1. Dissolved oxygen - Low DO can cause fish stress and death. 2. pH - Extreme pH outside the tolerance range of fish can kill them. 3. Ammonia - High ammonia is toxic to fish. 4. Temperature - Sudden temperature changes can shock and kill fish. Testing these basic water quality parameters will help the students determine if pollution or low oxygen caused the fish kill.

1. Earth’s Water Budget

2. • 97%  saltwater
• 3%  freshwater
• 2.59%  ice caps, glaciers, deep groundwater
• 0.41% surface freshwater, accessible
groundwater, soil moisture

3. WHY is it ESSENTIAL to LIFE?

5. PROPERTIES of WATER
WATER has HYDROGEN
BONDS
• Responsible for other
special characteristics of
water 

6. Water boils at 100 C and freezes at 0 C at sea
level
• Water exist as a liquid in a wide range of
temperature

7. High Heat Capacity
• Specific heat capacity of 4.184 j/g-C
• Helps protect living organisms from the shock of
abrupt temperature changes
• Moderates earth’s climate
• Makes water as an excellent coolant

8. High Heat of Vaporization
• It takes a lot of heat to evaporate liquid water
• Makes evaporation of water an effective
cooling process

9. Water is Polar
• Liquid water can dissolve a variety of
compounds
– Carry nutrients
– Flush waste products
– Serve as an all-purpose cleanser
– Help remove and dilute the water-soluble wastes
of civilization

10. Water is Transparent
• Water is clear and allows light to pass through.
Importance?
Density
• Liquid = 1g/ml
Importance?

11. Short Quiz 
What property of water is responsible for
the following: Explain.
1. Ice floats on water.
2. Water remains a liquid in most climates
on earth.
3. Water is an excellent solvent.
4. Animals rid their bodies of excess heat
through evaporation of sweat.

12. SOURCES of WATER
WATER available as:
• SURFACE WATER
• GROUND WATER

13. Surface Water
• Rivers, lakes, seas, reservoirs
• Gets replenished through?
precipitation and run-off

14. Ground Water
• The water that works its way below the
ground through voids of permeable rocks
aquifers
aquitards – impermeable rocks

15. SPRING
• Ground water that comes out from fissure or
cracks in aquifers solid impermeable
base, and naturally surface out the ground.

16. Ground water is a major source of fresh water
in the country. How can we extract it?

17. Depletion of Ground water, possible?
= land subsidence or sinking area

18. Sea Water
• Contains high concentration of dissolved
solids than freshwater.
• Salinity = 35 ppt
• ESTUARY
– Region where freshwater mixes with seawater

19. 1. Discuss the Earth’s water budget.
a. Which part gets the largest percentage? The
least?
b. What are the effects of this distribution on the
different ecosystems?
2. Make a diagram of the ground water system.
Label its parts.
a. Differentiate aquifer and aquitard.
b. What are the effects of groundwater
depletion?

20. HW
• Research on El Nino – La Nina Phenomena (1
whole pad paper/bond paper)
• Bring the following: (Friday)
– Sand
– Clay
– Gravel/pebble
– 3 20ml colored liquid
– Timer

21. Water and Atmospheric Conditions
Atmosphere : An important component of the
Hydrologic Cycle?
HOW?

22. Water plays a major role in climate, or daily
weather changes.
HOW?

23. Humidity in AIR
HUMIDITY
• Measure of the atmospheric water vapor
content.
• Relative Humidity (RH) – one way of
expressing humidity

25. Check-up
• Why do we feel sticky and warmer during
summer days when the air is humid?
• When is the best time of the day to water the
plants? Why?

26. El Niño - La Niña
El Niño (ENSO) La Niña
Frequent and stronger
Warmer surface along the
typhoons; rainy seasons in
coasts
southeast Asia
Colder and longer winter
Sharp decline in fish harvest season in the northern
hemisphere
Long dry season resulting to
Flooding in coastal regions and
critical water levels in
floodplains
reservoirs
Drying up of farmlands , Serious economic
resulting to poor crop harvest consequences

27. QUIZ #3
1. What are the consequences of a major event of
ENSO?
2.What should be done in the following situations:
a. It is high noon. The plants in the flowerbox look
“thirsty” for water.
b. It is winter in Canada. Inside a room, friends
huddle before the fireplace. RH is very low. Their
skin is also becoming dry.
c. A rich farmer wants to venture into a piggery
business along a river. Downstream, people use
the river for irrigation.

28. WATER PROBLEMS

29. War in the Middle East

30. Seawater Intrusion
• Contamination of freshwater with saltwater

32. Land Subsidence
• Depression of the land above an area where
massive extraction of water leaves voids
underground

33. Water Scarcity
• Occurs in places surrounded by seas
• Seawater cannot be used for drinking and
other purposes
• desalination

34. INDICATORS OF WATER QUALITY

35. Dissolved Oxygen(DO)
• Amount of diatomic oxygen dissolved in water
• Comes from air which mixes with water
• High DO = ?
• Warm water has lower DO than cold water.
Why?
• Water movement increases DO, presence of
pollutants decreases DO

37. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• The amount of oxygen needed by
microorganisms in the water to survive
• High BOD =?

38. Total Suspended Solids(TSS)
• Indicates turbidity
• High TSS = ?

40. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
• A measure of the mount of dissolved
contaminants in water
• High TDS = ?

42. Coliform Bacteria
• Microorganisms which come from the animal
dung or human feces
• Presence of coliform bacteria = ?
• For drinking water coliform count = 0
• Swimming pool = <100

44. WATER POLLUTION

45. • A condition in which water becomes unfit for
its intended use.
• Uses of water ?

46. Pollutants
• Human and animal wastes
• Organic wastes
• Industrial wastes
– Organic chemicals
– Heavy metals
– Nitrates
– Grease and oil
– Radioactive chemicals

47. LEAD
• Neurotoxin
• Can cause hyperacidity and low attention span
• Linked to low IQ and poor performance
• High concentration in areas using lead in
water pipes

48. Mercury
• Neurotoxin
• Caused the Minamata disease (Minamata
Bay, Kyushu Japan)

49. Methyl
mercury

50. Oil
• Oil spill – most common problem in the
industrialized world
• Prevents the entry of oxygen
• Coats the gills of fish
• Coats the feathers of birds

52. Nitrates and phosphates
• used in fertilizers
• Found in detergents
• Eutrophication
• algal bloom
• Massive fish kills

54. Acids
• Due to acid rain and acidic waste water from
industries
• Dissolves and reacts with nutrients necessary
for algal growth

55. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
• Stable compound that persists or stays in the
environment for a long time
• “dirty dozen”
• Very toxic to humans and animals

56. Dead Rivers
• “one which is not suitable for any beneficial
purpose”
• “physically lost”
• Biologically dead river – which could no
longer support important aquatic species
• Tullahan River, Pasig River,

57. Thermal Pollution
• Happens when hot waste water is released in
rivers or lakes

58. Mine Spills
• Spills from mine tailings
• High concentration of mercury and cyanide
• Boac in Marinduque
• Mt. Diwalwal in Campostela Valley
• Rapu-rapu, Albay

59. Quiz #3
• A group of students was assigned to
investigate on the fish kill that happened in a
certain lake. What parameters are they going
to test. Explain your answer.