The document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It discusses the various layers of the eye including the sclera, choroid, chambers and fluids, iris, lens, ciliary muscle, and retina. It also describes the functions of rods and cones and how light rays are focused in the eye. Common eye disorders like blepharitis, hordeolum, chalazion, entropion, ectropion, trichiasis, conjunctivitis, trachoma, keratitis, cataract, and glaucoma are defined and their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment are explained. Examination tools used in ophthalmology like the ophthalmoscope

1. EYE
DISORDERS

2. Layersof the Eye
• Sclera:outer white layer; maintainsshape
of eye; muscles attached control eye
movement
• Choroid: contains blood vessels

3. Chambers&
Fluids of Eye
Liquids (humour):
– gives shape to eye
– Help refract light rays

4. Regulating Amount of Light
• Iris
• Pupil

5. contracted pupil
dilated pupil

6. Focusing Light Rays
• Cornea
• Lens
• Ciliary muscle

7. Focusing Light Rays
• Light raysfrom distant objects enter theeye
parallel to oneanother
• Light raysfrom close objects diverge.

8. Nearby Objects Distant Objects

9. Image Production
• Retina
• Optic nerve
• Optic disc
• Macula lutea
• Foveacentralis

10. Rodsand Cones
• rodcells: light sensors
– 120 million
– Functions in lessintense light
– Usedin peripheral vision
– Responsible for night vision
– Detects black, white and shadesofgrey
• conecells: detects colour
– 7 million
– Highest concentration at foveacentralis
– Functions best in brightlight
– Perceives fine details
– 3 types of cone cells, each sensitive to one of the three
primary additive colours: red, green, andblue

11. OPTHALMOSCOPE

12. OPTHALMOSCOPE

13. TONOMETER
SCHIOTZTONOMETER DEVICE

15. SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION

16. SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION

17. GONIOSCOPE

18. GONIOSCOPE

19. GONIOSCOPE

20. OPTHALMOSCOPY

21. OPTHALMOSCOPY

22. SNELLEN’S CHART

24. BLEPHARITIS:-
ITS DEFINED AS INFECTION & INFLAMMATION
OF EYE LID MARGINS.
CAUSES:-
-BACTERIAL INFECTION (STAPHYLOCOCCAL)
- UNHYGIENIC PRACTICES
C/M:- ITCHING OF EYELID
-SWELLING OF EYELID
-REDNESS
-IRRITATION

25. D/E:-
H.C. & P
.E.
MANAGEMENT:-
- WARM COMPRESS
- EYE CARE & HYGIENE
- ANTIBIOTIC OINTMENT

26. HORDEOLUM / STY

27. ITS INFECTION & INFLAMMATION OF MEIBOMIAN
GLAND (SEBACEOUS GLANDS) OF THE EYELID
MARGINS.
CAUSES:-
-BACTERIAL INFECTION (STAPHYLOCOCCUS)
- UNHYGIENE OF EYE
- ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
- SLEEP DEPRIVATION
C/M/:-
- EYELID MARGINS BECOME RED & EDEMATOUS
- EYE PAIN & TENDERNESS
- EYE IRRITATION & ITTCHING
- HEAVINESS OF EYELID
- DISCOMFORT DURING BLINKING OF THE EYE

28. D/E:-
- H.C. & P
.E.
TREATMENT :-
- ANTIBIOTICS EYE DROPS (CIPROFLOXACIN)
- EYE IRRIGATION
- WARM APPLICATION (10-15MINUTES)
- EYE CARE & EYE HYGIENE
- WEAR GLASSES
- AVOID EYE EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT
- AVOID TO DO ITCHING
- AVOID TO TEAR EDEMATOUS EYELID BY HAND

29. CHALAZION:-
A CHALAZION IS INFLAMMATION OR CYST
FORMATION OF MEIBOMIAN GLAND.
CHALAZION IS DIFFER FROM STYE IN THAT THEY
ARE MORE PAINFUL THAN STYES.
C/M:- HARD LUMP & NON TENDER
FOREIGN BODY SENSATION IN EYELID MARGINS

