This is our group work in our science subject. We are assigned to make a power point presentation in order for us to understand and share our knowledge in the given chapter. We hope that you learned from the presentation the we have presented, thank you and good luck!

1. WATER

2. WATER
a colorless, transparent, odorless liquid that forms the seas, lakes,
rivers, and rain and is the basis of the fluids of living organisms.

3. HYDROSPERE
is the combined mass of water found on, under, and above the
surface of a planet, minor planet or natural satellite. This is caused
by seafloor spreading and continental drift, which rearranges the land
and ocean.
The part of Earth’s subsystem containing the oceans, lakes, stream,
underground water, snow, and ice.
It occurs as water vapor in the atmosphere, as an important
constituent of minerals in the geosphere, and a fundamental
component of living organisms in the biosphere.

4. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
the sequence of conditions through which water passes from vapor in
the atmosphere through precipitation upon land or water surfaces
and ultimately back into the atmosphere as a result of evaporation
and transpiration.
Is the movement of water around earth’s surface and its subsystems.
The cycle consists of interconnected pathways and reservoirs.

5. HYDROLOGIC CYLE

6. Heat coming from the sun provides energy for the movement of
water. It causes evaporation or the process in which liquid water
changes into vapor. Evapotranspiration is the evaporation of water
from the leaves and stems of plants, which contributes about 10% of
the water vapor in the atmosphere. In high altitudes, ice can directly
transform into water vapor in a process called sublimation. The water
vapor enters the atmosphere and moves in the flowing air. As the air
rises, it slows and cools down the movement of water molecules. This
allows condensation the change from vapor onto liquid and solid to
occur. When water droplets or ice in the crystal cloud become heavy,
precipitation occurs. Precipitation transfers water from the
atmosphere to Earth’s surface in liquid
Or solid form as rain, snow, or hail.

7. Earth’s Waters
The total amount of water in the planet, also known as Earth’s water
budget, generally remains constant through time.
The United Nations World Water Development 2005 Report
characterized the amount of water in the different reservoirs. The
largest reservoir is the ocean that contains about 97.5% of earth’s
total water, which is mostly saline water.
This has a major implication in humans since humans depend on
freshwater for
drinking, agriculture, and industrial use.

8. Fresh water- 2.5% of earth’s total water
is found in:
• Glaciers – 68.7%
• Ground water – 30.1%
• Permafrost – 0.8%
• Surface water ( rivers, lakes, swamps, soil moisture, living things) –
0.4%
• Atmospheric water ( water vapor, ground ice, permafrost) – 0.4%

9. SALTWATER RESERVOIR

10. Saltwater Reservoir
An ocean is a vast body of saline water. There is only one global or
world ocean and it covers 71% of Earth. The saltiness of the saltwater
is called salinity. The major chemical elements present in sea water
are sodium and chlorine ions. The salinity of seawater varies from 33
-37 parts per thousand. When it is evaporated, three quarters of the
dissolved material is comprised of NaCl( common salt). The principal
sources of the elements dissolved in seawater are weathering and
volcanic eruptions. Weathering geologic materials, releases soluble
materials such as sodium, potassium, and sulfur. These materials are
carried by streams into the sea. Volcanic eruptions, both on land and
submarine, contribute compounds through volcanic gases and hot
springs.

11. major zones of the ocean

12. 3 Major Zones of the Ocean
• Surface Layer
Consists of relatively warm, low – density water, extends from ocean
surface to a depth of 100m.
• Thermocline
The temperature of water decreases rapidly with depth. At high
latitudes, the thermocline reaches up to 1500m.
• Deep Zone
The temperature is uniformly low.

13. Freshwater Reservoirs
Most of the freshwater on earth is stored in glaciers situated in
inaccessible areas such as the Polar Regions and high mountains. The
rapidly available freshwater sources are the surface water reservoir
and groundwater reservoir.

