Vitamin a
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Vitamin A is a yellow-colored fat-soluble vitamin derived from carotenoids. It has direct or indirect effects on skin growth and protection, epithelial tissues, bones, teeth, vision and reproduction. Deficiency can cause night blindness, dry and scaly skin, impaired epithelial tissue growth, susceptibility to infections, dryness and inflammation of mucus membranes, insomnia, and acne. Good sources include carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, pumpkin, papaya, milk, mangoes, cantaloupe, and oils from palm and palm kernel. Toxicity from excess intake can cause nausea, headaches, fatigue, loss of appetite, dizziness, dry skin, and birth defects if taken in excess during
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnataka
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
SLIT LAMP-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbyAK5bNBrjiyv1mZHKBa7m
JOINT PAIN--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
CLINICAL REFRACTION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
INSTRUMENTAL VIEW --
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
RETINOSCOPY--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
GLAUCOMA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
DISEASE SEMINARS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
LIFESTYLE DISEASE SEMINARS HINDI-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZOU11kpPWSgFNkIcyKGjH6
YOGA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
CONTACT LENS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
OCULAR DRUGS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
NUTRITION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
THYROID DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
CONJUNCTIVITIS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
#RAINHEALTHCARE
#OPTOMETRY
#BETTERHEALTH
Vitamin b
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
CONSULTATION & MANAGEMENT CENTER
PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
OPTOMETRY SEMINARS--
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZm8DzFMd3cp2g3QkNfOvQv
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNfjXjU1FA-S7TQbr7_yhq
OPTOMETRY PRACTICAL--https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZiOJmdkT2Xy97R70pYT4jy
LIFESTYLE DISEASE BENGALI--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaRK1UhmollSiQj3dFKx0V9
OCULAR DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYo67e0GeIJuYl8h6sGGmnG
LIFESTYLE DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
SLIT LAMP-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbyAK5bNBrjiyv1mZHKBa7m
JOINT PAIN--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
CLINICAL REFRACTION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
INSTRUMENTAL VIEW --
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
RETINOSCOPY--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
GLAUCOMA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
DISEASE SEMINARS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
LIFESTYLE DISEASE SEMINARS HINDI-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZOU11kpPWSgFNkIcyKGjH6
YOGA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
CONTACT LENS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
OCULAR DRUGS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
NUTRITION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
THYROID DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
CONJUNCTIVITIS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
#RAINHEALTHCARE
#OPTOMETRY
#BETTERHEALTH
Foods
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
CONSULTATION & MANAGEMENT CENTER
PLAYLIST
BEST MOTIVATION- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ37zja7Y2LDJVluUqi4wXS
ABOUT MEDICINE -- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNtGWldDeLsikC5ABkNk1K
OPTOMETRY SEMINARS--
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZm8DzFMd3cp2g3QkNfOvQv
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbNfjXjU1FA-S7TQbr7_yhq
OPTOMETRY PRACTICAL--https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZiOJmdkT2Xy97R70pYT4jy
LIFESTYLE DISEASE BENGALI--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaRK1UhmollSiQj3dFKx0V9
OCULAR DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYo67e0GeIJuYl8h6sGGmnG
LIFESTYLE DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZwpCNZOoaKON9IrX1Vqsuy
SLIT LAMP-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbyAK5bNBrjiyv1mZHKBa7m
JOINT PAIN--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvbF1a40VEGUSZohhPHA9j4l
CLINICAL REFRACTION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYsAb1q1s8fsXNYkxGJJ6rT
INSTRUMENTAL VIEW --
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZ2oUVmgP7KDY29QhaNTMvX
RETINOSCOPY--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYXuq-4aldOxXSM34NzGhMU
GLAUCOMA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivat4wEzY-980K8wF1il3ysH
DISEASE SEMINARS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYSqC4hIshSYy2RFjvL07j1
LIFESTYLE DISEASE SEMINARS HINDI-- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZOU11kpPWSgFNkIcyKGjH6
YOGA--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvaxVD1SdpaXUU8OHogVZnHr
CONTACT LENS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZLDAfxnqs40h3HErAnm_Fv
OCULAR DRUGS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8Ivb3nAAg6jNn6RxPI0MjXsz9
NUTRITION--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvatP6KphJmEzgW2fEIq1YsH
THYROID DISEASE--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvYRiMfA6dvJVw3Uhkenilhl
CONJUNCTIVITIS--
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZghVyyU8IvZDNHYJKAU6A0obzEKeXG2k
#RAINHEALTHCARE
#OPTOMETRY
#BETTERHEALTH
Hypermetropia
MYOPIA
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
consultation & management centerMYOPIA
BY
RAIN HEALTH CARE
consultation & management center
More from RAIN HEALTH CARE (20)
Recently uploaded
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnataka
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdf
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM.pptx
Valuable Content of Human Anatomy and Physiology of Urinary system as per PCI Syllabus for Pharmacy and PharmD Students.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum Program
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdf
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.BPH. BPHpdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
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Vitamin a
- 2. • ভিটাভিন এ একটি হালকা হলুদ বর্ণের প্রাথভিক অ্যালর্কাহল। • এটি কযার্রাটিন থথর্ক উদ্ভূত হয়। • ত্বর্কর উৎপভি ও রক্ষণার্বক্ষণ, থেষ্মা ভিল্লী, হাড়, দাাঁত, দৃভি এবং পুনরুৎপাদন ক্ষিতার উপর এই ভিটাভির্নর প্রতযক্ষ বা পর্রাক্ষ প্রিাব রর্য়র্ে।
- 3. DEFICIENCY • রাতকানা থরাগ • ত্বর্কর অ্তযভিক শুষ্কতা, • থেষ্মা ভিল্লীর ভনিঃসরণ কর্ি যাওয়া, • বযাভিভরয়ার অ্নুকূল পভরর্বশ সৃভি হওয়া, • অ্শ্রু গ্রভির অ্কাযেকাভরতা এবং তার ফর্ল থ ার্ের শুষ্কতা। • INSOMNIA • ACNE • WEIGHT LOSS
- 4. SOURCES• গাজর, • ফু লকপি, • লাউ, • িালং শাক, • পিপি আলু • দুধ, • িাখন, • িপনর, • পিমির কুসুি, • কপলজা এবং িামের যকৃ মের তেল
- 5. TOXICITY • NAUSEA, • HEADACHE, • FATIGUE, • LOSS OF APPETITE, • DIZZINESS, • DRY SKIN CAN RESULT • EXCESS INTAKE WHILE PREGNANT CAN CAUSE BIRTH DEFECTS.