Coastal processes like erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion occur naturally but can be exacerbated by human activities. Coastal land development, waste disposal, and construction can contribute to coastal changes if not properly managed. Effective mitigation includes conducting environmental impact assessments before development, properly disposing waste away from coasts, and building structures at a safe distance from shorelines. Regulating these activities helps reduce their impacts on coastal areas.
The document discusses various coastal stabilization techniques and alternative solutions from an international perspective. It provides examples of different systems used, such as seawalls, breakwaters, groins, beach nourishments, and more recently developed geosystems using bags, tubes and other containers filled with sand or mortar. The conclusion emphasizes that there is no single ideal solution and each coastal problem requires evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of different materials and systems based on the specific conditions and protection needs.
Coastal erosion is a natural process that shapes shorelines through the wearing away of coastal land and beaches by the impact of waves. It involves the redistribution of sediments by waves, currents, tides, wind, and water. Coastal erosion is exacerbated by both natural processes like storms and sea level rise, as well as human activities such as coastal development and sand mining. This can lead to property damage, loss of tourism, harm to infrastructure and the environment, and the destruction of historical landmarks. Preventing and managing coastal erosion requires careful land use planning, limiting development in high-risk areas, and using structural measures selectively.
This document discusses the development of design criteria for segmented breakwaters used for beach erosion control. It examines several prototype cases in the United States and draws generalizations about resultant beach response. It evaluates this experience to develop a preliminary approach for design criteria. Specifically, it summarizes 7 segmented breakwater projects in the US, describing the project parameters, beach response, and how the experience can inform general design guidance.
Beach Nourishment: It's a Good Investment - Conclusion (Part 4 of 4)QuogueBeaches
The document summarizes the key arguments in a debate about the value of beach nourishment projects. It states that while beach erosion has natural causes, human activities like ports and channels also contribute to erosion. Beach nourishment can help mitigate erosion caused by human structures. It also discusses the recreational, environmental, and economic benefits of beach nourishment projects, and argues that nourishment is more cost-effective over time than alternatives like retreating from eroding shorelines. The document concludes that beach nourishment is worth the investment due to these benefits.
This document discusses the impacts of sea level rise and climate change on the Pacific island nations of Kiribati and Tuvalu. It notes that rising sea levels are causing coastal erosion, inundation, and saltwater intrusion into freshwater resources. This is forcing people to relocate further inland, but the narrow islands have limited suitable land. The impacts on communities include damage to homes and infrastructure, loss of land for farming and fishing, food insecurity, and threats to younger generations' ability to live on the islands. Adaptation strategies proposed include building stronger seawalls, planting crops further inland, conserving fresh water, and involving communities in mangrove planting and coastal zone management to enhance resilience to sea level rise.
Preparing New Zealand for rising seas: Certainty and UncertaintyBlair Mayston
This document discusses preparing for rising sea levels in New Zealand. It provides the following key points:
1. Sea levels are rising and will continue to do so for centuries, increasing risks from coastal flooding, erosion, and rising groundwater. However, the exact impacts are uncertain as they depend on local conditions.
2. Low-lying coastal cities and towns are especially vulnerable. Over 9,000 homes in New Zealand lie less than 50cm above spring high tide levels and will be at increasing risk.
3. Central government guidance for planning and adaptation is needed but should be improved. Coastal hazard assessments and zoning must have transparent, scientifically rigorous methods and involve community engagement.
Tropical cyclones, flooding, and storm surges are coastal hazards that can cause substantial impacts as about 75% of the US population lives in coastal areas. Coastal hazards vary depending on the type of ocean margin, which are generally divided into passive and active margins related to plate tectonics. Sediment transport within littoral cells, the natural compartments that contain the cycle of sedimentation along a coastline, is important for regional coastal management and can be interfered with by structures.
Beach nourishment involves replacing sand lost to erosion from external sources to widen beaches. It reduces storm damage by dissipating wave energy and protects structures. Nourishment must be repeated as it doesn't stop erosion forces. Sand used must match native beaches in size and texture. Nourishment widens beaches for recreation while providing flood and erosion protection. It is expensive to implement but supports local economies. Alternative stabilization methods include hard structures or soft techniques but don't fully restore eroded beaches like nourishment does.
The document discusses various coastal stabilization techniques and alternative solutions from an international perspective. It provides examples of different systems used, such as seawalls, breakwaters, groins, beach nourishments, and more recently developed geosystems using bags, tubes and other containers filled with sand or mortar. The conclusion emphasizes that there is no single ideal solution and each coastal problem requires evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of different materials and systems based on the specific conditions and protection needs.
Coastal erosion is a natural process that shapes shorelines through the wearing away of coastal land and beaches by the impact of waves. It involves the redistribution of sediments by waves, currents, tides, wind, and water. Coastal erosion is exacerbated by both natural processes like storms and sea level rise, as well as human activities such as coastal development and sand mining. This can lead to property damage, loss of tourism, harm to infrastructure and the environment, and the destruction of historical landmarks. Preventing and managing coastal erosion requires careful land use planning, limiting development in high-risk areas, and using structural measures selectively.
This document discusses the development of design criteria for segmented breakwaters used for beach erosion control. It examines several prototype cases in the United States and draws generalizations about resultant beach response. It evaluates this experience to develop a preliminary approach for design criteria. Specifically, it summarizes 7 segmented breakwater projects in the US, describing the project parameters, beach response, and how the experience can inform general design guidance.