30. ENTROPION

31. IT’S A CONDITION IN WHICH THE EYELID MARGIN
ROLLS INWARDS. EITHER LOWER OR UPPER OR
BOTH.
TYPES:-
1. CONGENITAL
2. SENILE
3. MECHANICAL
SYMPTOMS:-
- EYE PAIN
- EYE IRRITATION
- LACRIMATION

32. D/E:-
- H.C. & P.E.
MANAGEMENT:-
WHEELER’S OPERATION

33. ECTROPION

34. IT’S A CONDITION IN WHICH THE EYELID MARGIN
ROLLS OUTWARDS.
TYPES:-
1. PARALYTIC
2. SENILE
SYNPTOMS:-
- EYE PAIN
- EYE IRRITATION
-CONJUCTIVITIS
D/E:- H.C. & P
.E.
MANAGEMENT:-
- WHEELER’S OPERATION

35. TRICHIASIS

36. TRICHIASIS IS A CONDITION
MISDIRECTION OF EYE LASHES,
IN WHICH
SO ITS RUB
AGAINST THE CORNEA.
CAUSES:- SECONDARY TO BLEPHRITIS
-SECONDARY TO ENTROPION
-MECHANICAL INJURY
-SCAR OR BURN OF EYELID MARGINS
C/M.:- FOREIGN BODY SENSATION IN EYE
LACRIMATION
EYE PAIN & IRRITATION
CORNEAL ULCER

37. TREATMENT:-
 MISDIRECTED CILIA REMOVED BY EPILATION
FORCEPS
 ELECTROLYSIS EPILATION (WITH A FINE
PLATINUM NEEDLE THE ROOT IS DESTROYED.
BY WEEK CURRENT OF 2mA IS PASSED FOR 10
SECONDS INTO EYELASHES ROOT)

38. CONJUCTIVITIS

39. CONJUCTIVITIS IS THE INFLAMMATION OF
CONJUCTIVA MEMBRANE.
CAUSES:-
-BACTERIAL INFECTION (STAPHYLOCOCCUS,
STREPTOCOCCI, H.INFLUEZA)
-VIRAL INFECTION (MYXOVIRUS,ADENOVIRUS,
HERPES SIMPLEX)
-IRRITATING TOXIC STIMULI
-SEASONAL ALLERGY

40. CLASSIFICATION:-
1. BACTERIAL CONJUCTIVITIS
2. VIRAL CONJUCTIVITIS
3.ALLERGIC CONJUCTIVITIS
C/M:-
→ EYE PAIN
→ FOREIGN BODY SENSATION IN EYE
→ EYE IRRITATION
→ REDNESS OF EYE
→ SWELLING
→ WATERY DISCHARGE
→ ITCHING
D/E :- H.C. & P
.E.

41. TREATMENT:-
→ANTIBIOTIC EYE DROPS (CIPROFLOXACIN)
→ANTIBIOTICS OINTMENT
(OXYTETRACYCLINE OINTMENT)
→ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
(ACYCLOVIR,TRIFLURIDINE,IDOXURIDINE)
→ DEXAMETHASONE EYE DROPS (4 TIMES) FOR
ALLERGIC CONJUCTIVITIS
→EYE IRRIGATION
→WASH EYE WITH COLD WATER REGULARLY
→AVOID TO TOUCH EYE WITH UNCLEAN HAND
→DO PROPER HANDWASH

42. TRACHOMA

45. TRACHOMA /
GRANULAR CONJUCTIVITIS/
COMJUCTIVITIS GRANULAR /
EGYPTIAN OPTHALMIA
 TRACHOMA MEANS “ROUGH EYE” (GREEK
WORD)
ITS AN INFECTION OF CONJUCTIVA CAUSED BY
CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS BACTERIA.
GLOBALLY 84million PEOPLE SUFFER
THIS DISEASE.
INCUBATION PERIOD- 5 TO 12 DAYS
FROM
MODE OF TRANSMISSION:- DIRECT CONTACT &
THROAT SECRETIONS

