INFLAMMATION OF THE CORNEA keratitis.pptx
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This document discusses different types of keratitis, an inflammation of the cornea. It states that exogenous infections are most common, which can spread from the conjunctiva or sclera to the cornea. It also mentions endogenous infections can cause superficial or deep keratitis. The document classifies keratitis as either infective from bacteria, fungi or viruses, or non-infective forms such as exposure keratitis or neurotrophic keratitis.
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ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY OF CONJUNCTIVA
The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior portion of the eye. It has three parts - the marginal, tarsal, and orbital conjunctiva. The marginal conjunctiva extends from the eyelid margin to the subtarsal fold. The tarsal conjunctiva is firmly attached to the tarsal plate. The orbital conjunctiva lies loosely over underlying structures. Histologically, the conjunctiva has an epithelial layer, adenoid layer, and fibrous layer. The epithelial layers vary between regions from stratified squamous to columnar epithelium. The adenoid layer contains lymphocytes and the fibrous layer consists of collagen and elastic fibers with blood vessels and nerves
Hirschberg test
The Hirschberg test provides an objective estimate of the angle of a manifest squint by measuring the deviation of the corneal light reflex from the center of the pupil in the squinting eye when the patient fixates on a point light held 33cm away. Each millimeter of deviation roughly equals 7 degrees of squint, with 15 degrees indicated if the light reflex reaches the pupil border and 45 degrees if it reaches the limbus.
Maddox rod
1. The Maddox rod test uses a red or white lens with parallel cylinders to convert a point light source into a vertical streak of light, which is used to assess the type and size of strabismus.
2. The test procedure involves placing the Maddox rod in front of one eye to see a vertical streak while fixating on a distant light with both eyes. The relative position of the streak compared to the light indicates the type of strabismus.
3. The amount of strabismus is measured by adding prisms until the streak is seen passing through the light, indicating the strength of prism needed to align the eyes.
Maddox wing
The Maddox wing is an instrument used to measure the amount of near phoria at 33cm through dissociating two dissimilar images seen by each eye. To administer the test, the right eye views a red and white arrow on a scale while the left eye views only the numbers on the scale, with the patient identifying the number indicated by the arrows' positions. The test requires a brightly lit room and the patient wearing any needed optical correction.
Ophthalmoscope
Ophthalmoscopy is a test performed during an eye exam that allows a health professional to examine the interior structures of the eye, especially the retina, using an ophthalmoscope. There are two main types - direct ophthalmoscopy, where the health professional looks directly into the eye, and indirect ophthalmoscopy, where a light is shone into the eye so the health professional can view the retina through a lens. Ophthalmoscopy is used to check for signs of eye diseases and conditions like cataracts, macular degeneration, and retinal tears or detachments.
Synoptophore
The synoptophore is an ophthalmic instrument used to diagnose and treat imbalances of the eye muscles. It consists of two movable lighted tubes that allow visual stimuli to be presented simultaneously to both eyes while compensating for the angle of squint. The synoptophore is used for various orthoptic diagnostic tests and treatments related to binocular vision and retinal correspondence.
Worth 4 dot test
This document describes the Worth four-dot test procedure used to differentiate between binocular single vision (BSV), alternating or harmonious anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC), and various types of suppression. The test involves having the patient view four lights - one red, two green, and one white - through differently colored lenses placed in front of each eye. The number and color of lights seen by the patient can indicate whether they have BSV, ARC, or left, right, alternating, or diplopia suppression. The results must be interpreted in the context of any manifest strabismus present at the time of testing.
Squint
There are several types of squint, or strabismus, which is a condition where the eyes do not align properly. Squints can be classified by the direction the eye turns, whether it is constant or intermittent, when it is present, and if the severity is the same in all directions. Squints can be caused by problems with the eye muscles, nerves transmitting information to the muscles, or the brain's control center for eye movements, and may also be due to general health conditions or eye injuries. Diagnosis involves testing visual acuity, refraction, eye alignment and focusing, as well as an eye exam. Treatment options include glasses, eye patches, Botox injections, eye drops and exercises, vision therapy
Extraocular muscle
There are six extraocular muscles that control movement of the eyeball: the superior and inferior rectus muscles, the medial and lateral rectus muscles, and the superior and inferior oblique muscles. These muscles originate from various parts of the orbit and insert into the sclera. Each muscle is innervated by a specific cranial nerve and has primary, secondary, and tertiary actions responsible for moving the eyeball in different directions.