Beach Nourishment: It's a Good Investment - Conclusion (Part 4 of 4)QuogueBeaches
The document summarizes the key arguments in a debate about the value of beach nourishment projects. It states that while beach erosion has natural causes, human activities like ports and channels also contribute to erosion. Beach nourishment can help mitigate erosion caused by human structures. It also discusses the recreational, environmental, and economic benefits of beach nourishment projects, and argues that nourishment is more cost-effective over time than alternatives like retreating from eroding shorelines. The document concludes that beach nourishment is worth the investment due to these benefits.
This document discusses the impacts of sea level rise and climate change on the Pacific island nations of Kiribati and Tuvalu. It notes that rising sea levels are causing coastal erosion, inundation, and saltwater intrusion into freshwater resources. This is forcing people to relocate further inland, but the narrow islands have limited suitable land. The impacts on communities include damage to homes and infrastructure, loss of land for farming and fishing, food insecurity, and threats to younger generations' ability to live on the islands. Adaptation strategies proposed include building stronger seawalls, planting crops further inland, conserving fresh water, and involving communities in mangrove planting and coastal zone management to enhance resilience to sea level rise.
Preparing New Zealand for rising seas: Certainty and UncertaintyBlair Mayston
This document discusses preparing for rising sea levels in New Zealand. It provides the following key points:
1. Sea levels are rising and will continue to do so for centuries, increasing risks from coastal flooding, erosion, and rising groundwater. However, the exact impacts are uncertain as they depend on local conditions.
2. Low-lying coastal cities and towns are especially vulnerable. Over 9,000 homes in New Zealand lie less than 50cm above spring high tide levels and will be at increasing risk.
3. Central government guidance for planning and adaptation is needed but should be improved. Coastal hazard assessments and zoning must have transparent, scientifically rigorous methods and involve community engagement.
Tropical cyclones, flooding, and storm surges are coastal hazards that can cause substantial impacts as about 75% of the US population lives in coastal areas. Coastal hazards vary depending on the type of ocean margin, which are generally divided into passive and active margins related to plate tectonics. Sediment transport within littoral cells, the natural compartments that contain the cycle of sedimentation along a coastline, is important for regional coastal management and can be interfered with by structures.
Beach nourishment involves replacing sand lost to erosion from external sources to widen beaches. It reduces storm damage by dissipating wave energy and protects structures. Nourishment must be repeated as it doesn't stop erosion forces. Sand used must match native beaches in size and texture. Nourishment widens beaches for recreation while providing flood and erosion protection. It is expensive to implement but supports local economies. Alternative stabilization methods include hard structures or soft techniques but don't fully restore eroded beaches like nourishment does.
presentation was provided by Prof W.U Chandrasekara
Department of Zoology and Environmental Management
For Coastal and Marine resource management course
The document summarizes the formation and types of coastlines. It defines a coastline as the boundary where land meets the sea. Coastlines are formed through the erosion and deposition actions of waves, tides, currents and other marine processes on sediments and rocks. Major coastal landforms include beaches formed from sediment deposition, as well as erosional features like sea cliffs, wave-cut platforms, sea stacks and sea arches formed through wave erosion. Coastlines are classified based on their dominant formation processes into primary coastlines formed through terrestrial processes and secondary coastlines formed through marine erosion and deposition.
This document discusses coastal erosion issues and solutions. It outlines the importance of healthy coastlines, issues facing the South Carolina coast, and current solutions like beach nourishment and structures. Recommendations are made to use advanced mapping like LiDAR from UAVs and more accurate modeling software like MIKE21 and MIKE3 to simulate coastal processes and better inform customized solutions for specific areas like Long Beach. Preventative, rather than restorative, measures and considering untapped options like vegetation management are also recommended.
This document presents a sea level rise adaptation strategy for Oceanside, CA. It assesses vulnerabilities to areas like wetlands, lagoons, and beaches due to projected 10 ft of sea level rise by 2050. It recommends strategies like widened seawalls, detention basins, stormwater parks, and relocating structures at risk of flooding to protect economic and environmental assets from rising tides and coastal erosion.
The document discusses natural hazards in the Philippines under three sections: natural processes and hazards, hydrometeorological phenomena and hazards, and marine and coastal processes and hazards. It describes various natural hazards like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tsunamis, tropical cyclones, floods, erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion. It provides details on government agencies that monitor these hazards and measures taken to mitigate risks like hazard maps, storm warning signals, flood prevention projects. Overall, the document comprehensively covers natural hazards prevalent in the Philippines and efforts to build resilience against disasters.
The document provides an environmental impact assessment for a proposed seawall and road repair project in Gouyave, Grenada. It finds that constructing a seawall with armor stone will provide long-term benefits to shoreline stability and access. Nearshore habitat consists of bare sand but more sensitive habitats are located further offshore and will not be impacted. Water quality sampling found elevated levels of turbidity, nitrates, and bacteria in nearshore waters compared to offshore.
Beach Nourishment: It's a Good Investment - Critique (Part 2 of 4)QuogueBeaches
The authors critique claims made by Mr. Marlowe in support of beach nourishment. They argue that beach nourishment is not a long-term solution given rising sea levels from climate change. Nourishment also has negative environmental impacts and primarily benefits wealthy coastal property owners, not the general public. The true costs of nourishment are far higher than alternatives like managed retreat. Nourishment maintains an unsustainable status quo and will ultimately lead to more hardened shorelines rather than natural beaches accessible to all.