46. WHO CLASSIFICATION:-
1. TRACHOMATOUS INFLAMMATION
FOLLICULAR(TF):- PRESENCE OF 5 OR MORE
FOLLICLES (0.5mm DIAMETER) IN CONJUCTIVA
2. TRACHOMATOUS INFLAMMATION INTENSE
(TI):- INFLAMMATORY THICKENING OF UPPER
TARSAL CONJUCTIVA
3. TRACHOMATOUS SCARRING(TS):- PRESENCE
OF EASILY VISIBLE SCARS IN CONJUCTIVA
4. TRACHOMATOUS TRICHIASIS(TT):- PRESENT
OF TRICHIASIS ALONG WITH CONJUCTIVAL
INFLAMMATION
5. CORNEAL OPACITY(CO):- CORNEAL OPACITY
PRESENT ALONG WITH CONJUCTIVAL
INFLAMMATION

47. C/M:-
- DISCHARGE FROM EYE
- SWOLLEN EYELIDS
- TRICHIASIS
- EYE IRRITATION & ITCHING
- BLURRED VISION
- CLOUDY CORNEA

48. D/E:- H.C. & P.E.
- LABORATORY TEST (DIAGNOSE CHLAMYDIA
TRACHOMATIS ORGANISM)
MANAGEMENT:- THE KEY TO THE TREATMENT OF
TRACHOMA IS THE SAFE STRATEGY GIVEN BY
WHO.
S- SURGEY
A- ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
F- FACIAL CLEANLINESS
E- ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

49. SURGERY- CORRECT THE EYELID PROBLEMS LIKE
TRIACHIASIS BY EPILATION. KERATOPLASTY FOR
CORNEALOPACITY
.
ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY - WHO RECOMMENDS 2
ANTIBIOTICS LIKE ORAL AZITHROMYCIN &
TETRACYCLINE OINTMENT.
FACIAL CLEANLINESS - FACIAL CLEANLINESS
REDUCE SEVERITY.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE - IN THAT PROMOTION
OF CLEAN WATER SUPPLIES, HOUSEHOLD
HYGIENE, SAFE DISPOSAL OF WASTE & FECES.

50. KERATITIS
KERATITIS IS AN INFECTION & INFLAMMATION
OF THE CORNEA.
CAUSES:-
-BACTERIA (STAPHYLOCOCCUS, PSEUDOMONAS)
-VIRUS (HERPES SIMPLEX,HERPES ZOSTER &
ADENOVIRUS)
-EXPOSURE TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
TYPES:-
SUPERFICIAL KERATITIS:- INVOLVES SUPERFICIAL
EPITHELIUM LAYEROF THE CORNEA. AFTER HEALING
DOES NOTLEAVE A SCAR.
DEEP KERATITIS:- INVOLVES DEEPER LAYEROF THE
CORNEA,LEAVESTHE SCAR AFTER HEALING.

51. C/M:-
→ PAIN
→ FOREIGN BODY SENSATION INEYE
→ DIFFICULTY IN OPENINGEYE
→LACRIMATION
TREATMENT:-
→ ANTIBIOTICS EYE DROPS (EVERY 30 MINUTES
FOR FEW DAYS)
→ANTIBIOTICS OINTMENT
(OXYTETRACYCLINE OINTMENT)
→ EYE IRRIGATION
KERATOPLASTY IF ITS REQUIRED FOR VISION
DISTURBANCE BECAUSE OF DEEP SCAR.