Slit lamp
The document discusses the three main systems of a slit lamp: the observation system, illumination system, and mechanical system. It describes different illumination techniques used with a slit lamp including diffuse, direct, optic section, parallelepiped, conical beam, and sclerotic scatter illumination. Each technique illuminates the eye in a different way to examine different structures like the cornea, anterior chamber, or cells and proteins in the eye.
Anatomy of eye
The document provides details on the anatomy of the eye. It describes the eye as consisting of three concentric layers - the outer supporting layer (cornea and sclera), middle vascular layer (uvea), and inner neural layer (retina). It notes the eye contains three chambers (anterior, posterior, vitreous), as well as structures like the iris, lens, optic nerve. Each layer, chamber and structure is then described in more detail over multiple paragraphs.
Astigmatism
Astigmatism is a refractive error where parallel rays of light do not focus to a single point on the retina due to variations in refraction across different meridians of the eye. It can be caused by irregularities in the curvature of the cornea or lens, diseases of the cornea, or a decentered lens. There are two main types - regular astigmatism which can be further classified as oblique, bioblique, simple, compound or mixed, and irregular astigmatism. Clinical features include decreased vision, eyestrain, eye ache, headaches, and sometimes head tilting. It can be investigated through retinoscopy, keratometry, Jackson cross-cylinder, and astig
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Myopia
This document defines and describes myopia (nearsightedness). There are several types of myopia depending on the mechanism, including axial, curvature, and index myopia. Clinically, myopia can be congenital, simple, or pathological depending on presentation. Pathological myopia develops in childhood, progresses significantly, and causes degenerative changes to the fundus. Myopia is diagnosed through visual acuity and refraction tests and treated with corrective lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery. Proper treatment depends on the type and severity of myopia.
Vitamin e
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
CONSULTATION & MANAGEMENT CENTER
PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
OPTOMETRY SEMINARS--
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZm8DzFMd3cp2g3QkNfOvQv
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNfjXjU1FA-S7TQbr7_yhq
OPTOMETRY PRACTICAL--https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZiOJmdkT2Xy97R70pYT4jy
LIFESTYLE DISEASE BENGALI--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaRK1UhmollSiQj3dFKx0V9
OCULAR DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYo67e0GeIJuYl8h6sGGmnG
LIFESTYLE DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
SLIT LAMP-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbyAK5bNBrjiyv1mZHKBa7m
JOINT PAIN--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
CLINICAL REFRACTION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
INSTRUMENTAL VIEW --
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
RETINOSCOPY--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
GLAUCOMA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
DISEASE SEMINARS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
LIFESTYLE DISEASE SEMINARS HINDI-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZOU11kpPWSgFNkIcyKGjH6
YOGA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
CONTACT LENS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
OCULAR DRUGS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
NUTRITION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
THYROID DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
CONJUNCTIVITIS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
#RAINHEALTHCARE
#OPTOMETRY
#BETTERHEALTH
Vitamin d
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
CONSULTATION & MANAGEMENT CENTER
PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
OPTOMETRY SEMINARS--
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZm8DzFMd3cp2g3QkNfOvQv
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNfjXjU1FA-S7TQbr7_yhq
OPTOMETRY PRACTICAL--https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZiOJmdkT2Xy97R70pYT4jy
LIFESTYLE DISEASE BENGALI--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaRK1UhmollSiQj3dFKx0V9
OCULAR DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYo67e0GeIJuYl8h6sGGmnG
LIFESTYLE DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
SLIT LAMP-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbyAK5bNBrjiyv1mZHKBa7m
JOINT PAIN--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
CLINICAL REFRACTION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
INSTRUMENTAL VIEW --
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
RETINOSCOPY--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
GLAUCOMA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
DISEASE SEMINARS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
LIFESTYLE DISEASE SEMINARS HINDI-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZOU11kpPWSgFNkIcyKGjH6
YOGA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
CONTACT LENS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
OCULAR DRUGS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
NUTRITION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
THYROID DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
CONJUNCTIVITIS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
#RAINHEALTHCARE
#OPTOMETRY
#BETTERHEALTH
Vitamin b
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