About 75% of the US population lives in coastal areas and faces coastal hazards. These hazards include tropical cyclones, storm surges, tidal floods, tsunamis, erosion from wave action and fluctuating sea levels, and deposition from littoral sediment transport. Coastlines are divided into littoral cells that contain a complete cycle of sedimentation, and interference with sediment transport within a cell can lead to downcoast beach erosion. Coastal hazards vary depending on whether the coast is on a passive or active tectonic margin.
Impact of long wave climate change 18022017Marco Pluijm
The ever increasing importance of long waves due to accelerated climate change and the impact on vital functions such as coastal stability and port operations.
Marine growth assessments are important for effective management of potential environmental impacts and financial risks during offshore structure decommissioning. Assessments provide information on added weight from growth, presence of protected species like corals, risk of invasive species transfer, and waste management implications. An assessment found over 2,000 tonnes of growth including corals on a platform in deep northern North Sea waters, while shallower south North Sea platforms averaged 39 tonnes of growth. Assessments support regulatory compliance and cost-effective planning of structure removal and disposal.
The document discusses beach pollution and proposes developing an automatic beach cleaning robot. Beach pollution reduces tourism and impacts marine life and human health. Plastics and litter pollute over 60% of beaches globally. The objectives of the robot are to efficiently and cost-effectively clean beaches. It will use mechanisms to collect garbage and debris and separate waste from sand to quickly clean large areas. The robot will address issues with current manual cleaning methods. Literature on previous litter collection robots and intelligent trash bins was reviewed to inform the robot's design and functions. A block diagram outlines the robot's overall system. The robot aims to make beaches safer and more aesthetically pleasing for visitors.
This document discusses coastal erosion and measures to control it. It notes that coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and removal of beach sediments by waves, tides, currents and winds. It then outlines several structural and non-structural approaches to prevent coastal erosion, including constructing seawalls, groins and revetments, as well as beach replenishment and sand dune management. The document also discusses the impacts of coastal erosion such as loss of habitat and infrastructure, as well as initiatives by the Indian government to assist coastal states in protecting vulnerable coastal areas from sea erosion.
The document describes the different ways that animals reproduce, including asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction methods like fission, fragmentation, and budding produce offspring that are genetically identical to the parent without fertilization. Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of an egg by sperm and produces genetically variable offspring. It then explains various sexual reproduction methods such as external fertilization in frogs and internal fertilization processes like oviparity, ovoviviparity, and viviparity.
This document discusses the connections and interactions between living things through various unifying themes of life. It provides an overview of key concepts like ecology, biological systems, levels of organization, forms and functions, reproduction and inheritance, energy and life, thermal regulation, adaptation and evolution. The document aims to help students understand how living organisms interact with each other and their environment through these interrelated themes. It includes examples, diagrams and questions to illustrate the connections between different organisms and how they depend on one another.
1. Life began on Earth at least 3.5 to 4 billion years ago based on evidence from rocks and fossils. Early life forms were single-celled prokaryotes like bacteria that lacked nuclei.
2. Experiments have shown that conditions on early Earth could have led to the formation of organic molecules like amino acids from inorganic starting materials. Fossils of early life like stromatolites provide further evidence for when life began.
3. Multicellular life evolved from unicellular eukaryotes over time through cell specialization and the formation of colonies. Evidence from layered fossil records shows how different life forms evolved and adapted over billions of years.
This document provides an overview of natural hazards from earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, and ipo-ipo. It describes various hazards from each such as ground shaking, liquefaction, and fires from earthquakes; pyroclastic flows, lahars, and volcanic gases from eruptions; rockfalls, debris flows, and toppling from landslides. Tropical cyclone hazards include storm surges, floods from heavy rainfall. The document aims to increase awareness of these hazards and promote preparedness.
This document introduces the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into time segments defined by major events. It discusses how relative and absolute dating methods are used to reconstruct clues from rocks and materials to determine the subdivisions of the geologic time scale. Specifically, relative dating looks at the order of rock layers, while absolute dating uses radioactive decay to calculate the ages of rocks. Together these methods provide a timeline of Earth's history from the Precambrian era to present.
Stratified rocks form layers over time as sediments are deposited. Younger layers are deposited on top of older layers, following the law of superposition. Relative dating examines layer positions to determine older vs younger, while absolute dating uses radioactive decay to determine precise ages in years. Key methods are radiometric dating of igneous rocks above and below fossil layers to date the fossils and sedimentary rock, and using index fossils of species that existed for short periods to correlate rock layers.
The document discusses how the movement of tectonic plates leads to the formation of folds and faults in the Earth's crust. It explains that compressional, tensional, and shear stresses from plate movements cause rocks to deform through either fracturing or bending. Fractures result in faults or joints, while bending forms folds such as anticlines, synclines, and monoclines. The movement of plates at convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries influences the type of stress and folding or fracturing that occurs. Folds and faults are important in forming new land masses.
This document provides information about endogenic processes and magmatism. It discusses how the Earth's internal heat comes from radioactive decay, accretion during planetary formation, and friction during planetary formation. It also describes how magma is formed through decompression melting, increased temperature, and flux melting. Magma is classified as basaltic, andesitic, or rhyolitic based on its chemical composition, temperature, viscosity and gas content. More viscous magmas such as rhyolitic erupt explosively while less viscous magmas such as basalt flow as lava.