14. Glaciers and Ice Sheets

15. Glacier and Ice Sheets
A glacier is a permanent body of ice, which consist largely of
recrystallized snow.
a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and
compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles.
An ice sheet a permanent layer of ice covering an extensive tract of
land, especially a polar region.
A mass of glacial land ice extending more than 50 000 km2

16. There are currently ice sheets covering most of Greenland and
Antarctica. The last ice age, ice sheets also extended to North
America and Scandinavia.
The freshwater stored in glaciers and ice sheets are estimated to
exceed 24km3. Almost 90% is concentrated in Antarctica while the
rest is found in Greenland and in mountain glaciers. If the ice sheet in
Greenland were to melt, it would cause the global sea level to rise by
6 meters. If the Antarctic ice sheets melted, the sea level would be
about 60 meters. Glaciers and ice sheets influence global climate
change and hydrologic cycle. During glaciation, large amount of water
becomes locked up as snow, resulting to decrease in the volume of
runoff, a lower sea level, and an exposure of more land in the coastal
areas. When deglaciation occurs, the reverse happens – river flow
increases, and the volume of the world ocean increases, resulting to

17. PERMAFROST

18. PERMAFROST
A soil, rock, or sediment that is frozen for more the two consecutive
years is called permafrost. The frozen ground varies in thickness from
a few meters to about 150 meters. The upper 30cm to 100cm of soil
thaws during summer and refreezes during winter.

19. Surface Water Reservoirs
• Surface water include the streams, lakes, and wetlands water
from rainfall, melting snow and ice, groundwater flows. They
represent 0.3% of Earth’s total water resource. This resource is
harnessed for irrigation, recreation, transport, fishing, drinking,
and hydropower.

20. STREAM

21. STREAM
 A stream is a moving body of surface water that flows downslope toward sea level because
of gravity.
 It has clearly- defined passageways called channels where particles and dissolved
substances are transported.
 A river is a stream with a considerable volume and a well-defined channel.
 Interconnected and form a tree-shaped network of small streams, making up the branches
and joined to a large main stream or river, which comprise the trunk.

22. LAKES

23. LAKES
 Lakes are large inland bodies of fresh or saline water. Its upper surface
is exposed to the atmosphere and is essentially flat. It forms in places
where water collects in a low area (depression) and behind natural or
human made dams.
 Ponds are small and shallow lakes
 Dams are barriers constructed along streams to contain the flow of
water.
 Lakes store 67% of the total surface and atmospheric water. This is a
percentage of Earth’s total water but it is an extremely important water
resource. It provides freshwater for irrigation, industrial, municipal,
residential, and recreational purposes.

24. Wetlands

25. WETLANDS
• Land areas where water covers the surface for significant periods is
referred to as wetlands.
• Wetlands are biologically diverse environments filled with species that
rely on both the land and water for survival. It is also a fragile
ecosystem that is sensitive to the amount and quality of water.
Wetlands constitute about 8.5% of the total land surface and
atmospheric water.
• The largest wetland in the Philippines is Ligawasan Marsh found in the
provinces of Maguindanao, North Cotabato, and Sultan Kudarat. It
covers an area of 2200km .

26. Types of Wetlands
1. Marsh – is a shallow wetland around lakes, streams and
ocean where grasses and reeds are dominant vegetation
2. Swamp- is a wetland with lush trees and vegetation found
in low-lying areas beside slow-moving rivers.
3. Estuary- is a partly enclosed coastal body of water where
freshwater from stream meets the saltwater from the sea.

27. FLOODS

28. Fluvial or riverine flood occurs when a stream’s discharge is greater
than the capacity of the channel, causing the stream to overflow.
Flashfloods are characterized by intense, high- velocity torrent of
water that occurs in an existing river channel with little to no notice.
Coastal flooding occurs when water overwhelms in low-lying areas
along the coasts, usually due to severe weather conditions. Pluvial or
surface water flood occurs when heavy rainfall creates a flood event
independent of an overflowing stream.
A flood is a natural event wherein an area that is usually dry is submerged under
water. It usually occurs when the rate of precipitation is higher than the rate in
which it could be absorbed by the ground or carried by streams. It can also occur
even during dry periods when natural or human made reservoirs collapse.