CONSULTATION & MANAGEMENT CENTER
PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
OPTOMETRY SEMINARS--
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZm8DzFMd3cp2g3QkNfOvQv
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNfjXjU1FA-S7TQbr7_yhq
OPTOMETRY PRACTICAL--https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZiOJmdkT2Xy97R70pYT4jy
LIFESTYLE DISEASE BENGALI--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaRK1UhmollSiQj3dFKx0V9
OCULAR DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYo67e0GeIJuYl8h6sGGmnG
LIFESTYLE DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
SLIT LAMP-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbyAK5bNBrjiyv1mZHKBa7m
JOINT PAIN--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
CLINICAL REFRACTION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
INSTRUMENTAL VIEW --
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
RETINOSCOPY--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
GLAUCOMA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
DISEASE SEMINARS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
LIFESTYLE DISEASE SEMINARS HINDI-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZOU11kpPWSgFNkIcyKGjH6
YOGA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
CONTACT LENS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
OCULAR DRUGS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
NUTRITION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
THYROID DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
CONJUNCTIVITIS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
#RAINHEALTHCARE
#OPTOMETRY
#BETTERHEALTH
Vitamin a
Vitamin A is a yellow-colored fat-soluble vitamin derived from carotenoids. It has direct or indirect effects on skin growth and protection, epithelial tissues, bones, teeth, vision and reproduction. Deficiency can cause night blindness, dry and scaly skin, impaired epithelial tissue growth, susceptibility to infections, dryness and inflammation of mucus membranes, insomnia, and acne. Good sources include carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, pumpkin, papaya, milk, mangoes, cantaloupe, and oils from palm and palm kernel. Toxicity from excess intake can cause nausea, headaches, fatigue, loss of appetite, dizziness, dry skin, and birth defects if taken in excess during
Foods
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
CONSULTATION & MANAGEMENT CENTER
PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
OPTOMETRY SEMINARS--
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZm8DzFMd3cp2g3QkNfOvQv
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNfjXjU1FA-S7TQbr7_yhq
OPTOMETRY PRACTICAL--https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZiOJmdkT2Xy97R70pYT4jy
LIFESTYLE DISEASE BENGALI--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaRK1UhmollSiQj3dFKx0V9
OCULAR DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYo67e0GeIJuYl8h6sGGmnG
LIFESTYLE DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
SLIT LAMP-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbyAK5bNBrjiyv1mZHKBa7m
JOINT PAIN--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
CLINICAL REFRACTION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
INSTRUMENTAL VIEW --
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
RETINOSCOPY--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
GLAUCOMA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
DISEASE SEMINARS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
LIFESTYLE DISEASE SEMINARS HINDI-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZOU11kpPWSgFNkIcyKGjH6
YOGA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
CONTACT LENS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
OCULAR DRUGS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
NUTRITION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
THYROID DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
CONJUNCTIVITIS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
#RAINHEALTHCARE
#OPTOMETRY
#BETTERHEALTH
ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY OF CONJUNCTIVA
The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior portion of the eye. It has three parts - the marginal, tarsal, and orbital conjunctiva. The marginal conjunctiva extends from the eyelid margin to the subtarsal fold. The tarsal conjunctiva is firmly attached to the tarsal plate. The orbital conjunctiva lies loosely over underlying structures. Histologically, the conjunctiva has an epithelial layer, adenoid layer, and fibrous layer. The epithelial layers vary between regions from stratified squamous to columnar epithelium. The adenoid layer contains lymphocytes and the fibrous layer consists of collagen and elastic fibers with blood vessels and nerves
Hirschberg test
The Hirschberg test provides an objective estimate of the angle of a manifest squint by measuring the deviation of the corneal light reflex from the center of the pupil in the squinting eye when the patient fixates on a point light held 33cm away. Each millimeter of deviation roughly equals 7 degrees of squint, with 15 degrees indicated if the light reflex reaches the pupil border and 45 degrees if it reaches the limbus.
Maddox rod
1. The Maddox rod test uses a red or white lens with parallel cylinders to convert a point light source into a vertical streak of light, which is used to assess the type and size of strabismus.
2. The test procedure involves placing the Maddox rod in front of one eye to see a vertical streak while fixating on a distant light with both eyes. The relative position of the streak compared to the light indicates the type of strabismus.