This document provides information about different types of rocks, their characteristics, and weathering. It begins with an introduction to rocks and defines them as naturally occurring aggregates of minerals. It then classifies rocks into three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The document explains the rock cycle and how different processes lead to the formation of each rock type. It also describes various weathering processes like physical and chemical weathering that break down rocks. Other geologic processes discussed include mass wasting, erosion, and sedimentation that transport weathered materials. The document contains learning activities to help students identify rock types and understand weathering concepts.
presentation was provided by Prof W.U Chandrasekara
Department of Zoology and Environmental Management
For Coastal and Marine resource management course
The document summarizes the formation and types of coastlines. It defines a coastline as the boundary where land meets the sea. Coastlines are formed through the erosion and deposition actions of waves, tides, currents and other marine processes on sediments and rocks. Major coastal landforms include beaches formed from sediment deposition, as well as erosional features like sea cliffs, wave-cut platforms, sea stacks and sea arches formed through wave erosion. Coastlines are classified based on their dominant formation processes into primary coastlines formed through terrestrial processes and secondary coastlines formed through marine erosion and deposition.
This document discusses coastal erosion issues and solutions. It outlines the importance of healthy coastlines, issues facing the South Carolina coast, and current solutions like beach nourishment and structures. Recommendations are made to use advanced mapping like LiDAR from UAVs and more accurate modeling software like MIKE21 and MIKE3 to simulate coastal processes and better inform customized solutions for specific areas like Long Beach. Preventative, rather than restorative, measures and considering untapped options like vegetation management are also recommended.
This document presents a sea level rise adaptation strategy for Oceanside, CA. It assesses vulnerabilities to areas like wetlands, lagoons, and beaches due to projected 10 ft of sea level rise by 2050. It recommends strategies like widened seawalls, detention basins, stormwater parks, and relocating structures at risk of flooding to protect economic and environmental assets from rising tides and coastal erosion.
The document discusses natural hazards in the Philippines under three sections: natural processes and hazards, hydrometeorological phenomena and hazards, and marine and coastal processes and hazards. It describes various natural hazards like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tsunamis, tropical cyclones, floods, erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion. It provides details on government agencies that monitor these hazards and measures taken to mitigate risks like hazard maps, storm warning signals, flood prevention projects. Overall, the document comprehensively covers natural hazards prevalent in the Philippines and efforts to build resilience against disasters.
The document provides an environmental impact assessment for a proposed seawall and road repair project in Gouyave, Grenada. It finds that constructing a seawall with armor stone will provide long-term benefits to shoreline stability and access. Nearshore habitat consists of bare sand but more sensitive habitats are located further offshore and will not be impacted. Water quality sampling found elevated levels of turbidity, nitrates, and bacteria in nearshore waters compared to offshore.
Beach Nourishment: It's a Good Investment - Critique (Part 2 of 4)QuogueBeaches
The authors critique claims made by Mr. Marlowe in support of beach nourishment. They argue that beach nourishment is not a long-term solution given rising sea levels from climate change. Nourishment also has negative environmental impacts and primarily benefits wealthy coastal property owners, not the general public. The true costs of nourishment are far higher than alternatives like managed retreat. Nourishment maintains an unsustainable status quo and will ultimately lead to more hardened shorelines rather than natural beaches accessible to all.
About 75% of the US population lives in coastal areas and faces coastal hazards. These hazards include tropical cyclones, storm surges, tidal floods, tsunamis, erosion from wave action and fluctuating sea levels, and deposition from littoral sediment transport. Coastlines are divided into littoral cells that contain a complete cycle of sedimentation, and interference with sediment transport within a cell can lead to downcoast beach erosion. Coastal hazards vary depending on whether the coast is on a passive or active tectonic margin.
Impact of long wave climate change 18022017Marco Pluijm
The ever increasing importance of long waves due to accelerated climate change and the impact on vital functions such as coastal stability and port operations.
Marine growth assessments are important for effective management of potential environmental impacts and financial risks during offshore structure decommissioning. Assessments provide information on added weight from growth, presence of protected species like corals, risk of invasive species transfer, and waste management implications. An assessment found over 2,000 tonnes of growth including corals on a platform in deep northern North Sea waters, while shallower south North Sea platforms averaged 39 tonnes of growth. Assessments support regulatory compliance and cost-effective planning of structure removal and disposal.
The document discusses beach pollution and proposes developing an automatic beach cleaning robot. Beach pollution reduces tourism and impacts marine life and human health. Plastics and litter pollute over 60% of beaches globally. The objectives of the robot are to efficiently and cost-effectively clean beaches. It will use mechanisms to collect garbage and debris and separate waste from sand to quickly clean large areas. The robot will address issues with current manual cleaning methods. Literature on previous litter collection robots and intelligent trash bins was reviewed to inform the robot's design and functions. A block diagram outlines the robot's overall system. The robot aims to make beaches safer and more aesthetically pleasing for visitors.
This document discusses coastal erosion and measures to control it. It notes that coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and removal of beach sediments by waves, tides, currents and winds. It then outlines several structural and non-structural approaches to prevent coastal erosion, including constructing seawalls, groins and revetments, as well as beach replenishment and sand dune management. The document also discusses the impacts of coastal erosion such as loss of habitat and infrastructure, as well as initiatives by the Indian government to assist coastal states in protecting vulnerable coastal areas from sea erosion.
