensory adaptation that occurs in patients with strabismus. Suppression refers to the active inhibition of the image from the deviated eye to avoid diplopia. There are different types of suppression depending on factors such as etiology, retinal area involved, constancy, and the eye affected. Several tests are used to diagnose suppression including the Worth four dot test, Bagolini striated glass test, and visual acuity testing. Treatment involves refractive correction, occlusion therapy, eye alignment procedures, and anti-suppression exercises.
CLINICAL REFRACTION QUESTION SET 1 M.C.Q WITH ANSWERRAIN HEALTH CARE
This document contains 10 multiple choice questions that test knowledge about various eye conditions and treatments. The questions cover topics like anisometropic amblyopia, crowding phenomena, tests used to measure near visual acuity, penalization as a treatment for anisometropia, which refractive errors are more prone to amblyopia, findings on cover testing, contrast sensitivity in amblyopia patients, treatments for high anisometropia when glasses do not achieve binocular vision, characteristics of different types of squint, and the relationship between distance and near exophoria measurements.
- Absorptive lenses reduce the amount of transmitted light through absorption. They act as filters and may absorb uniformly or selectively across the spectrum.
- Lenses can be tinted through various methods like adding metallic oxides during manufacturing, surface coating with oxides, or dyeing plastic lenses through immersion in solutions.
- Tint colors like green, grey, and brown provide good contrast and protection from glare, while rose tints reduce eyestrain. Darker tints above 70% are needed for sunglasses, while lighter tints around 10-20% are used for fashion.
This document provides information on low vision assessment, including its purpose and steps. The purpose is to evaluate a person's residual vision and determine how to enhance their visual function based on their needs. The main steps are reviewing medical records, observation, interview, assessing visual acuity, visual fields, contrast sensitivity, and refraction. The assessment helps identify appropriate aids like magnification, filters, or training to help low vision patients perform daily activities.
Cycloplegic refraction involves temporarily paralyzing the ciliary muscle with eye drops in order to determine a person's full refractive error. This is important for children who accommodate too much. Common cycloplegic agents include atropine, homatropine, and cyclopentolate. Cyclopentolate is often the drug of choice due to its faster onset and shorter duration. A cycloplegic refraction allows an accurate assessment of refractive error, especially in children and other patients where accommodation can affect results.
This document discusses measurement of fusion and stereopsis in binocular vision. It begins by defining binocular vision and binocular single vision. It then discusses various classifications, prerequisites, advantages, and related terms of binocular single vision. The document also describes different tests used to measure fusion, including the synaptophore, prism fusion test, Worth's four dot test, Bagolini's striated glass test, and Maddox rod test. It provides details on the procedures and interpretations of these tests. Finally, it discusses the development and grades of binocular vision.
Real pediatric refraction and spectacle power prescription in pediatrics.Bipin Koirala
The document discusses pediatric refraction and spectacle prescription. It covers several topics including emmetropization, refractive changes with age, types of pediatric refraction such as near retinoscopy and cycloplegic refraction, and considerations for spectacle prescription in children. Cycloplegic refraction is recommended for all non-verbal children to fully paralyze the ciliary muscles and determine the total refractive error, as the eye's refraction can change dramatically during development. The challenges of pediatric refraction include a child's ability to accommodate and their lack of cooperation, emphasizing the need for objective refraction techniques.
The document discusses various techniques for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP), including Goldmann applanation tonometry, Perkins tonometry, non-contact tonometry, and digital evaluation. Goldmann applanation tonometry is described as the most accurate method. The document provides details on properly using Goldmann tonometry, including preparing the patient, aligning the probe, applying the correct amount of force, and interpreting the results. Contraindications and sources of error are also reviewed.
The document discusses refractive surgeries and provides details on LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis) specifically. It summarizes that LASIK combines lamellar corneal surgery using a microkeratome to create a corneal flap with excimer laser ablation of corneal stroma beneath the flap. The procedure involves creating a corneal flap using a microkeratome, ablating the stroma with an excimer laser according to a calculated profile, and repositioning the flap. Complications are minimized as the flap protects underlying tissues from the laser.
Fixation disparity occurs when the visual axes of the eyes are not perfectly aligned on an object being fixated. It results in a small misalignment that falls within Panum's fusional area. Different types of fixation disparity include exo and eso disparities. Fixation disparity is a more useful measure of binocular vision status than phoria, as it can be measured under normal binocular viewing conditions, unlike phoria which requires dissociating the eyes. Fixation disparity curves provide information about the relationship between phoria and fixation disparity.
