Hydropower has a long history dating back to the first dam built in 1882 in Appleton, Wisconsin. India ranks 5th globally in hydro potential and generates around 3.3% of the world's hydroelectricity. Hydropower is a renewable and non-polluting source that provides around 22% of global electricity. India plans to increase hydro capacity to 12% of its total electricity by 2017. Hydropower plants convert the kinetic energy of flowing water into electrical energy using turbines connected to generators. While hydro is advantageous as a clean source, it also has environmental and social impacts such as disrupting ecosystems and requiring human relocation.
Modelling Of Underground Cables for High Voltage Transmissiontheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
this presentation explores hydro power
different types ,its uses,where it has been used,how it is used,its advantages and disadvantages,and one model created by us using sustainable materials.
Prospect of Small Hydro Power in Uttarakhandijsrd.com
Uttarakhand is riched with natural renewable resources for generating electricity. As we know that Uttarakhand is about to fully hilly areas. Due to the fully hilly regions, the hydro power available in Uttarakhand can be harnessed by installing the small hydro power plant. The estimated potential of this state for small hydro power plant is more than 1708 MW. The installed capacity of small hydro power is 174.82 MW and under implementation capacity is 174.04 MW. Therefore in this state a large amount of small hydro power is yet to be harnessed by the small hydro power plant. Uttarakhand has a large network of rivers and canals which provides an immense scope for hydro power energy. In India, the Development of Small Hydro Power Projects was started in the year 1897. In India, the first hydro power station was a small hydro power station of capacity 130 KW commissioned at Sidrapong near Darjeeling in West Bengal in 1897.
Modelling Of Underground Cables for High Voltage Transmissiontheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
this presentation explores hydro power
different types ,its uses,where it has been used,how it is used,its advantages and disadvantages,and one model created by us using sustainable materials.
Prospect of Small Hydro Power in Uttarakhandijsrd.com
Uttarakhand is riched with natural renewable resources for generating electricity. As we know that Uttarakhand is about to fully hilly areas. Due to the fully hilly regions, the hydro power available in Uttarakhand can be harnessed by installing the small hydro power plant. The estimated potential of this state for small hydro power plant is more than 1708 MW. The installed capacity of small hydro power is 174.82 MW and under implementation capacity is 174.04 MW. Therefore in this state a large amount of small hydro power is yet to be harnessed by the small hydro power plant. Uttarakhand has a large network of rivers and canals which provides an immense scope for hydro power energy. In India, the Development of Small Hydro Power Projects was started in the year 1897. In India, the first hydro power station was a small hydro power station of capacity 130 KW commissioned at Sidrapong near Darjeeling in West Bengal in 1897.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. HISTORY OF HYDROPOWER
The first hydroelectric power dam in the world was
Appleton, Wisconsin in 1882.
built in
In India, Jamshed ji Tata built the first hydroelectric power dam
in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra in the early 1900s to supply
power to Bombay’s Cotton and Textile Mills.
He took the British Government’s permission to build dams,
namely the Andhra, Sirowata, Valvan and Mulshi hydel dams in
the Western Ghats to generate electricity using high rainfalls in
the hills as storage.
3. Hydroelectric power
•India ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro-potential on
global scenario.
•In 2012, India is the 7th largest producer of hydroelectric
power with 114,000 GW hours
•With installed capacity of 37 GW , it produces 3.3% of the
world's total.
4. Hydropower is a renewable, non-polluting and environment
friendly source of energy.
Oldest energy technique known to mankind for conversion of
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Contributes around 22% of the world electricity supply
generated.
The Working Group of the Planning Commission for the Twelfth
Plan has estimated a total requirement of 1403 Billion Units(BU)
per annum by the end of 12th Five Year Plan (2016–17) out of
which share of hydro generation is expected to be 12%. As per
Planning Commission, the capacity addition for the 12th Five Year
Plan on an all-India comprises 10,897 MW for Hydro.
5. •The public sector has a predominant share of 97% in this
sector,
•National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC),
•Northeast Electric Power Company (NEEPCO),
• Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVNL),
• THDC,
• NTPC-Hydro
•are a few public sector companies engaged in
development of Hydroelectric Power in India.
6. •The hydro power plants at Darjeeling and Shimsha
(Shivanasamudra) were established in 1898 and 1902
respectively and are among the first in Asia.
•It is the most widely used form of renewable energy.
•The present installed capacity as on September 30, 2013 is
approximately 39,788.40 MW which is 17.39% of total
electricity generation in India.
7. •Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB), an illustrative state
owned enterprise in north India, has an installed capacity of 2.9
GW and generates 12,000-14,000 million units per year. The cost
of generation of energy after four decades of operation is about
20 paise/kWh.
•BBMB reservoirs annually supply water for irrigation to
12.5 million acres (51,000 km2; 19,500 sq mi) of agricultural land
of partner states, enabling northern India in its green revolution.
12. The movement of water can be used to make electricity.
Energy from
water is created by the force of water moving from a higher
elevation
to a lower elevation through a large pipe (penstock). When the
water
reaches the end of the pipe, it hits and spins a water wheel or
turbine.
The turbine rotates the connected shaft, which then turns the
generator, making electricity.
13.
14. its function is to convert the K.E of moving water into
mechanical energy
The water strikes and turns the large blades of a turbine, which
is attached to a generator above it by way of a shaft.
15. BASIC PRINCIPAL
Heart of the hydroelectric .
The basic process is to rotate a series of gaint magnets inside
coils of wire. This process moves electrons, which
produces electrical current.