Similar to Earth-and-Life-Science-Q1-Week-9.pdf (13)
The document describes the different ways that animals reproduce, including asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction methods like fission, fragmentation, and budding produce offspring that are genetically identical to the parent without fertilization. Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of an egg by sperm and produces genetically variable offspring. It then explains various sexual reproduction methods such as external fertilization in frogs and internal fertilization processes like oviparity, ovoviviparity, and viviparity.
This document discusses the connections and interactions between living things through various unifying themes of life. It provides an overview of key concepts like ecology, biological systems, levels of organization, forms and functions, reproduction and inheritance, energy and life, thermal regulation, adaptation and evolution. The document aims to help students understand how living organisms interact with each other and their environment through these interrelated themes. It includes examples, diagrams and questions to illustrate the connections between different organisms and how they depend on one another.
1. Life began on Earth at least 3.5 to 4 billion years ago based on evidence from rocks and fossils. Early life forms were single-celled prokaryotes like bacteria that lacked nuclei.
2. Experiments have shown that conditions on early Earth could have led to the formation of organic molecules like amino acids from inorganic starting materials. Fossils of early life like stromatolites provide further evidence for when life began.
3. Multicellular life evolved from unicellular eukaryotes over time through cell specialization and the formation of colonies. Evidence from layered fossil records shows how different life forms evolved and adapted over billions of years.
This document provides an overview of natural hazards from earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, and ipo-ipo. It describes various hazards from each such as ground shaking, liquefaction, and fires from earthquakes; pyroclastic flows, lahars, and volcanic gases from eruptions; rockfalls, debris flows, and toppling from landslides. Tropical cyclone hazards include storm surges, floods from heavy rainfall. The document aims to increase awareness of these hazards and promote preparedness.
This document introduces the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into time segments defined by major events. It discusses how relative and absolute dating methods are used to reconstruct clues from rocks and materials to determine the subdivisions of the geologic time scale. Specifically, relative dating looks at the order of rock layers, while absolute dating uses radioactive decay to calculate the ages of rocks. Together these methods provide a timeline of Earth's history from the Precambrian era to present.
Stratified rocks form layers over time as sediments are deposited. Younger layers are deposited on top of older layers, following the law of superposition. Relative dating examines layer positions to determine older vs younger, while absolute dating uses radioactive decay to determine precise ages in years. Key methods are radiometric dating of igneous rocks above and below fossil layers to date the fossils and sedimentary rock, and using index fossils of species that existed for short periods to correlate rock layers.
The document discusses how the movement of tectonic plates leads to the formation of folds and faults in the Earth's crust. It explains that compressional, tensional, and shear stresses from plate movements cause rocks to deform through either fracturing or bending. Fractures result in faults or joints, while bending forms folds such as anticlines, synclines, and monoclines. The movement of plates at convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries influences the type of stress and folding or fracturing that occurs. Folds and faults are important in forming new land masses.
This document provides information about endogenic processes and magmatism. It discusses how the Earth's internal heat comes from radioactive decay, accretion during planetary formation, and friction during planetary formation. It also describes how magma is formed through decompression melting, increased temperature, and flux melting. Magma is classified as basaltic, andesitic, or rhyolitic based on its chemical composition, temperature, viscosity and gas content. More viscous magmas such as rhyolitic erupt explosively while less viscous magmas such as basalt flow as lava.
This document provides information about different types of rocks, their characteristics, and weathering. It begins with an introduction to rocks and defines them as naturally occurring aggregates of minerals. It then classifies rocks into three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The document explains the rock cycle and how different processes lead to the formation of each rock type. It also describes various weathering processes like physical and chemical weathering that break down rocks. Other geologic processes discussed include mass wasting, erosion, and sedimentation that transport weathered materials. The document contains learning activities to help students identify rock types and understand weathering concepts.
This document provides information on identifying common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties. It begins with an introduction to the learning competency and objectives. It then discusses the key physical properties used to identify minerals, including luster, hardness, crystal form, color, streak, cleavage, specific gravity, and other properties. It also covers the main chemical properties and groups of minerals, such as silicates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, carbonates, native elements, and halides. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate mineral properties and identification techniques.
The document discusses the uniqueness of Earth and its subsystems. It explains that Earth is the only planet in the solar system that can support life due to factors like being located in the sun's habitable zone and having liquid water. The document then describes Earth's four subsystems - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere - and how they interact with each other. For example, it notes how the atmosphere and hydrosphere exchange heat and moisture through the water cycle.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
1. NegOr_Q1_Earth and LifeSci11_SLKWeek9_v2
PREVENTION & MITIGATION OF THE
IMPACT OF COASTAL PROCESSES,
LAND DEVELOPMENT & WASTE
DISPOSAL
for Earth & Life Science/Grade 11
Quarter 1/ Week 9
NegOr_Q1_Earth and LifeSci11_SLKWeek9_v2
2. NegOr_Q1_Earth and LifeSci11_SLKWeek9_v2
FOREWORD
Coastal area refers to the land and sea areas bordering the
shoreline. It comprises the natural boundary between the land and
ocean which may include beach, dunes, mangroves, estuary, delta, or
lagoon, among others. As an archipelago located in the tropics, the
Philippines is particularly susceptible to coastal hazards. These hazards
may include dangers of waves, tides, erosion, flood or submersion, and
saltwater intrusion.
This Self-Learning Kit aims to give awareness to the learners on how
the shoreline is affected by coastal processes. It also includes steps on
how to cope up with those coastal hazards.
This also aims to develop the value of care and concern of the
natural resources for the future generation.