Keratometry is used to measure the curvature of the cornea by analyzing the reflection of light off its surface. It works by projecting illuminated circles called mires onto the cornea and measuring the size of the reflected image to calculate the radius of curvature. The main uses of keratometry include measuring corneal astigmatism, estimating contact lens power, and detecting irregularities like keratoconus. Modern instruments automate the process but traditional keratometers require aligning the mires and adjusting knobs until the doubled images come into close alignment. Factors like blinking, eye movements, and irregular corneas can impact the accuracy of measurements.
Non - surgical treatment of squint i.e. all types of squint have some modalities of treatment [ optical treatment, orthoptic treatment, Prismo-therapy, and pharmacological treatment] except surgical treatment.
1. OPTICAL TREATMENT -
in optical treatment, it should be include correction of refractive error and prismotherapy.
SPECTACLES should be prescribed in every cases.
It may correct to squint partially or completely.
IN PRISMOTHERAPY, for correction of squint, This is light weight, and easy to apply on the back surface of glass.
It is useful in heterophoria, nystagmus, convergence insufficiency, managing diplopia and maintain binocular single vision.
IN PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT, miotics, atropine and botulinum toxin are prescribed in some types of cases of strabismus.
IN ORTHOPTIC TREATMENT, means straight eyes.
It is used as a diagnostic purpose and therapeutic purposes.
- to increase fusion amplitude.
- anti suppression exercises.
- treatment of amblyopia.
- treatment of abnormal retinal correspondance.
- to control deviations.
ORDER OF ORHOPTIC TREATMENT -
. amblyopia is treated firstly.
. anti- suppression therapy.
- diplopia training.
- amplitude improvement.
Hypermetropia, or long-sightedness, is a refractive error where light rays focus behind the retina at rest. It occurs when the eye has insufficient converging power. There are different types including total, latent, and manifest hypermetropia. Symptoms include asthenopia and loss of near vision. Signs include esophoria/esotropia, a positive angle kappa, and pseudopapilledema. It is graded as low, moderate, or high. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses through refraction under cycloplegia. Surgical options include laser and conductive keratoplasty procedures.
Correction of Ametropia is very basic topic in Optometry background. Hope the SlideShare may help you. This PPT will help Bachelor students (B.optoms).
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness or hyperopia, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina. It occurs when the eyeball is too short or the cornea is too flat. Hypermetropia can be classified as physiological, pathological, or functional. It is commonly diagnosed using a retinoscope or autorefractor. Symptoms include blurry vision and eye strain. Treatment options include corrective lenses, refractive surgery such as LASIK, or intraocular lens implantation.
1) Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where parallel rays of light from infinity focus behind the retina when accommodation is at rest.
2) There are different types of hypermetropia including axial, curvatural, and pathological. The most common form is simple hypermetropia which can be hereditary.
3) Treatment options for hypermetropia include spectacle correction with convex lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery depending on the amount of refractive error and presence of symptoms.
This document discusses different types of refractive errors including emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. It provides details on:
- The definition and normal state of emmetropia
- Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options for myopia and hypermetropia such as prescription lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery
- Types of myopia including simple, pathological, and congenital myopia
- Causes of refractive errors like abnormal eyeball length, corneal or lens curvature, or refractive index
- Potential complications of high degrees of myopia like macular degeneration and retinal detachment
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness or long-sightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina instead of directly on it. There are several types of hypermetropia based on etiology, including axial, curvatural, index, and positional. Hypermetropia is classified based on degree as low, moderate, or high. It can be diagnosed through visual acuity screening and retinoscopy. Management includes optical correction with convex lenses via spectacles or contact lenses, as well as refractive surgery for more severe cases once the eye is fully developed. Untreated hypermetropia can lead to complications and negatively impact quality of life.
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina instead of directly on it. It can be caused by several factors such as an abnormally short eyeball or a flat cornea. Symptoms may include eyestrain, headaches, or blurred vision. Diagnosis involves visual acuity testing, refraction, and examination of ocular health. Treatment options include optical correction with glasses or contact lenses, refractive surgery such as LASIK, and vision therapy in cases with accommodative or binocular issues. The appropriate treatment depends on factors like the degree of hypermetropia and the patient's age.
Hypermetropia, or farsightedness, occurs when the eye is too short, causing light rays to focus behind the retina. There are several types of hypermetropia based on its cause, including axial hypermetropia due to a short eyeball, and index hypermetropia which occurs in older patients due to changes in the lens. Hypermetropia is classified by severity and can range from asymptomatic to causing blurred vision. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses to optically shift the focal point of light rays to the retina.
This document discusses different types of optical anomalies of the eye including hypermetropia and astigmatism. It defines hypermetropia as a refractive error where light focuses behind the retina. The causes of hypermetropia include axial shortening of the eyeball or increased curvature of the refractive surfaces. Astigmatism is defined as a refractive error where refraction varies in different meridians, causing blurred vision. Regular astigmatism can be with-the-rule, against-the-rule or oblique, while irregular astigmatism results from corneal scarring. Treatment options discussed include refractive correction with glasses or contacts as well as refractive surgery.