17. Principle
• As the turbine turns, the excitor sends an electrical current
to the rotor. The rotor is a series of large electromagnets
that spins inside a tightly-wound coil of copper wire, called
the stator. The magnetic field between the coil and the
magnets creates an electric current.
18. POWER HOUSE AND EQUIPMENTS:-
In the scheme of hydropower the role of power house is to
protect the electromechanical equipment that convert the
potential energy of water into electricity.
Following are the equipments of power plant:
1.Valve
2.Turbine
3.Generator
4.Control System
5.Condensor
6.Protection System
7.DC emergency Supply
8.Power and current transformer
19. Efficiency
• A hydroelectric power plant operates under the
following conditions:
Water flow rate: 1.25 m3/s
River inlet: 1 atm., 4.7°C
Discharge: 1 atm., 5.1°C, 254 m below intake.
Assuming that water intlet and discharge ducts
have the same areas, and that no heat is
transferred to or absorbed from the
surroundings.
20. Efficiency
• density of water = 0.998 g/cm³ = 998 kg/m³
1.25m³ x 998 kg/m³ = 1248 kg
PE of the water is 1248 kg x 9.81 x 254 =
3.108e6 joules
E lost due to heating is
E = 4.17 kJ/(kg.K) x 1248 kg x 0.4K = 2082 kJ
Subtracting
E gained = 3108 kJ - 2082 kJ = 1026 kJ
eff = 1026/3108 = 33%
23. Station Operator State Generator
Units
Capacity
(MW)
Tehri Dam THDC Uttarakhand 4 x 250, 4 x 100,
4 x 250
2,400
Koyna MahaGenco Maharashtra 4 x 70, 4 x 80, 2 x
20, 4 x 80, 4 x
250
1.960
Srisailam Dam APGenco Andhra Pradesh 6 x 150, 7 x 110 1,670
Nathpa Jhakri SJVNL Himachal
Pradesh
6 x 250 1,500
Sharavathi KPCL Karnataka 10 x 103.5, 2 x
27.5, 4 x 60
1,469
Sardar Sarovar Sardar Sarovar
Narmada Nigam
Gujarat 6 x 200, 5 x 140 1,450
Bhakra Dam BBMB Punjab 5 x 108, 5 x 157 1,325
Kalinadi KPCL Karnataka 2 x 50, 1 x 135, 5
x 150, 3 x 50, 3 x
40
1,240
Chamera Dam NHPC Himachal
Pradesh
3 x 180, 3 x 100,
3 x 77
1,071
26. NAME COUNTRY INSTALLED CAPACITY
(MW)
Three Gorges Dam People's Republic of China 22,500
Itaipu Dam Brazil 14,000
Guri Venezuela 8,850
Tucuruí Brazil 8,370
Grand Coulee United States 6,809
Longtan Dam People's Republic of China 6,426
Krasnoyarsk Russia 6,000
Robert-Bourassa Canada 5,616
Churchill Falls Canada 5,428
29. hydroelectric capacity in the
In the last 30 years, the proportion of
Indian power
system has considerably reduced.
Dropped from 46% in 1970 to 40% in 1980, 29%
in 1990 and 25% in 2008.
Reasons:-
Indian power supply industry has always
experienced the situation of shortages both in
energy and peaking requirements. To tide over
the shortage in shortest possible time, more
dependence was placed on sources of power
generation with shorter gestation period.
30. Future of hydroelectric power in India
The Working Group of the Planning Commission
for the Twelfth Plan has estimated a total
requirement of 1403 Billion Units(BU) per
annum by the end of 12th Five Year Plan
(2016–17), out of which share of hydro
generation is expected to be 12%. As per
Planning Commission, the capacity addition
for the 12th Five Year Plan on an all-India
comprises 10,897 MW for Hydro.
31. Acceptability in Society
Hydropower, while being projected as a clean and renewable
energy source, has time and again been resisted vociferously
in North East India in recent times because of the obvious and
unintended social and environmental impacts.
The anticipated negative impacts of the associated dam and
reservoir construction have cast a threat to the security of the
indigenous people in terms of water, food, livelihood, energy
and above all, the related socio-economic concerns.
This is all the more due to the uncertainties flowing from an
inadequate understanding of the possible geo-environmental
impacts in a highly sensitive terrain. To cope and live with the
potential negative ramifications of hydropower projects, a
comprehensive hydropower policy with emphasis on long-
term environmental and social security and sustainability is
imperative.
32. ADVANTAGES:
1) No fuel required
2) Cost of electricity is constant
3) No air-pollution is created
4) Long life
5) Cost of generation of electricity
6) Can easily work during high peak daily loads
7) Irrigation of farms
8) Water sports and gardens
9) Prevents floods
33. DISADVANTAGES:
1) Disrupts the aquatic ecosystems
2) Disruption in the surrounding areas
3) Requires large areas
4) Large scale human displacement
5) Very high capital cost or investment
6) High quality construction
7) Site specific
8) Effects on environment
9) Safety of the dams
34. CONCLUSIONS:
Hydroelectric power has always been an important part of the
world’s electricity supply, providing reliable, cost efficient,
electricity, and will continue to do so in the future.
Hydropower has environmental impacts, which are very different
from those of fossil fuel power plants. The actual effects of dams
and reservoirs on various ecosystems are only now becoming
understood.
The future demand of hydro electricity will depend on future
demand for electricity, as well as how societies value the
environmental impacts of hydro electric power compared to the
impacts of other sources of electricity.