3. NegOr_Q1_Earth and LifeSci11_SLKWeek9_v2
LEARNING COMPTENCIES:
• Describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion, submersion, and
saltwater intrusion. (S11/12ES-1h-38)
• Cite ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land development,
waste disposal, and construction of structureson control coastal processes.
(S11/12ES-Ii-41)
OBJECTIVES:
K: Define coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion.
S: Describe the causes of coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater
intrusion.
A: Gain patience of citing ways on how to protect and mitigatethe
effects of coastal processes.
4. NegOr_Q1_Earth and LifeSci11_SLKWeek9_v2
I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-TEST: Write your answer in your science notebook.
Directions: Encircle the words listed below. Words may appear
straight across, back-word straight across, up and down, and
diagonally.
COAST WORD SEARCH
D E S R D G R O Y N E S F G R T Y U O
E S B F G A A C X V B K A R D E S C S
P S R E S R O E O H D C S W E R T G F
O E T E A W I A I G U O U L P L K J M
S A Y R F C K N U H E R O S I O N K M
I D R D G S H R T J K N R H J K L L J
T H E S H C K R T L G E D I O A S T S
I A G N G V L D F S O G H J C E O P N
O S F M W E A T H E R T I P G A K N S
N D U O F N E O Q W R T S F G N N G W
G G T P T M R L M K J O P T I J M E A
F T W I G E I P N S E A W A L L N V S
D H D O D G Y F R T H R L J D S L C H
R E S R A E O E B A C K W A S H G S K
S R I J E F U A B C D G H J K K F X F
D F Q K V R N R T Y C V B N M F H A G
T Y V M E V A W E V I T C U R T S E D
erosion swash rocks
backwash destructive wave tide
Sea wall deposition coasts
hurricane ocean groynes
Longshore drift weather beach
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Coastal processes - are naturally-occurring
processes that bring alterations to the coastal
zones. They are interactions of marine, physical,
meteorological, geological, and biological
events.
A. Coastal erosion
- (or shoreline retreat) is the loss of coastal landsdue
to the net removal of sediments or bedrock from
the shoreline.
- common phrase referring to the loss of subaerial
landmass into a sea or lake due to natural
processes such as waves, winds and tides, or
even due to human interference.
Coastal erosion can be either a:
• rapid-onset hazard (occurs very quickly, a
period of days to weeks)
• slow-onset hazard (occurring over many
years, or decades to centuries).
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https://u
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FIVE MAIN PROCESSES WHICH CAUSES COASTAL EROSION
1. Corrasion
- happens when waves pick up beach material
(e.g. pebbles) and hurl them at the base of a cliff.
- the scraping away of a rock by the action on it of
rock fragments moved by wind or water.
https://unsplash.com/photos/1HDyLnA3g8k
2. Abrasion occurs as breaking waves which contain
sand and larger fragments erode the shoreline or
headland. It is commonly known as the sand paper
effect.
https://unsplash.com/photos/1HDyLnA3g8k
3. When waves hit the base of a cliff air is
compressed into cracks. When the wave retreats the air
rushes out of the gap. Often this causes cliff material
to break away. This process is knownas hydraulic
action.
nsplash.com/photos/1HDyLnA3g8k
4. Attrition is when waves cause rocks and pebblesto
bump into each other and break up.
nsplash.com/photos/1HDyLnA3g8k
5. Corrosion/solution is when certain types of cliff
erode as a result of weak acids in the sea.
https://unsplash.com/photos/1HDyLnA3g8k
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https://link.springen.com
COASTAL PROCESSES
B. Submersion is the sustainable cyclic portion of coastal erosion where
coastal sediments move from the visible portion of a beach to the submerged
nearshore region, and later return to the original visible portion of the beach. The
recovery portion of the sustainable cycle of sediment behavior is (accretion).
C. Saltwater intrusion is the movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers,
which can lead to groundwater quality degradation, including drinking water
sources, and other consequences. Saltwater intrusion can naturally occur in
coastal aquifers, owing to the hydraulic connection between groundwater and
seawater. Because saline water has a higher mineral content than freshwater, it
is denser and has a higher water pressure. As a result, saltwater can push inland
beneath the freshwater.
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COASTAL PROTECTION
Some structures and methods can
help protect the coasts from erosion and
submersion. They are usually constructed
along the coasts.
• Seawalls and bulkheads are
structures that are built parallel to
shores that protect the coasts from
wave actions.
• Groynes and jetties are structures that
are built perpendicular to shores to
prevent coastal erosion by promoting
beach build-up as they trap sand.
• Breakwaters are offshore structures that
protect coasts from parallel waves
and in turn, prevent erosion and
submersion.
• Beach nourishment is a method
where a large amount of sand is
added to the coasts. This will createa
new beach or widen an existing one.
However, this method is costly which
deters communities to use it.
• Sandbags are used to counteract
waves that hit the shores. They also
diminish the effect of a storm surge
that can cause submersion.
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https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml
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REDUCING COASTAL EROSION
Aside from coastal protection, different ways
can be done to reduce the impact of coastal
erosion. Some of them are less expensive than
constructing structures along the coasts.
• Development of infrastructures must be
constructed in safe distances from the coasts.
• Beach dewatering involves pumping outwater
from the shores to prevent erosion.
• Artificial seaweeds can be placed in the
water near the coasts to reduce the speed of
current that promote erosion.
• Ban of mining activities near coasts prevents
erosion caused by mining.