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness or longsightedness, occurs when the light rays from distant objects focus behind the retina rather than directly on it. There are several types and causes of hypermetropia, including axial hypermetropia from a shortened eyeball, curvatural hypermetropia from an increased curvature of the cornea or lens, and index hypermetropia that develops with age due to changes in the lens. Hypermetropia is generally treated with optical correction using lenses, but surgical procedures like LASIK or phakic intraocular lenses may be used for higher degrees of hypermetropia. Untreated hypermetropia can lead to issues like ey
A View On Hypermetropia by Robin Singh (BMCO)Robin Singh
This document discusses hypermetropia (farsightedness) including its terminology, causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment options. Hypermetropia occurs when light rays focus behind the retina rather than on it. It can be caused by the eyeball being too short or the cornea or lens being flatter than normal. Symptoms range from none for mild cases to defective vision and eyestrain for more severe cases. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses to correct the refractive error through glasses or contacts. Surgery may also be used in some cases.
This document summarizes different types of refractive errors including emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. It defines each condition and describes the causes, types, grading, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Myopia is defined as a refractive error where light focuses in front of the retina. It can be axial, curvature, or index-related. Hypermetropia is where light focuses behind the retina and can also be axial, curvature, or index-related. Astigmatism causes unequal refraction in different meridians leading to focal lines rather than a point. Treatment involves corrective lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery depending on the type and
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina instead of directly on it. It can be caused by an abnormally short eyeball or a flat cornea. Treatment involves optical correction with glasses or contact lenses. For children, full correction is usually prescribed to prevent amblyopia or strabismus. For adults, undercorrection may be used initially before strengthening the prescription. Refractive surgery like LASIK can also correct hypermetropia by reshaping the cornea. Regular eye exams are important for monitoring hyperopic patients.
This document discusses the basics of clinical refraction and the eye as an optical system. It covers the following key points:
1. Types of corrective lenses include spherical, cylindrical, and prismatic lenses used to treat conditions like hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, and strabismus.
2. The eye functions as an optical system with refractive media like the cornea and lens contributing diopters of power. Accommodation allows the eye to focus on near objects.
3. Common refractive errors and their treatment are described, such as hyperopia corrected with convex lenses, myopia corrected with concave lenses, and presbyopia treated with reading additions. Astigmatism involves
Hypermetropia, also known as hyperopia or longsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses images behind the retina rather than directly on it. It can be caused by the eyeball being too short, the cornea being too flat, or changes in the lens with age. Hypermetropia is classified as simple, pathological, or functional. It is usually corrected using convex lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery depending on the degree of nearsightedness and any other factors. Early diagnosis and treatment of hypermetropia in children is important to prevent vision problems.
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina when the eye is at rest. There are several types of hypermetropia including axial, refractive, index, curvature, and anterior chamber hypermetropia. Hypermetropia can also be classified as simple, pathological, or functional based on physiological and anatomical factors. It can be further broken down into total, manifest, latent, and facultative hypermetropia depending on whether it can be corrected with accommodation. Treatment options include spectacle correction with convex lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery procedures like LASIK.
This document summarizes key concepts related to ametropia (conditions where the eye fails to focus light properly on the retina). It defines and compares different types of ametropia including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia. It also discusses optical correction of ametropia using lenses and the importance of considering lens position and back vertex distance when prescribing high-powered lenses. Key points covered include the differences between axial and refractive ametropia, types of hyperopia and astigmatism, and formulas for calculating effective lens power based on movement relative to the eye.
This document provides an overview of optics and refraction for 5th year medical students. It defines key terms related to light, refraction, the eye, and refractive errors. It describes how the eye focuses light onto the retina using the cornea and lens. Refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism occur when light is not correctly focused on the retina. Methods for correcting refractive errors include glasses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery procedures.
Similar to Hypermetropia also known as Hyperopia or Farsightedness is a common type of refractive error. (20)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
2. HYPERMETROPIA
Hypermetropia is the dioptric condition of eye in
which parallel rays of light coming from infinity are
foccused behind the retina with accomodation at rest.
3. Etiology
Hypermetropia can be grouped as:
1. Axial hypermetropia:
Commonest form, total refractive power of eye
is normal but there is axial shortening of
eyeball.
Small eye, although too short, is not necessarily
hypermetropic since there may be uniform
diminution of all the parts. As a matter of fact,
highly hypermetropic eyes are almost invariably
also smaller than normal.
