Alimullah (Hypermetropia) (1).pptx
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This document provides information about hypermetropia (farsightedness), including its definition, causes, types, clinical features, treatment, and management in different populations. Key points: - Hypermetropia is a refractive condition where light focuses behind the retina when accommodation is relaxed. - It can be caused by factors like short axial length, flat cornea curvature, or decreased lens refractive index. - Clinical features include defective near vision, eyestrain, and occasionally esotropia. - Treatment involves spectacles, contact lenses, or refractive surgery to use plus lenses to increase the optical power. - In children, full correction may not be needed if certain criteria are met, while
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Low vision optical devices
1) There are a variety of low vision devices that provide magnification to help those with low vision see better for both near and distant tasks. These include spectacle-mounted reading lenses, hand magnifiers, stand magnifiers, and electronic devices like closed-circuit televisions.
2) Low vision devices work by using relative distance magnification, relative size magnification, or angular magnification to enlarge images on the retina. The amount of magnification provided depends on factors like the lens power and working distance.
3) Telescopes are used for distance vision and provide angular magnification to enlarge distant objects. Types include hand-held, bioptic, and telemicroscope models. Proper fitting is important to maximize remaining vision.
Frame measurementsand markings
Frame measurements are essential for ordering prescription glasses correctly. The boxing system uses geometric center, lens size (eye size A), depth (B), and width (C) in millimeters. Distance between lenses (DBL) and geometric center distance (GCD) are also in millimeters. Temple length is overall length from center barrel to end. Frames are marked with eye size, DBL, temple length, manufacturer, and country of origin. Safety frames are marked with "Z87". Metal frames indicate gold content in karats.
Vergences of the eye
This document discusses different types of vergence eye movements, including fusional vergence and accommodative convergence. It defines fusional vergence as an optomotor reflex that works to maintain eye alignment and retinal image correspondence. Accommodative convergence is described as a reflex linking convergence and accommodation simultaneously during the near response. The ratio between accommodative convergence and accommodation (AC/A ratio) is also discussed, along with examples of normal and abnormal AC/A ratios.
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2. Vertical prism dissociation uses prisms placed before each eye to equalize the accommodation stimulus and relax accommodation in order to find the point of equal blur between the eyes.
3. The appropriate technique depends on whether the eyes have equal visual acuity and accommodation, with prism dissociated duochrome used if these differ between eyes.
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DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/❤❤
In the request of my viewers, I have compiled my works here in a website. Visit this website (healthkura.com) to freely download this presentation along with other tons of presentations. Some useful links are given here.____Remember___healthkura.com
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This document discusses measuring and classifying accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratios. It defines the AC/A ratio as the change in accommodative convergence per diopter of accommodation. Abnormal AC/A ratios can cause strabismus. There are several methods described for measuring the AC/A ratio clinically, including the heterophoria, gradient, and graphical methods. The document outlines treatments for different AC/A ratio abnormalities like convergence excess, convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and divergence insufficiency.
Convergence insufficiency
Convergence insufficiency is the inability to maintain binocular convergence without undue effort. It is the most common cause of eyestrain. It can be caused by refractive errors, presbyopia, muscle imbalances, or other factors like wide pupil distance. Clinical features include eyestrain in desk workers and blurred near vision. Diagnosis involves measuring near point of convergence over 10cm and difficulty maintaining 30 degrees of convergence. Treatment includes optical correction, orthoptic exercises to improve near point convergence and fusional vergence, relaxation exercises, and prism therapy. Surgical treatment is a last resort.
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Tangent screen perimetry tests the visual field within 30 degrees of central fixation using a flat black surface marked with radial lines and circles. The patient sits 1 meter from the screen and fixes on a central point while a target is moved within their field of view to map out blind spots and detect scotomas. Test results are recorded by marking locations where the target is seen or not seen and connecting points to identify types of visual field defects. Tangent screening provides an inexpensive way to test the visual field within a short distance of central fixation.
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The document provides information about the Jackson Crossed-Cylinder (JCC) technique for determining astigmatism during eye exams. It discusses the optics and proper use of the JCC. It describes the historical origins of the JCC, how it works, and the step-by-step procedure for using it to refine the axis and power of astigmatic corrections. Common sources of error are also outlined. The JCC is presented as an important tool for optometrists to accurately measure and correct astigmatism in clinical practice.
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The document discusses various methods for measuring ocular deviations, including the cover test, prism bar test, Maddox rod test, and Maddox wing test. The cover test is described as the simplest and only objective way to distinguish between a phoria and tropia. It involves covering each eye and observing any movement in the uncovered eye. Alternative cover testing and prism bar testing can also help determine the size and direction of any deviation.
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Ophthalmic prisms
Ophthalmic prisms are thin prisms with an apical angle of less than 10-15 degrees. They are used in refractive corrections and can be prescribed for conditions like strabismus. The orientation of a prism, whether base-in or base-out, affects how the eye perceives an object through the prism. Prism power can be calculated using formulas like Prentice's rule and decompounded or recombined as needed for a prescription.