• Plant cover and vegetation around coasts aid in
protecting coasts from erosion.
https://Link.springen.com
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HUMAN ACTIVITIES AFFECTING OUR COASTAL AREAS
www.shutterstock.com
Human activities such land development, waste disposal,
and construction cause different changes in coastal features. It
is vital that impacts of these activities be prevented or mitigated
to help the coasts inwithstanding coastal processes.
WAYS TO PREVENT OR MITIGATE THE IMPACT OF LAND
DEVELOPMENT, WASTE DISPOSAL, AND CONSTRUCTION
ON COASTS
a. COASTAL LAND DEVELOPMENT
• Coastal land development is due to the demand in space, structures,
and facilities that are used for various human needs. It aggravates the
effects of coastal processes. It increases the incidents of sand miningand
sediment runoff that contribute to coastal erosion. In addition, the increase in
establishments leads to higher demand for freshwater whichthen contribute
to saltwater intrusion.
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LifeSci11_SLKWeek9_v2
In the Philippines, PD 1586 has established the implementation of
Philippine Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). EIA allows the
determination of the possible environmental consequences of
implementing a project, and it also plans possible preventive and
enhancing methods for mitigation of the determined risks.
b. WASTE DISPOSAL
The increase in development and population may lead to increased
amounts of waste disposed of in a coastal area. The wastes are sometimes
disposed of in landfills built near the coasts. The construction of these
landfills not only causes land and water pollution to the coastal area but
also amplifies the effects of coastal erosion and results in saltwater
intrusion.
Effective solid waste management planning and implementation must be
carried out by the residents and users of coastal areas. Managing solid
wastes at the community level prevents coastal deterioration. Industrial
wastes must also be properly managed and not released in coastal areas.
c. CONSTRUCTION
Constructions on coasts are consequences of the increasing land
development in the area. If done haphazardly, these constructed
infrastructures can cause more harm to the coast.
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It is crucial that these structures are built at a safe distance from the coasts.This
ensures both the structures’ and coasts’ safety. Structures must also have
strong foundations to withstand the coastal harshness so that they will not
deteriorate. It is also suggested that the buildings be elevated so as not to
directly impact the coastal soil and for their protection against coastal
processes. If possible, reinforcing building envelopes should be considered to
protect the infrastructure and land from coastal threats.
COPING WITH SALTWATER INTRUSION
The following methods help in dealing with saltwater intrusion.
• Monitoring and assessment ensure effective management of saltwater
intrusion cases.
• Regulations from governing units aid in coping with saltwater intrusion.
Structures must be regulated to have a safe distance from the sea to
prevent excessive groundwater extraction from the reservoir that
contributes to saltwater intrusion.
• Artificial recharges pump freshwater to the reservoir to prevent saltwater
from intruding through the coasts.
• Barriers can be constructed along coasts to prevent further
advancement of saltwater if already present.
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III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Key Points:
❖ Coastal land development, waste disposal, and construction are three major
human activities that directly affect coasts.
❖ Coastal land development is a thriving activity due to increasing demands.
Unfortunately, it contributes to the incidents of soil erosion and saltwater
intrusion.
❖ Risk assessment, blueprint development, and control of activities can
mitigate the effects of coastal land development.
❖ Effective solid waste management can prevent the effects of waste
disposal along coastal areas.
❖ Construction of building envelopes and strong foundations for
infrastructures and conducting works at safe and capable distance fromthe
shoreline are mitigation procedures for the effects of construction on
coastal areas.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY:
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❖ Identify a coastal area near your home or school. What are possiblerisks
to this area brought about by coastal land development, wastedisposal
and construction? What regulations does your local government
implement to protect these areas?
IV. EVALUATION/POST TEST:
• Multiple Choice: Choose the letter that correspond the correct answer.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is erosion?
A. the wearing away of land
B. falling off a cliff
C. the wearing away of land by the sea
D. the movement of waves
2. What is coastal erosion?
A. the wearing away of land
B. the wearing away of land by the sea
C. the movement of waves
D. falling off a cliff
3. What is corrosion?
A. when the cliff is being eroded by strong acids by the sea
B. when the cliff is being hurled at the base of the cliff
C. when the cliff is eroded by weak acids in the sea
D. the cliff is eroded by weak acids in the sea
4. What is hydraulic action?
A. When the waves compress the cliff and force air out of a crack
causing itto break
B. When the waves hurl rocks and pebbles at the cliffside
C. When the cliff is eroded by weak acids in the sea
D. When the wearing away of land by the sea
5. Attrition is when?
A. the cliff is eroded by weak acids in the sea
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B. the wave hits the cliffside and makes it collapse.
C. the wave contains pebbles which hit together and break up.
D. When the waves hurl rocks and pebbles at the cliffside
6. Which of the following human activities have major impacts on coastal
changes?
A. waste disposal C. land development
B. construction D. A,B & C
7. Which of the following waste facilities can cause erosion as well as land
and waterpollution?
A. disposal bins B. incinerators C. recycling plants D. landfills
8. Which of the following involves the study of a coastal area to determine
possible environmental risks before starting land development projects?
A. Environmental impact assessment C. environmental risk assessment
B. Developmental ban D. blueprint development
9. Which of the following result in coastal erosion during a coastal land
development?
A. sand mining C. demolition
B. sediment run-off D. wave generation
10. Which of the following is a possible consequence of the increase in
demand forfreshwater when a coastal area is developed?
A. saltwater intrusion C. decrease in businesses
B. coastal accretion D. increase in population
11. Which of the following best mitigates the effects of coastal and land
development?