52. CATARACT

56. CATARACT
CATARACT IS DEFINED AS A CLOUDING OR OPACITY
DEVELOPING IN THE CRYSTALLINE LENS OF THE EYE.
CATARACT GREEK WORD CATARACTOS WHICH
MEANS RAPIDLY RUNNING WATER.
CAUSES:-
→ AGE
→ HEREDITY
→EXPOSURE TO UV RAYS
→ HIGH ALTITUDE
→EXPOSURE TO HEAT (INDUSTRIAL WORKERS LIKE
WELDERS & GLASS BLOWERS)
→ SECONDARY TO GLAUCOMA
→ PHOTOTOXIC MEDICATIONS LIKE PHENOTHIAZINES,
TETRACYCLINE, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES &
CORTICOSTEROIDS

57. P/P:-
DUE TO ETIOLOGY
DEGENERATIVE CHANGES STARTED IN LENS
DENATURATION OF LENS PROTEIN
ACCUMULATION OF WATER
LENS BECOME CLOUDY
BLURRED VISION

58. CLASSIFICATION:-
A. ETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
B. MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

59. A. ETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:-
1. CONGENITAL CATARACT
2. ACQUIRED CATARACT
SENILE CA
T
ARACT - ITS ALSO CALLED AS AGE RELA
TED
CATARACT
.
TRAUMA
TIC CA
T
ARACT - BLUNT INJURY OR PENETRA
TING
INJURY TOEYE.
COMPLICA
TED CA
T
ARACT - SECONDARY TO OTHER OCCULAR
DISEASECATARCTISDEVELOPED.
MET
ABOLIC CA
T
ARACT - DUE TO ENDOCRINE DISORDERS &
BIOCHEMICALABNORMALITIES
RADIATIONCATARACT- CATARACTDEVELOP DUE TO RADIATION
DAMAGE.
ELECTRIC CA
T
ARACT - DUE TO P
ASSAGE OF POWERFULL
ELECTRICCURRENT
.
DERMATOGENICCATARACT- CATARACTASSOCIATED WITH SKIN
DISORDERS.
 TOXIC CATARACT - PHOTOTOXIC MEDICATIONS LIKE
PHENOTHIAZINES, TETRACYCLINE, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES &
CORTICOSTEROIDS

60. B. MORPHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION
1.CAPSULAR CATARACT – IT INVOLVES ANTERIOR OR
POSTERIOR CAPSULAR PART OF LENS.
2.SUBCAPSULAR CATARACT – IT INVOLVES SUB
CAPSULAR PART OF LENS.
3.CORTICAL CATARACT – IT INVOLVES FIBRES OF THE
CORTEX PART OF LENS.
4.NUCLEAR CATARACT – IT INVOLVES NUCLEUS PART
OF LENS.
5.SUPRANUCLEAR CATARACT – IT INVOLVES PART
JUST OUTSIDE OF NUCLEUS OF LENS.
6.POLAR CATARACT- IT INVOLVES POLAR REGION OF
THE LENS.

61. CLINICAL STAGES OF CATARACT DEVELOPMENT:-
IMMATURE CATARACT-LENSIS NOT COMPLETELY OPAQUE
& VISION IS PARTIALLYAFFECT.
MATURE CATARACT – LENS IS COMPLETELY OPAQUE &
VISION IS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED.
INTUMESCENT CATARACT – LENS ABSORB WATER &
INCREASES INSIZE.
HYPERMATURE CATARACT – LENS PROTEIN LEAKINGOUT
FROM THELENS.

62. C/M.:-
PAINLESS BLURRING
LOSS OF VISION
DECREASED COLOR PERCEPTION
POOR VISION
PHOTOPHOBIA (LIGHT SENSITIVITY)
D/E:- H.C & P
.E.
 DIRECT OPTHALMOSCOPY
 SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION
 SNELLEN VISUAL ACUITY TEST
 PENLIGHT EXAMINATION OF PUPILS

63. MANAGEMENT:-
SURGERY-
 EXTRA CAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION (ECCE)
INTRA CAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION (ICCE)
REMOVING THE ENTIRE LENS MANUALLY
.
PHECOEMULSIFICATION – DESTRUCTION OF LENS
NUCLEUS BY ULTRASONIC SOUND WAVES (40,000 Hz)
BY INSERTING TITANIUM NEEDLE & THIS NEEDLE
VIBRATES AT THIS FREQUENCY & LENS IS EMULSIFIED.
 IOP (INTRAOCCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION )
CRYOSURGERY – FREEZES THE LENS WITH LIQUID
NITROGEN.