29. GROUNDWATER
Is freshwater found in the rock and soil layers beneath the surface. The groundwater
is the largest reservoir of liquid fresh water on Earth. It constitutes about 30.1% of
the total freshwater on the planet. Water-bearing rock layers called aquifers are
akin to a “sponge” which holds groundwater in tiny cracks, cavities, and pores
between minerals grains.

30. Porosity is the total amount of empty pore spaces in the rock. It determine the amount of
groundwater that an aquifer can hold. Loose materials such as sand and gravel have high porosity and can
hold large amount of water.
Permeability is the ability of the rock or sediments to allow water to pass through it. In permeable
materials, the pore spaces are interconnected throughout the rock, allowing the free-flow of groundwater.

31. GROUNDWATER PROFILE

32. When a well is excavated in the ground, the first layer
encountered is the moist soil layer on the surface. Beneath this is a
zone in which the spaces between the particles are filled mainly with air.
This is called the zone of aeration or unsaturated zone. The layer
beneath the zone of aeration is the zone of saturation. In this layer, the
spaces between the particles are filled with water.
The boundary between the zone of aeration and the zone od
saturation is the water table. Directly above the water table is a layer
called capillary fringe, wherein groundwater seeps up to fill the pore
spaces in the zone of aeration via capillary action.

33. AQUIFERS, ARTESIAN WELLS, AND SPRINGS

34. A reliable groundwater supply can be obtained from aquifers with good porosity
and permeability such as coarse- grained clastic sedimentary rocks.
• Unconfined aquifer- the groundwater is free to rise to its natural level.
• Confined aquifer- the water is trapped and held down by pressure between
impermeable rock called aquiclude.
• Artesian well- water could rise in this well without pumping if the well is located
at an elevation, which is below the recharge zone of the confined aquifer.
• Recharge zone- the land area where water enters the ground and replenish the
groundwater.
• Discharge zone- the area where the groundwater flows out of the aquifer and
onto land surface or even submarine environment.
• Spring- is created when groundwater emerges to the ground surface it is usually
appear in places where there is a decrease in permeability of the underlyting
material, such as presence of an aquiclude below an aquifer.

35. There is an interaction between groundwater flow and stream
flow. There are streams that lose water downstream and dry up. In
this type of stream, the water flows underground and contributes to
the groundwater. This type of stream is called losing or influent
stream. In contrast, there are also stream that are fed by
groundwater. This stream is referred to as gaining or effluent
stream. A stream or segments of large streams could either be
gaining or losing depending on the amount of available water.
GROUNDWATER- STREAM RELATIONSHIP

36. Their vast floodplains supported agriculture, and their large
channel allowed commerce to flourish. Today, billions of people are
still dependent on water channels for food, water, transportation,
and recreational, and religious activities.
WATER AS A RESOURCE

37. 1. Population growth, particularly in water-short regions
2. Movement of large number of people from the
countryside to towns and cities
3. Demands for greater food security and higher living
standards
4. Increase competition between different uses of water
resources
5. Pollution from factories, cities, and farmlands.
ACTIVITIES AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF
WATER

38. • Sedimentation – process in which too much soil and
sediments are delivered to streams.
• Acid Mine Drainage – a discharged produced by mining
certain metals which caused surface water to be acidic.
• Subsidence – consequences of excessive ground water
withdrawal which includes reduced spring yields,
diminished river flow, poorer water quality, damage to
natural habitats, and gradual sinking of land.

39. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
AND CONSERVATION

40. • Successful management requires accurate knowledge of the available
resources and demands, and mechanisms necessary to translate policies
into actions.
• In response to growing water demands, various countries and regions have
become determined in addressing the natural viability of their water
resources. These include rainwater harvesting for direct consumption and
for replenishment of groundwater. Surface water is also diverted into basins
in recharge zones to increase infiltration, reduce evaporation, and improve
water quality. Dams and reservoirs are built to provide additional water
storage. Interbasin transfer of water also augments the water supply in
heavily stressed system.
• Current technological advances make the wastewater reusable after
extensive treatment to remove biodegradable materials, nutrients, and
pathogens. Nonpotable water can be used for irrigation, in industry, to
maintain stream flow, and to replenish aquifers.
• Desalination involves the reduction of the mineral content by taking salt