A. Encourage developers for the coastal land.
B. Abandon an on-going development on the coastal area.
C. Control the activities that can be done in the area.
D. Prevent development of coastal areas.
12. Which of the following are effective principles of solid waste
management oncoasts?
A. proper program implementation C. assessment
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B. planning D. abandonment of landfill
13. Which of the following does NOT best describe the effect of constructions
on coasts?
A. Constructions release chemicals that are the biological health of
coasts.
B. Constructions use materials and employ activities that alter the
surface of the coasts.
C. Constructions do not affect the coasts in general.
D. Constructions provide sand and rocks that help build up the coastal soil.
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14. Which of the following best explains why construction of infrastructures must
be done at a “safe distance” from the coasts?
A. It protects the infrastructure from coastal processes.
B. It protects the construction from the effects of high tides
C. It provides the infrastructure with a better view of the coasts.
D. Construction does not pose dangers to coasts.
15. A coastal area was hit by strong waves two years ago. The current mayor
of tt
h
etown decided to let contractors develop the land right away.
Was themayor’s decision right?
A. Yes. The coastal area has been safe from waves from two years, so it is
safeto let the contractors, develop the land immediately.
B. No. An area previously affected by coastal processes must be
abandoned.
C. Yes. Developers will provide the area with better structures and the land
willhave a better appearance.
D. No. The area did not undergo environmental impact assessments
before project implementation. The land development may cause
more damageto the area.
B. ESSAY: (5 pts)
• What will be the effect on coastal areas if unregulated land
developments, waste disposal systems, and construction activities
continueto happen?
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REFERENCES:
Olivar, Jose Tolentino II and Anna Cherylle Morales-Ramos. Exploring Life
Through Science: Earth and Life Science. Copyright 2016. 927 Quezon
Avenue, Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing Hose, Inc..
“What is Coastal Erosion?”. Internet Geography. Copyright 2020.
https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is- coastal-erosion/.
https://www.quipper.com/ph/
https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?enc=2&n=78586b85&p2=%5EBYJ%
5Echr999%5ETTAB03%5E&pg=AJimage&pn=1&ptb=4EB8677E-1A78-4EB8-
8E4B809BB73CC59D&qs=&searchfor=lpHMjqhdXn1T-
kZwQWdKIYL2L7J9T9Yl19aeU1OEazpl1hco6Zt3vS53FVVkgYxdN6OdZkaScnY3LSl9CA8eRLw
4sgqrteqoR0TdJc-xPvEYYp-PGUFihJdZu-GaHY-XRstPSXopobhB9jtPrKhpCoG7-
mBqTNwfyKnYk_1stCnh_xwjGncXDEQOrm0FmMZR7oeW6OE1OIzFpaHBHbwKzCw_3oTKaV
VXd8bX39ICP667Ytx4ZBYOv5iK7kPwyuwsEwIWcf9p8Snk0x0a9zSikM87NYsGm-
4caX4uZPfzFC9_8aNqNT7v5idLV9DBLb8YicLjkaTQlhZcXbPVWe_-
tw&si=&ss=sub&st=tab&tpr=sbt&trs=wtt
https://int.search.myway.com/search/GGmain.jhtml?p2=%5EBYJ%5Echr999%5ETTAB03%
5E&ptb=4EB8677E-1A78-4EB8-
8E4B809BB73CC59D&n=78586b85&ln=en&si=&tpr=hpsb&trs=wtt&brwsid=E30C09E4-2262-
4B93-8FF7-4823685E33FF&searchfor=WASTES+DISPOSED+ON+COAST+PICS&st=tab
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DISCLAIMER
The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible learning
modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module are carefully
researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were
clearly instructed to give credits to information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to
copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL
SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Acting
CID Chief
ADOLF P. AGUILAR
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)
ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
Education Program Supervisor – (SCIENCE & MATH)
MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)
ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)
SANDY LIZA B. RODRIGUEZ
Writer/Illustrator/Lay –out Artists
BETA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
DORIN FAYE D. CADAYDAY
MERCY G. DAGOY
RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
JUSTIN PAUL ARSENIO C. KINAMOT
ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR EUFRATES
G. ANSOK, Jr.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
DEXTER D. PAIRA
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
22. ABOUT THE AUTHOR
SANDY LIZA B. RODRIGUEZ
Graduated at Negros Oriental State University –
Guihulngan Campus, with a degree of Bachelor of
Secondary Education, major in General Science. Also a
registered Professional Teacher. Currently assigned at La
Libertad Technical - Senior High School (SHS)
Department in North Poblacion, La Libertad, Negros
Oriental, Philippines.
SYNOPSIS
Coastal development - is defined as the
human-induced change of the
landscape within sight of the coastline.
This includes building structures that are
on or near the coast in general for
protection, commerce, communication,
or recreation. These structures support
economic and social activities that can
contribute with positive or negative
effects on the coastal environment.
This SLK explained about coastal
development, waste disposal, coastal
processes.
It also enumerated some ways
on how to protect and mitigate the
effects of coastal processes.
Lastly, it discussed the importance
of protecting our coastal areas.
POST TEST
A. MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. C
6. D
7. D
8. A
9. B
10. A
11. C
12. C
13. B
14. A
15. D
B. If not mitigated/controlled, it would continue
bring coastal hazards such as affecting people
living nearby the coastal areas and also to the
living organisms and also it would contribute to
climate change.