4. About 1mm shortening of the A-P diameter of the eye
results in 3 dioptres of hypermetropia.
High hypermetropia occurs in Microopthalmos and
nanophthalmos due to markedly short axial length.
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5. 2.Curvature hypermetropia:
Curvature of the cornea, lens or both is flatter than the
normal resulting in a decrease in the refractive power of
the eye.
About 1mm increase in radius of curvature results in 6
dioptres of hypermetropia.
E.g. Cornea plana.
6. 3.Index hypermetropia:
Accounts for the hypermetropia of old age and is
attributable to the increased R.I. of the cortex of the
lens relative to the nucleus so that overall power of the
lens decreases.
7. 4.Positional hypermetropia:
Backward displacement of the lens e.g.: Buphthalmos
5.Absence of lens:
Either congenitally or acquired
High hypermetropia.
8. Clinical types
1. Simple developmental hypermetropia
2. Pathological hypermetropia results due to either
Congenital or Acquired conditions of the eye ball. It
includes:-
Index hypermetropia :- due to cortical sclerosis
Positional hypermetropia:- due to posterior subluxation
of lens
Aphakia :- congenital or acquired absence of lens.
Consecutive hypermetropia :- due to surgically
overcorrected myopia.
9. Nomenclature
1. Latent hypermetropia implies hypermetropia
corrected by inherent tone of ciliary muscle.
2. Manifest hypermetropia is remaining portion of
hypermetropia not corrected by ciliary tone. It consists
of
i)Facultative :-corrected by patient’s accommodative
effort.
ii) Absolute :-not corrected by accommodative effort.
10. CLINICAL PICTURE
SYMPTOMS
-symptoms are noticed chiefly after close work, especially
in the evening by artificial light.
Eyes ache and burn; they may feel dry so blinking
movements are more frequent than usual or there may
be lacrimation.
The conjunctiva and edges of the lids become
hyperemic and if near work is persisted in, headaches,
usually frontal, develop.
Apparent presbyopia commences at an earlier age than
usual.
11. SIGNS
Size of eyeball:- SMALL
Diameter of the cornea is often reduced and regular
astigmatism is common.
Anterior chamber is comparatively shallow, pre-disposes
to Angle closure glaucoma.
Fundus examination:-
• May appear normal on ophthalmoscopy.
• Bright reflex; suggesting the appearance of watered silk.
• In some cases optic neuritis is nearly simulated i.e.
Pseudopapillitis.
5. Biometry may reveal short A-P length of eye ball.
12. COMPLICATIONS
1. Recurrent styes, blepharitis or chalazia.
2. Accommodative convergent squint
3. Amblyopia
4. Development of primary narrow angle glaucoma .
15. TREATMENT
A. OPTICAL TREATMENT
Basic principle is to prescribe convex lenses so
that light rays are brought to focus on retina.
Fundamental rules of prescribing glasses in
hypermetropia :-
1. Total amount of hypermetropia should always
be measured under complete cycloplegia.
2. The spherical correction given to patient
should be acceptable to patient, however
astigmatism should be fully corrected.
16. 3. Gradually increase the spherical correction at
6 months interval till patient accepts manifest
hypermetropia
4. In presence of accommodative convergent
squint full correction should be given in first
sitting.
5.If there is associated amblyopia full correction
with occlusion therapy should be started.
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19. Photorefractive keratectomy(PRK)
Photorefractive keratectomy consists of the
application of energy of the ultraviolet range
generated by an argon fluoride (ArF) excimer laser
to the anterior corneal stroma to change its
curvature and, thus, to correct a refractive error.
Used to correct mild to moderate hypermetropia
(+1 D to +4 D).
Problems-haze, regression effect & prolonged
epithelial healing.
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20. Laser Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis
(LASIK)
In situ- “In place” keratomileusis- “to shape cornea”
LASIK=“to shape cornea in place”
Principle:- The central cornea must be made steeper.
This is accomplished by directing the laser beam to
remove tissue from around this area.
Corrects +1 D to +4 D
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21. Thermokeratoplasty
Involves creation of two sets of 8 spot burns using
Holmium YAG laser in a ring pattern at the peripheral
cornea
Heat => coagulation - up to 90% of corneal depth
Coagulation => collagen shrinkage in periphery =>
generalised central steepening => correct hyperopia up
to +2.5D.
Heating collagen to a critical temperature of 55-
600C will cause it to shrink, inducing changes in
the corneal curvature.
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22. Thermokeratoplasty
Thermokeratoplasty is avoided in the central
cornea because of scarring, but can be used in
midpheripheral cornea to induce peripheral
flattening and central steepening to correct
hyperopia.
If the temperature is too high --- local necrosis
If the source of heat is non uniform or non
uniformly applied --- irregular astigmatism.
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