Bifocals PPT
Bifocals are lenses with two optical powers, one for distance and one for near. There are several types of bifocal segments including round, flat top, curve top, ribbon, and Franklin style. Bifocals can be made through fused, one piece, or cemented constructions. When measuring for bifocals, the frame is positioned as it will be worn and the bifocal height is measured from the lower limbus or lid margin using a vertical ruler. This ensures the bifocal segment will be at the proper height for the wearer.
Low vision aid
This document discusses visual disorders and low vision. It defines different levels of visual impairment from moderate to profound based on best corrected visual acuity and visual field diameter. Causes of low vision including various eye diseases are described. Methods of low vision evaluation and different low vision devices like magnifiers, telescopes, electronic devices are explained. Low vision rehabilitation strategies including use of assistive devices and training are also summarized.
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hypermetropia: a refractive error
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness or long-sightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina instead of directly on it. There are several types of hypermetropia based on etiology, including axial, curvatural, index, and positional. Hypermetropia is classified based on degree as low, moderate, or high. It can be diagnosed through visual acuity screening and retinoscopy. Management includes optical correction with convex lenses via spectacles or contact lenses, as well as refractive surgery for more severe cases once the eye is fully developed. Untreated hypermetropia can lead to complications and negatively impact quality of life.
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Lecture on Hypermetropia For 4th Year MBBS Undergraduate Students By Prof. Dr...
Lecture on Hypermetropia For 4th Year MBBS Undergraduate Students By Prof. Dr...DrHussainAhmadKhaqan
The document defines hypermetropia as a condition where light rays converge behind the retina after passing through the cornea and lens due to the eye's weak refractive power or short anteroposterior diameter. It classifies hypermetropia based on refractive error size, anatomical structure, and manifestation. Complications include amblyopia, presbyopia, glaucoma, and retinoschisis. Treatment involves using convex lenses externally or refractive surgery to increase the eye's refractive power.Refraction-II.pptx
This document discusses different types of optical anomalies of the eye including hypermetropia and astigmatism. It defines hypermetropia as a refractive error where light focuses behind the retina. The causes of hypermetropia include axial shortening of the eyeball or increased curvature of the refractive surfaces. Astigmatism is defined as a refractive error where refraction varies in different meridians, causing blurred vision. Regular astigmatism can be with-the-rule, against-the-rule or oblique, while irregular astigmatism results from corneal scarring. Treatment options discussed include refractive correction with glasses or contacts as well as refractive surgery.
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia Definition, Classification, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis and treatment.
HYPERMETROPIA REFRACTIVE ERROR OF AN EYE
TYPES
DEFINATION
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
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A View On Hypermetropia by Robin Singh (BMCO)
This document discusses hypermetropia (farsightedness) including its terminology, causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment options. Hypermetropia occurs when light rays focus behind the retina rather than on it. It can be caused by the eyeball being too short or the cornea or lens being flatter than normal. Symptoms range from none for mild cases to defective vision and eyestrain for more severe cases. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses to correct the refractive error through glasses or contacts. Surgery may also be used in some cases.
hypermetropia
This document summarizes hyperopia (farsightedness), including its etiology, clinical types, latent and manifest presentations, symptoms, signs, and treatment options. The main points are:
Hyperopia is caused by an eyeball that is too short or a cornea that is too flat. It can be developmental, pathological, or functional in nature. Symptoms include tiredness, headaches, and blurred distance vision. Examination may reveal a small eye size. Treatment includes glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery to bring light to a focus on the retina.
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia, also known as hyperopia or longsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses images behind the retina. It has various causes including a short axial length of the eye or flattened cornea. Symptoms include blurry near vision and asthenopia. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses to correct refractive errors or refractive surgery for more severe cases. Early treatment of hypermetropia in children is important to prevent amblyopia and strabismus.
Hypermetropia and Aphakia
Hypermetropia, or farsightedness, occurs when the eye is too short, causing light rays to focus behind the retina. There are several types of hypermetropia based on its cause, including axial hypermetropia due to a short eyeball, and index hypermetropia which occurs in older patients due to changes in the lens. Hypermetropia is classified by severity and can range from asymptomatic to causing blurred vision. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses to optically shift the focal point of light rays to the retina.
Hypermetropia.pptx
1) Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error where parallel rays of light from infinity focus behind the retina when accommodation is at rest.
2) There are different types of hypermetropia including axial, curvatural, and pathological. The most common form is simple hypermetropia which can be hereditary.
3) Treatment options for hypermetropia include spectacle correction with convex lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery depending on the amount of refractive error and presence of symptoms.
Hypermetropia
This document discusses hypermetropia (farsightedness), where parallel rays from infinity are focused behind the retina when the eye is at rest. There are several types of hypermetropia based on etiology, including axial (most common, due to short axial length), curvatural (flattened cornea or lens), and index (increased refractive index). Symptoms range from asymptomatic to asthenopia (eye strain) and defective vision. Treatment includes optical correction with glasses or contacts, as well as surgical options like refractive surgery or phakic IOL implantation. Proper visual hygiene from an early age can help prevent complications like amblyopia.