64. GLAUCOMA

66. FLOW OF AQUEOUS FLUID

68. GALUCOMA IS DEFINED AS INCREASED INTRAOCCULAR
PRESSURE (IOP) MORE THAN
25mmof CHARACTERIZEDBY
OPTIC NERVE
Hg &
DYSTROPHY &
PERIPHERAL VISUAL FIELD LOSS.
NORMAL IOP LESS THAN 20mmofHg.
ETIOLOGY/ RISK FACTORS:-
-AGING
-GENETIC / FAMILY HISTORY
-IDIOPATHIC
-OCCULAR SURGERY
-HYPERTENSION
-INJURY/ TRAUMA
-SECONDARY TO OCCULAR INFECTION

69. CLASSIFICATION:-
1. CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
2. ACQUIRED GLAUCOMA
CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA - ITS RARE CONDITION WHEN A
CONGENITAL DEFECT IN THE ANGLE OF THE ANTERIOR
CHAMBER OBSTRUCTS THE OUT FLOW OF AQUEOUS
HUMOR.
 ACQUIRED GLAUCOMA :- DEVELOPING DURING LIFESPAN.
 PRIMARYGLAUCOMA
PRIMARYOPEN ANGLE GALUCOMA (POAG)
PRIMARYCLOSE ANGLE GLAUCOMA (PCAG)
 SCONDARY GLAUCOMA

70. PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA (POAG) –
ITS RESULTS FROM OVER PRODUTION OR OBSTRUCTION
OF AQUEOUS FLUID THROUGH THE TRABECULAR
MESHWORK OR CANAL OF SCHLEMM’SCANAL.
PRIMARY CLOSE ANGLE GLAUCOMA (PCAG) - ITS RESULTS
FROM OBSTRUCTION TO THE OUTFLOW OF AQUEOUS
HUMOR. THIS OBSTRUCTION CAUSED BY ANATOMICALLY
NARROW ANGLE BETWEEN THE ANTERIOR IRIS & THE
POSTERIOR CORNEAL SURFACE, CLOSING THE ANGLE,
ABSENCE OF TRABECULAR MESHWORK.

71. C/M:- MILD TO SEVERE HEADACHE
PAIN IN EYE (PCAG)
INCREASED IOP MORE THAN 25 (POAG)
INCREASED IOP MORE THAN 40-70mm of Hg(PCAG)
PHOTOPHOBIA
VISUAL DISTURBANCE
CORNEAL EDEMA
D/E:- H.C. & P
.E.
TONOMETRY
OPTHALMOSCOPY
GONIOSCOPY
SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION

72. MANAGEMENT:-
•BETA ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS –
TIMOLOL, BETAXOLOL
•MIOTICS
CARBACOL,
• CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS (DECREASE
AQUEOUS FLUID PRODUCTION)
DORZOLAMIDE, METHAZOLAMIDE
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT:-
ARGON LASER TRABECULOPLASTY (POAG)
LASER IRIDOTOMY (PCAG)
CYCLOCRYOTHERAPY (FREEZING CILIARY BODY)
(POAG)
TRABECULOTOMY (POAG)
DRAINAGE IMPLANTS & SHUNTS (PCAG)

75. RETINAL DETACHMENTS
RETINAL DETACHMENT IS SEPARATION OF THE
RETINA FROM CHOROID LAYER.
(RETINA –SENSORY LAYER & PIGMENT EPITHELIUM LAYER)
[NORAMALLY THESE 2 LAYERS ARE LOOSELY ATTACHED TO
EACHOTHER WITHSPACEIN BETWEEN]
ETIOLOGY:- AGING (DEGENERATIVECHANGES)
→ BLUNT TRAUMA / PENETRATINGTRAUMA
→ UVEITIS (INFLAMMA
TION OF UVEAL TRACT / MIDDLE
LAYER)
→ HEMORRHAGE
→TUMOR IN RETINA

