Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
An undergraduate lecture on immunologic tolerance, it's various types and how a breakdown of tolerance contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Additionally a small quiz at the end to gauge the students' learning.
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
An undergraduate lecture on immunologic tolerance, it's various types and how a breakdown of tolerance contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Additionally a small quiz at the end to gauge the students' learning.
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immunity, types,Innate immunity and Adaptive Immunity, primary and secondary immune response, structure and functions of antibodies, immunoglobulins, hypergammaglobulinemia, multiple myeloma, bence jones protein, electrophoretic pattern of multiple myeloma.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. B Cells and Humoral immunity
• The humoral response is carried out by
antibodies which are produced by Plasma
cells.
• Plasma cells are derived from activated B-
cells that are produced in the bone
marrow
3. The innate immune system
activates Acquired immunity
• Cells of the innate immune system activate the
specific immune response.
• A group of cells called Antigen presenting cells
(APC) activate the acquired immune system.
• Macrophages, Dendritic cells and B-cells are
examples of types of APCs.
• APCs turn on the acquired immune system by
activating T-Helper cells (TH-cells).
• TH-cells in turn activate either the cell mediated
or the humoral immune system.
5. APC
The Microbial antigen is
ingested by an APC and
partially digested. Fragments
from microbe bind with the
MHC II to form a MHC II /Ag
complex on the surface of the
APC
6. APC
APC
TH
A Helper T cell, specific
for the presented
antigen, binds to the
MHC II/Ag complex
8. • The interaction
between the TH-cell
and the B-cell causes
the B- cell to
differentiate into
Plasma cells and
memory cells.
TH
APC
9. Memory cells
• Memory cells do not react right away but
are held in reserve for later infections.
The secondary response that is carried
out by memory cells is different in 3 ways.
– Memory cells produce antibodies that bind with greater
affinity to their antigens than the antibodies produced in
the initial response.
– The response time is much vaster than the primary
response
– A greater number of antibodies are produced.
11. Function of Antibodies
• Antibodies function in 6
ways to protect the body
– Aggltination: Enhances
phagocytosis and reduces
number of infectious units
to be dealt with
– Opsonization: Coating
antigen with antibody
enhances phagocytosis
– Neutralization: blocks
adhesion of bacteria and
viruses to mucosa. Also
blocks active site of toxin
12. Function of Antibodies Cont
• Activation of complement
• Increases inflammation
through the byproducts of the
complement system (C5a and
C3a)
• Antibody dependant cell
mediated cytotoxicity:
Antibodies attached to target
cell cause destruction by non
specific immune system cells.
14. Structure of an Antibody
• Structure of an
Antibody
• Antibody composed
of two heavy chains
and two light chains.
These chains bind
together to make a Y
shaped molecule.
See figure 17.5.
15. Structure of Antibodies
• The two sections located
at the ends of Y’s arms
are called variable (V)
regions.
• The variable region is
structurally identical for all
antibodies synthesized by
a particular plasma cell.
• The Antibodies from each
plasma cell however are
different or unique from
all other antibodies
produced by other
plasma cell.
16. Structure of Antibodies
• The stem of the antibody
molecule as well as the lower
portion of the arms called
constant (c) regions.
• There are 5 major types of C
regions which correspond to
the 5 different classes of
antibodies.
• All plasma cells in the body
are producing one of these
classes of antibodies.
• A particular plasma cell may
switch the particular class of
Antibody that it is producing in
order to fight an infection in a
different way.
17. • The structure of Antibodies
may be described by the way
they are cut and digested by
proteases.
• The stem portion is referred to
as the FC region
• The Y portion with the top third
of the stem is referred to as
the Fab region.
• The FC region often acts as
the receptor for phagocytes
during opsonization or
Antibody dependant cell
mediated cytotoxicity.
• The FC region contains the
antigen binding region
18. IgM
• IgM expressed as membrane
bound anitbodies on B-cells
• Pentamer
– 5 units held together by disulfide
bonds
– J (Joining) chain functions in the
polymerization of monomers
• First immunoglobulin class
produced in a primary response to
an antigen
• Has 10 anitgen binding sites
• More effective at stimulating
complement
• Large-size - does not diffuse well
• The FC receptors on phagocytes
bind IgM (opsinization)
19. IgD
• Found on surface of
mature B-cells.
• Biological function
unknown (thought to
function in activation
of B-cells)
20. IgG
• Most abundant isotype in
serum (80%)
• Cross placenta and play
important role in
protecting fetus
– Provides passive immunity
to unborn fetus.
– Placental cells bind the Fc
portion of IgG and transfer
Ab across the placental
membrane.
• Activate complement
system
• Opsonin—phagocytosis
21. IgE
• Mediate the immediate
hypersensitivity reactions
(hayfever, asthma, hives,
anaphylactic shock)
– Mast cells and basophils
bind fc portion of IgE
– Cross-linkage of receptor
bound IgE molecules by
antigen, induces
degranulaltion of the Mast
and basophil cells
• Parasitic response
– Eosinophils express
receptors for IgE
22. IgA
• Most abundant Ab in the body
• Found Predominantly in external
secretions i.e. Breast Milk, Saliva,
tears, mucus.
• Serum form is a monomer
• Secretory form is a dimer or
tetramer linked together via a
“secretory component” and a J
chain.
– J (Joining) chain functions in the
polymerization of monomers.
• Plasma cells that release IgA Abs
are concentrated along the Mucus
Membrane surface.
• Provides passive immunity to
infants through mothers breast
milk