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Alimullah (Hypermetropia) (1).pptx
- 1. Hypermetropia MD ALIMULLAH INTERN OPTOMETRIST MGM Eye Institute
- 3. Ammetropia REFRACTION IN A HYPERMETROPIC EYE
- 4. It is a refractive condition where parallel rays of light coming from infinity, come to a point focus behind the retina, when the accommodation is at rest. This condition was suggested by KASTNER (mathematician)1755 Definition
- 5. HYPER = EXCESS METRO = MEASURE OPIA = IMAGE This term hypermetropia given by DONDER1858 Hyperopia
- 6. Physiological condition – At birth , all eye hypermetropic (extent 2.5 to 3.0 D) 50% of the population does not reached in emmetropia Hyperopia
- 7. AETIOLOGICAL TYPES Or CAUSES OF HYPEROPIA • Axial Hyperopia. • Curvature Hyperopia. • Index Hyperopia. • Abnormal position of lens & POSITIONAL HYPERMETROPIA • Absence of crystalline lens • Pathological condition .
- 8. AXIAL HYPEROPIA Due to shortening of the axial length. Normal axial length =22 to 24 mm changes in axial length 1mm = 3 diopters refractive changes
- 9. CURVATURE HYPEROPIA: Occurs when curvature of any refracting surfaces is unduly small. • If the cornea is flatter than normal, results Hyperopia • Cornea plana (a congenital condition) Changes in corneal curvature 1mm = 6 diopters refractive changes
- 10. Index hyperopia Results as a decrease in refractivity of lens . In old age: refractive index of the lens decreases leading to hyperopia.
- 11. Abnormal condition of lens • Posterior dislocation of the lens. • Aphakia (congenital anomaly or due to trauma)
- 12. Pathological conditions • Orbital tumors pressing the eye ball forward. • Retinal detachment. • CSCR(CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY) • Intra – ocular neoplasm
- 13. CONSECUTIVE HYPERMETROPIA CONSECUTIVE MYOPIA MAY RESULT OF FOLLOWING *OVER CORRECTED MYOPIA AFTER REFRACTIVE SURGERY . LASIK ( LASER-ASSISTED IN-SITU KERATOMILEUSIS) ICL (IMPLANTABLE CONTACT LENS ) UNPOWERED INTRAOCULAR LENS (IOL)IN CATARACT SURGERY AND REFRACTIVE LENS EXCHANGE(RLE)
- 14. NOMENCLATURE HYPEROPIA • Latent Hyperopia. • Manifest Hyperopia. a. Facultative Hyperopia b. absolute Hyperopia. • Total Hyperopia.
- 15. NOMENCLATURE OF HYPEROPIA Latent hyperopia- part of hyperopia corrected by the physiological tone of the ciliary muscle.
- 16. Manifest hypermetropia Remaining uncorrected amount of hyperopia. A.Facultative Hypermetropia- Amount of hyperopia overcome by an effort of accommodation. B. Absolute hypermetropia- Amount of hyperopia cannot overcome by accommodation.
- 17. Total Hypermetropia Latent hypermetropia & Manifest hypermetropia
- 18. Example – Absolute hypermetropia = 3D Facultative hypermetropia = 2 D Manifest hypermetropia = 5 D Latent hypermetropia = 1.50D(with cyclopegia) Total hypermetropia = 6.50D
- 19. 1.Defective near vision: Rays of light coming from near object are divergent. So, they come to a point focus much behind the retina. 2.Accommodative eyestrain: - In order to see objects clearly eye accommodates continuously, even for distant vision. This cause eyestrain. CLINICAL FEATURES
- 20. 3. Accommodative Esotropia: - Excessive accommodation finally leads to convergent squint. 4. Accommodation (Pseudo myopia): - Due to excessive accommodation rays of light may over converge and cause myopia. CLINICAL FEATURES
- 21. CLINICAL FINDINGS • Small eyeball. • Cornea may be smaller. • Anterior chamber shallow. • Abnormal lens condition.
- 22. TREATMENT:- 1. SPECTACLES. 2. CONTACT LENS. 3. LASIK .
- 23. Glasses not required if : • One line difference in visual acuity, with good visual acuity. • Anisometropia less than 1D . • Hyperopia. less than 5D . • No strabismus. • Asymptomatic hyperopic child. PEDIATRIC HYPERMETROPIA
- 24. If Anisometropia & astigmatism • Correct 1/2 to 2/3 of hyperopia. • Fully correcting astigmatism. Glasses required :
- 25. Example - RIGHT EYE +7.00/-2.00 x 90 +4.00/-2.00 x 90 LEFT EYE +8.00/-2.50 X90 +4.00 /- 2.50 X90
- 26. The older hyperopic Full correction for both far and near .
- 27. Hyperopia
- 28. Correcting Hypermetropia Plus lens increase power of optical system
- 29. HYPEROPIA IN YOUNG ADULTS The symptomatic young adult is given partial correction 2/3 or more of cycloplegic refraction .
Editor's Notes
- REFRACTION IN A HYPERMETROPIC EYE