76. P/P:-
DUE TO ETIOLOGY
TEAR IN RETINAL LAYER
ALLOWS VITROUS FLUID TO SEEP UNDER THE RETINA
PULLS RETINA
VISION LOSS

77. CLASSIFICATION:-
1. RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT:-
IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH HOLE/TEAR IN THE SENSORY
RETINA.
2. TRACTIONAL R.D.
DUE TO INJURY FIVROVASCULAR TISSUE FORMED &
PULLING SENSORY LAYER.
3. EXUDATIVE R.D.
DUE TO INFLAMMATION ACCUMULATION OF FLUID
UNDERNEATH RETINA WITHOUT PRESENCE OF
HOLE/TEAR.

78. C/M:-
→ DARK SPOTS COMING IN VISION
→ PHOTOPSIA (A SENSATION OF BRIGHT LIGHT)
→ BLURRED VISION
→ FEELING OF HEAVINESS IN THE EYE
→ SLIGHTLY INCREASE IOP
→ MILD TO NO PAIN (SOME TIME PAINLESS)
D/E:-
→ H.C. & P
.E.
→ SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION
→ OPTHALMOSCOPY

79. MANAGEMENT:-
- CRYOSURGERY
- ELECTRO DIATHERMY
- SCLERAL BUCKLING

81. RETINITIS
RETINITIS IS INFLAMMATION OF RETINA.
ETIOLOGY-
- CYTOMEGALO VIRUS
- INJURY / BLUNT TRAUMA
C/M:- VISION PROBLEMS
OCCULAR PAIN
D/E :- H.C & P
.E.
- SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION
- OPTHALMOSCOPY

82. MANAGEMENT:-
- ANTIVIRAL (GANCICLOVIR / FOSCARNET- ORALLY)
- FOMIVIRSEN (INTRAOCCULAR INJECTION)

83. UVEITIS:-
IT IS DEFINED AS INFLAMMATION OF MIDDLE LAYER
OF THE EYE.
ETIOLOGY:-
-TRAUMA / INJURY
- VIRAL OR BACTERIAL INFECTION
TYPES:-
1. ANTERIOR UVEITIS - THIS IS INFLAMMATION OF
IRIS (IRITIS) & CILIARY BODY (IRIDOCYCLITIS).
2. POSTERIOR UVEITIS – THIS IS INFLAMMATION OF
CHOROID.

84. MANAGEMENT:-
- ANTIBIOTIC EYE DROPS (CIPROFLOXACIN)
-MYDRIATIC EYE DROPS (ATROPINE,
CYCLOPENTOLATE)
-STEROIDS EYE DROPS
-EYE IRRIGATION
-EYE HYGIENE

85. PTOSIS / LAZY EYE

86. ITS DEFINED AS DROOPING OF EYELID BECAUSE OF
WEAKNESS OF MUSCLE.
CAUSES-
-WEALNESS OF THE MUSCLE RESPONSIBLE FOR
RAISING EYELID.
- DAMAGE TO NERVE SUPLLIES TO THIS MUSCLE
- INJURY
-EXPOURE TO TOXIN (SNAKE BITE / MEDICATION SIDE
EFFECT)
- AGING
- STROKE
-BRAIN TUMOR

87. C/M:-
DROOPLING OF ONE OR BOTH EYELIDS
-INCREASED TEARING
-VISION DISTURBANCE
D/E :-
- H.C. & P
.E.
-NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION
TREATMENT:-
SURGICAL CORRECTION OF WEAKNED MUSCLE

88. SQUINT (STRABISMUS)

89. SQUINT (STRABISMUS):- ITS DEFINED AS
MISALIGNMENT OF THE TWO EYES, SO THAT BOTH
EYES ARE NOT LOOKING IN THE SAME DIRECTION.
ETIOLOGY:- IDIOPATHIC
DEVELOPMENTAL PROBLEMS
INJURY TO THE MUSCLE (MUSCLES RESPONSIBLE
FOR EYE BALL MOVEMENT)
NERVE DAMAGE WHICH SUPPLIES TO MUSCLE
RESPONSIBLE FOR EYE BALL MOVEMENT

