The document discusses considerations for selecting dam and reservoir sites from a geological perspective. It defines different dam types including gravity, buttress, arch, and earth dams. Key factors for dam site selection include the underlying rock and soil composition and structure, with impermeable and stable foundations being important. Dams should avoid faults, fractures, and areas prone to erosion or earthquakes. The reservoir site selection process also aims to minimize land usage and sediment intake while ensuring adequate storage capacity.
Highway engineering is an engineering discipline branching out from civil engineering. This subject involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods. There are certain geological conditions which should be considered while laying the highways. This module give those details in general.
Types of dams, geological considerations in site selection, Competency of Rocks to offer stable dam foundation, effect of geological structures on dam, selection of dam site, Reservoir, purpose of reservoir, influence of water table, geological structures, life of reservoir, geophysical studies
Highway engineering is an engineering discipline branching out from civil engineering. This subject involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods. There are certain geological conditions which should be considered while laying the highways. This module give those details in general.
Types of dams, geological considerations in site selection, Competency of Rocks to offer stable dam foundation, effect of geological structures on dam, selection of dam site, Reservoir, purpose of reservoir, influence of water table, geological structures, life of reservoir, geophysical studies
Groundwater province is an area or region in which geology and climate combine to produce groundwater conditions consistent enough to permit useful generalisations.
DAMS
Types of dams
Selection of dam sites
Geological characters for investigation
Selection of the dam type
Gravity dams
butress dams
embankment dams
arch dams
cupola dams
composite dams
Bhakra Dam
Mir Alam multi-arch dam
Idukki Dam
Tehri Dam
Ujani Dam or bhima dam
Seismic Refraction Test
Subsurface investigation by seismic refraction
Seismic Data Analysis
Seismic refraction instrumental set up and operation
P-waves velocity ranges for different strata
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing rock. Water-bearing rocks are permeable, meaning that they have openings that liquids and gases can pass through. Sedimentary rock such as sandstone, as well as sand and gravel, are examples of water-bearing rock.
River is a most Important agent in geological field and most important roll of the physical, Chemical and biological erosion. It is common factors of river.
Dam is a solid barrier constructed at a suitable location across a river valley to store flowing water.
Storage of water is utilized for following objectives:
Hydropower
Irrigation
Water for domestic consumption
Drought and flood control
For navigational facilities
Other additional utilization is to develop fisheries
Groundwater province is an area or region in which geology and climate combine to produce groundwater conditions consistent enough to permit useful generalisations.
DAMS
Types of dams
Selection of dam sites
Geological characters for investigation
Selection of the dam type
Gravity dams
butress dams
embankment dams
arch dams
cupola dams
composite dams
Bhakra Dam
Mir Alam multi-arch dam
Idukki Dam
Tehri Dam
Ujani Dam or bhima dam
Seismic Refraction Test
Subsurface investigation by seismic refraction
Seismic Data Analysis
Seismic refraction instrumental set up and operation
P-waves velocity ranges for different strata
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing rock. Water-bearing rocks are permeable, meaning that they have openings that liquids and gases can pass through. Sedimentary rock such as sandstone, as well as sand and gravel, are examples of water-bearing rock.
River is a most Important agent in geological field and most important roll of the physical, Chemical and biological erosion. It is common factors of river.
Dam is a solid barrier constructed at a suitable location across a river valley to store flowing water.
Storage of water is utilized for following objectives:
Hydropower
Irrigation
Water for domestic consumption
Drought and flood control
For navigational facilities
Other additional utilization is to develop fisheries
This power point Presentation explains Engineering Geology of Dams & Reservoirs .Also explains the influence of geological conditions on choice & types of the Dams
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these ppt is about Influence of geological condition on foundation and design of building. This Ppt clear your doubt about this influence of geological condition on foundation and design of building.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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1. GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS - DAM
ENGR. MD. SHAMIM AHMED
LECTURER
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH
2. DAMS
A dam may be defined as a solid barrier constructed at suitable location
across river valley with a view of impounding water flowing through that
river.
Dams are created for the following objectives:
Generation of hydropower energy
Providing water for irrigation facilities
Fish farming
Fighting droughts
Controlling of floods
Water supply for domestic consumption
Providing navigational facilities
3.
4. Terminologies
• Heel: contact with the ground on the upstream side.
• Toe: contact on the downstream side.
• Abutment: Sides of the valley on which the structure of the dam rest.
• Galleries: small rooms like structure left within the dam for checking
operations.
• Diversion tunnel: Tunnels are constructed for diverting water before
the construction of dam. This helps in keeping the river bed dry.