3. The amount of strabismus is measured by adding prisms until the streak is seen passing through the light, indicating the strength of prism needed to align the eyes.
Maddox wing
The Maddox wing is an instrument used to measure the amount of near phoria at 33cm through dissociating two dissimilar images seen by each eye. To administer the test, the right eye views a red and white arrow on a scale while the left eye views only the numbers on the scale, with the patient identifying the number indicated by the arrows' positions. The test requires a brightly lit room and the patient wearing any needed optical correction.
Ophthalmoscope
Ophthalmoscopy is a test performed during an eye exam that allows a health professional to examine the interior structures of the eye, especially the retina, using an ophthalmoscope. There are two main types - direct ophthalmoscopy, where the health professional looks directly into the eye, and indirect ophthalmoscopy, where a light is shone into the eye so the health professional can view the retina through a lens. Ophthalmoscopy is used to check for signs of eye diseases and conditions like cataracts, macular degeneration, and retinal tears or detachments.
Synoptophore
The synoptophore is an ophthalmic instrument used to diagnose and treat imbalances of the eye muscles. It consists of two movable lighted tubes that allow visual stimuli to be presented simultaneously to both eyes while compensating for the angle of squint. The synoptophore is used for various orthoptic diagnostic tests and treatments related to binocular vision and retinal correspondence.
Worth 4 dot test
This document describes the Worth four-dot test procedure used to differentiate between binocular single vision (BSV), alternating or harmonious anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC), and various types of suppression. The test involves having the patient view four lights - one red, two green, and one white - through differently colored lenses placed in front of each eye. The number and color of lights seen by the patient can indicate whether they have BSV, ARC, or left, right, alternating, or diplopia suppression. The results must be interpreted in the context of any manifest strabismus present at the time of testing.
Squint
There are several types of squint, or strabismus, which is a condition where the eyes do not align properly. Squints can be classified by the direction the eye turns, whether it is constant or intermittent, when it is present, and if the severity is the same in all directions. Squints can be caused by problems with the eye muscles, nerves transmitting information to the muscles, or the brain's control center for eye movements, and may also be due to general health conditions or eye injuries. Diagnosis involves testing visual acuity, refraction, eye alignment and focusing, as well as an eye exam. Treatment options include glasses, eye patches, Botox injections, eye drops and exercises, vision therapy
Extraocular muscle
There are six extraocular muscles that control movement of the eyeball: the superior and inferior rectus muscles, the medial and lateral rectus muscles, and the superior and inferior oblique muscles. These muscles originate from various parts of the orbit and insert into the sclera. Each muscle is innervated by a specific cranial nerve and has primary, secondary, and tertiary actions responsible for moving the eyeball in different directions.
Slit lamp
The document discusses the three main systems of a slit lamp: the observation system, illumination system, and mechanical system. It describes different illumination techniques used with a slit lamp including diffuse, direct, optic section, parallelepiped, conical beam, and sclerotic scatter illumination. Each technique illuminates the eye in a different way to examine different structures like the cornea, anterior chamber, or cells and proteins in the eye.
Anatomy of eye
The document provides details on the anatomy of the eye. It describes the eye as consisting of three concentric layers - the outer supporting layer (cornea and sclera), middle vascular layer (uvea), and inner neural layer (retina). It notes the eye contains three chambers (anterior, posterior, vitreous), as well as structures like the iris, lens, optic nerve. Each layer, chamber and structure is then described in more detail over multiple paragraphs.
Astigmatism
Astigmatism is a refractive error where parallel rays of light do not focus to a single point on the retina due to variations in refraction across different meridians of the eye. It can be caused by irregularities in the curvature of the cornea or lens, diseases of the cornea, or a decentered lens. There are two main types - regular astigmatism which can be further classified as oblique, bioblique, simple, compound or mixed, and irregular astigmatism. Clinical features include decreased vision, eyestrain, eye ache, headaches, and sometimes head tilting. It can be investigated through retinoscopy, keratometry, Jackson cross-cylinder, and astig
Hypermetropia
MYOPIA
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
consultation & management centerMYOPIA
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
consultation & management center
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PPT RELATED TO ARTHROLOGY ACCORDING TO NCISM AYURVEDA
Journal Article Review on Rasamanikya
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
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REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
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Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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