90. PROBLEMS WITH SQUINT
EACH OF EYE IS FOCUSING ON DIFFERENT OBJECTS
OR SENDS SIGNAL TO BRAIN
THESE 2 DIFFERENT IMAGE REACHING TO BRAIN
DEVELOP CONFUSION
MAY HAVE EITHER OF 2 EFFECTS
PERSON WOULD IGNORE IMAGING
COMES FROM DEVIATED EYE
[LOST DEPTH OF PERCEPTION]
POOR DEVELOPMENT OF VISION

92. C/M:- CROSS EYE (EYES DO NOT ALIGN IN SAME
DIRECTION)
-DOUBLE VISION
-UNCORDINATED EYE VISION
D/E:- H.C & P
.E.
-SNELLEN CHART
-NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT:-
SURGICAL REPAIR

93. OCCULAR PROSTHESIS
OCCULAR PROSTHESIS OR ARTIFICIAL EYE WHICH HELPS
TO REPLACES NATURAL EYE BUT DOES NOT PROVIDE
VISION.

94. TYPES:-
-CUSTOMIZED PROSTHESIS:- PREPARING EYE SHELLS
FOR THE PATIENT ACCORDING TO THEIR SOCKET.
-STOCK EYES:- READY MADE EYE SHELLS THAT ARE
AVAILABLE IN MARKET.
 MAINTENANCE OF PROSTHESIS
oWASH HAND BEFORE HANDLING PROSTHESIS.
oSHELLS HAS TO BE CLEANED ONCE A DAY WITH
CLEN WATER, DRIED & WORN.
oPRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN TO REDUCE
SCRATCHES.
o EYE LUBRACANTS SHOULD BE USED PROPERLY
.
oPOLISHIING MUST BE DONE ONCE A YEAR.

95. REFRACTIVE ERRORS / AMETROPIA
EMMETROPIA:- IT IS THE NORMAL CONDITION OF
THE EYE. WHEN PARALLEL RAYS OF LIGHT FROM
INFINITY COME TO FOCUS ON RETINA.
AMETROPIA:- WHEN THE PARELLEL RAYS OF LIGHTS
COMING FROM INFINITY ARE FOCUSED EITHER IN
FRONT OR BEHIND THE RETINA IN ONE OR BOTH
MERIDIANS.
IN REFRACTIVE ERROS, VISION IS IMPAIRED BECAUSE
OF LIGHT RAYS ARE NOT FOCUSING ON RETINA.
TYPES:- REFRACTIVE ERRORS ARE CATEGORIZED AS
1. SPHERICAL ERRORS
2. CYLINDRICAL ERRORS

96. 1.SPHERICAL ERRORS:- IT OCCURS WHEN OPTICAL
POWER OF THE EYE IS EITHER TOO LARGE OR TOO
SMALL TO FOCUS LIGHT ON THE RETINA.
-MYOPIA
-HYPERMETROPIA
2. CYLINDRICAL ERRORS:- IT OCCURS WHEN THE
OPTICAL POWER OF THE EYE IS TOO POWERFUL OR
TOO WEAK ACROSS ONE MERIDIAN.
- ASTIGMATISM

98. MYOPIA:- ALSO CALLED SHORT-SIGHTEDNESS.
IN THIS TYPE PARALLEL RAYS OF LIGHT COMING
FROM THE INFINITY ARE FOCUSED IN FRONT OF THE
RETINA.
ETIOLOGY:-
INCREASED ANTERO-POSTERIOR LENGTH OF THE
EYEBALL THAN NORMAL (AXIAL MYOPIA).
CURVATURE OF THE CORNEA OR THE LENS IS MORE
THAN NORMAL. (CURVATURE MYOPIA).
CORTEX OF
INDEX) LENS
MYOPIA)
THE CRYSTALLINE (REFRACTIVE
IS MORE THAN NORMAL. (INDEX