• Spillways: It is the arrangement near the top to release the excess
water of the reservoir to downstream side.
• Sluiceway: An opening in the dam near the ground level, which is
used to clear the silt accumulation in the reservoir side.
5. Types of Dams
On the basis of design:
o Gravity dams
o Buttress dams
o Arch dams
o Earth dams
6. 1. Gravity dam
• A solid concrete or masonry structures, that withstands the water
pressure, by virtue of its weight
• All forces acting on the dam are assumed to be directly transmitted
to the foundation rocks
• They are generally of triangular profile and are among the safest
8. 2. Buttress dam
• They have a continuous upstream face, supported at regular
intervals, by buttress walls on the downstream side.
• They are lighter than solid dams.
• Likely to induce greater stresses at the foundation, since most of the
load passes through the buttress walls and is not spread uniformly over
the foundation.
10. 3. Arch dam
• Arch-shaped, convex at the upstream side.
• Major portion of the thrust forces acting on the dam are transmitted
by arch action, onto the abutment rocks.
• Structural efficiency is higher than that of gravity dams, the presence
of sound abutments is a prime necessity.
• Uses less amount of concrete
12. 4. Earth dam
• Non-rigid structures, built with naturally available materials such as
earth and rock.
• Ideal, where the dam site is weak to support concrete dams, or
where competent rocks are found at great depths.
• They are trapezoidal in shape, relatively smaller in height and broad
at the base.
14. 4. Composite dam
• Composite dams are combinations of one
or more dam types.
• Most often a large section of a dam will
be either an embankment or gravity dam,
with the section responsible for power
generation being a buttress or arch.
15. Geotechnical Considerations for Dam Site Selection
• Topography- a place is selected ideally in narrow gorge or small valley
with enough catchment area behind dam is so that calculated amount
of water can be easily stored in the reservoir created upstream..
• Technically- a site should have strong, impermeable and stable rock
body.
• Constructionally- site should not be much away from the deposits of
material which required for construction.
• Economical
• Environmental
16. Geological investigation
•General geology of area-
–In detailed mapping of the area reveals the facts like
Topographic features
Natural drainage patterns
General characters and structures of rock formation like
stratification, folding and faulting
Trend and rate of erosion in the area.
17. Geological investigation …
• Lithology-
–It is the most important factor in dam construction investigation.
–Lithology in and around area with surface and subsurface lithology is
investigated.
–These studies reveals the composition and textures of rock at site.
–It gives the idea about the rock type as igneous, sedimentary or
metamorphic.
–It also shows that the area is made up of single thick layer of same
rock type or with multiple layers.
18. Geological investigation …
• Structures-
–These involves detail study of and mapping of planes of weakness like faults,
fold, joints, bedding plane etc.
–Dip and strike:
Strength of unfractured stratified rock is greater when stresses are acting
normal to the bedding planes .
Horizontal beds are stable base
Dipping upstream are stable
Dipping down stream unstable
19. Geological investigation …
– Fault
The faulted rocks are generally shattered and weak along the rupture
surface
Faulted land surfaces are the favorable sites for shocks during
earthquakes.
Small faults and shear zones are
treated with some methods
Deep and major faults are avoided
at construction site.
20. Geological investigation …
– Folds:
In syncline bends dams placed on the upstream limbs would cause leakage
from beneath the dam.
– Joints:
According to the nature of joints the appropriate engineering technique is
used to feel up the joints.
22. SELECTION OF SITE FOR A RESERVOIR:
•At the site river valley should be narrow so the length of the dam to be constructed is less.
•Basin should be watertight and free from fissures, cracks, so that there is no loss of water
due to percolation.
•The site should be such that as far as possible minimum land and property is submerged in
the reservoir.
•It should be such that it avoids water from the tributaries which carry usually high content of
sediment.
•The site must be such that adequate reservoir capacity is available for the desired purpose.
•The site should be such that a deep reservoir may be formed so that the land costs per unit
of capacity are low, evaporation loss is less and there is less likelihood of weed growth.
•The soil and mass at the reservoir site should not contain any objectionable soluble
minerals and salts which may get dissolved in water and deteriorate water quality.
23. SELECTION OF SITE FOR A RESERVOIR:
•The quality of water stored in the reservoir must be satisfactory available for its intended
use.
•The site should be easily accessible by road or railway.
•The construction materials for the dam should be available in the vicinity of the site.
•The site should be such that the costs of associated works such as roads, rails, housing
colonies for workers and staff, etc. should be low.