99. C/M:- REDUCED VISUAL ACUITY FOR THE DISTANCE,
BUT NEAR OBJECTS ARE SEEN CLEARLY
.
D/E :- H.C & P
.E. , SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION
SNELLEN CHART, OPTHALMOSCOPE
MANAGEMENT:-
IT’S MANAGED BY PRESCRIBING CONCAVE
SPHERICAL GLASSES. (EXACT POWER IS REQUIRED)
CONTACT LENS
ADVICE PATIENT FOR EYE HYGIENE
ADVICE PATIENT FOR PROPER POSITON, GOOD
ILLUMINATION & CORRECT DISTANCE FROM BOOK
(ABOUT 25cm) WHILE READING.

100. LASIK LASER
KERA
TOMILEUSIS]
IOL
[LASER ASSISTED IN SITU

101. HYPERMETROPIA :- ALSO CALLED AS LONG-SIGHTEDNESS
IN THIS TYPE PARALLEL RAYS OF LIGHT COMING
FROM THE INFINITY ARE FOCUSED IN BEHIND THE
RETINA.
ETIOLOGY:-
SHORT ANTERO-POSTERIOR LENGTH OF THE
EYEBALL THAN NORMAL (AXIAL HYPERMETROPIA).
FLAT CURVATURE OF THE CORNEA OR THE LENS
THAN NORMAL. (CURVATURE HYPERMETROPIA).
CORTEX OF THE CRYSTALLINE (REFRACTIVE INDEX)
LENS IS LESS THAN NORMAL. (INDEX
HYPERMETROPIA)

102. C/M:- HEADACHE
-REDUCED VISUAL ACUITY FOR THE NEAR OBJECTS,
BUT DISTANCE OBJECTS ARE SEEN CLEARLY
.
D/E:- H.C & P
.E. , SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION
SNELLEN CHART, OPTHALMOSCOPE
MANAGEMENT:-
IT’S MANAGED BY PRESCRIBING CONVEX
SPHERICAL GLASSES. (EXACT POWER IS REQUIRED)
CONTACT LENS

106. ASTIGMATISM:- IN THIS PARALLEL LIGHT RAYS
FROM INFINITY HAVING 2 FOCAL POINTS DUE TO
UNEQUAL REFRACTION IN DIFFERENT MERIDIANS.
ETIOLOGY:- UNEQUAL CURVATURE OF THE CORNEA
OR LENS IN DIFFERENT MERIDIANS
TYPES
a. SIMPLE A. :- ONE FOCAL POINT ON THE RETINA,
OTHER FOCAL POINT IS EITHER IN FRONT OR
BACK OF RETINA.
b. COMPOUND A. :- BOTH FOCAL POINT ARE FOUND
IN FRONT OR BACK OF RETINA.
c. MIXED A. :-ONE FOCAL POINT IS BEHIND AND ONE
FOCAL POINT IS INFRONT OF RETINA.

107. C/M:- HEADACHE
-DIMNISHED VISUAL ACUITY
-HEADACHE
-EYE STRAIN
D/E:- H.C & P
.E. , SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION
SNELLEN CHART, OPTHALMOSCOPE
MANAGEMENT:-
IT’S MANAGED BY SUITABLE CYLINDRICAL GLASS
OR LENS
KERATOPLASTY

109. PRESBYOPIA
PRESBYOPIA IS NOT AN ERROR OF REFRACTION BUT
A PHYSIOLOGIC CONDITION LEADING TO DECREASED
NEAR VISION.
ETIOLOGY:-
-DECREASE ELASTICITY OF LENS WITH AGE
C/M:- REDUCED VISUAL ACUITY FOR THE NEAR
OBJECTS
MANAGEMENT:- TREATED BY SPHERICAL CONVEX
LENS OR GLASSES
IOL