Studying the Adaptive Immune Response - Tools for T & B Cell Research: Host D...QIAGEN
Adaptive immunity, powered by T cells and B cells, provides specific, long-lasting protection of the host from harmful invaders. This slidedeck provides an overview of T cells and B cells and their role in cell-mediated immune responses and antibody responses, respectively, against pathogens. There is also information on tools that enable analysis of T and B cell gene expression and regulation, genotyping and signal transduction pathway activation.
this slide can help you to know full details about the major type of antigen based on its activity on B or T cell. This slide consists of images to clarify your doubts
Adaptive immunity is an immunity that occurs after exposure to an antigen either from a pathogen or a vaccination. This part of the immune system is activated when the innate immune response is insufficient to control an infection. In fact, without information from the innate immune system, the adaptive response could not be mobilized. There are two types of adaptive responses: the cell-mediated immune response, which is carried out by T cells, and the humoral immune response, which is controlled by activated B cells and antibodies.
Studying the Adaptive Immune Response - Tools for T & B Cell Research: Host D...QIAGEN
Adaptive immunity, powered by T cells and B cells, provides specific, long-lasting protection of the host from harmful invaders. This slidedeck provides an overview of T cells and B cells and their role in cell-mediated immune responses and antibody responses, respectively, against pathogens. There is also information on tools that enable analysis of T and B cell gene expression and regulation, genotyping and signal transduction pathway activation.
this slide can help you to know full details about the major type of antigen based on its activity on B or T cell. This slide consists of images to clarify your doubts
Adaptive immunity is an immunity that occurs after exposure to an antigen either from a pathogen or a vaccination. This part of the immune system is activated when the innate immune response is insufficient to control an infection. In fact, without information from the innate immune system, the adaptive response could not be mobilized. There are two types of adaptive responses: the cell-mediated immune response, which is carried out by T cells, and the humoral immune response, which is controlled by activated B cells and antibodies.
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity Dr. ihsan edan abdulkar...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Here are five things to know about coronavirus tests: PCR and antigen tests are the most common but they work differently. While antigen tests look for proteins ...
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity Dr. ihsan edan abdulkar...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Here are five things to know about coronavirus tests: PCR and antigen tests are the most common but they work differently. While antigen tests look for proteins ...
An antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. This means your immune system does not recognize the substance, and is trying to fight it off. An antigen may be a substance from th
As a periodontist, I have included the basics of immunity from the periodontist point of view that will help in understanding the immunological basis of periodontal disease...
A brief covering basics of immunity understanding and also allowing students to understand with ease the concepts of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, Tcell, Bcell, MHC molecular genetics, and also cytokines and also its role in various disease.
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
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Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
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The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
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Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
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Attacks on counties – USA
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In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
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https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
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We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
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Charlie Greenberg, Host
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UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
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A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
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Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
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1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4
Immunity&hypersestivity
1. General Pathology
Lecture/4
Immunity &Hypersensitivity
By
Associate Professor
Dr. Wadhah Mahdi Al-Badir
2. • Allergen: An antigen that has the capability of inducing IgE rather than IgG
or A production in an individual, resulting in an allergic response.
• Allergy: A largely IgE-mediated, inflammatory response to non-pathogenic
antigens resulting in pathological changes that may be damaging to the
host.
• Allogeneic: Term referring to genetically different members of the same
species.
• Allograft: A tissue graft between two members of the same species who
are not genetically identical
• Atopy: Usually used synonymously with allergy. It is used to describe IgE
mediated hypersensitivity responses.
• Autograft: Transplantation of tissue from one area to another on the same
• individual.
• Autoimmunity: An immune response to self antigens which may be
confined to a particular tissue or may be expressed systemically or
throughout the body. Such a response may have a range of pathological
effects resulting in autoimmune disease.
3. • Accessory cell: Term used for a cell (often an antigen presenting cell), which plays a
B lymphocyte (B cell): Mature products of the lymphoid progenitor cell that
• when stimulated by antigen may proliferate and differentiate into memory
cellsvital role in a specific immune response but cannot by itself mediate the same
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): Cells expressing foreign
antigen (e.g. viral antigens) become the target of antigen-specific antibodies.
These antibody-labelled target cells may then be destroyed by specialised killer
cells (including some large granular lymphocytes and macrophages) which have
receptors for the Fc part of the antibody (Fc receptors, FcR) and bind to the
target cell.
Antigen-presenting cell (APC): Cells that express molecules coded for by the
Class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). They are
capable of processing and presenting antigen to T cells. APC include dendritic
cells, macrophages and B lymphocytes
B lymphocyte (B cell): Mature products of the lymphoid progenitor cell that
when stimulated by antigen may proliferate and differentiate into memory cells or
terminally differentiated plasma cells, which secrete antibody of the same
specificity as that on the originally activated parent cell.
4. Table /Characteristics that distinguish T from B lymphocytes
Characteristic Tcells B cells
Cell type Mononuclear Mononuclear
leukocyte/lymphocyte leukocyte/lymphocyte
Membrane molecules that Tcell antigen receptor Immunoglobulin/CD79a/b
Allow binding of antigen (TCR)/CD3 B cell antigen receptor
^ the antigen receptor (BCR)
Characteristic surface CD3, CD4 or CD8 Membrane
Membrane molecules Immunoglobulins
(mIg), CD19, CD20, CD40
Chief secretory products Lymphokines Antibodies
5. CELLS AND TISSUES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 3
Figure 1.1 Representation of the developmental lineage of immunologically active cells
6. Figure 1.4 Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
In a virally infected cell, some of the viral proteins are expressed on the cell membrane allowing
virus-specific antibodies to bind to them. A killer cell can attach to this antibody using its Fc
receptor and is thereby activated and kills the virally infected target cell. This activity is known as
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
7. • Antigenic determinant: That part of an antigen which binds to antigen-binding
sites on the T or B cell antigen receptors. Also known as an epitope. Complex
antigens may have many different antigenic determinants or epitopes, each of
which can be recognised by different T or B cells.
• Antigen processing: The pathways (endogenous or exogenous) by which large
molecules are broken down within antigen presenting cells so that they can associate
with the products of the major histocompatibility complex genes and be
presented on the surface of the antigen-presenting cell.
• Carrier: A large molecule, which when attached to a smaller, non-immunogenic
molecule (hapten) allows the latter to stimulate an immune response.
• Cell-mediated cytotoxicity: The killing of another cell by an effector cell (e.g.
cytotoxic T cell, natural killer cell, macrophage).
• Cell-mediated immunity (CMI): All those immune responses in which antibody
plays little or no part. Largely mediated by T cells, macrophages and NK cells.
• Chemotaxin: A chemical capable of attracting cells through binding of specific
receptors on the cell surface and promoting their chemotaxis.
• Chemotaxis: The directed migration of cells up a concentration gradient of an
8. Inflammation versus Infection/ protection x invasion
• Inflammations either A. acute, B. chronic
• Changes in acute inflammation include
1.vascular events (hemodynamic& inc permeability)
2.cellular events (leukocytes exudates& phagocytosis)
• Components of immune system
1. Innate, natural immunity. Non specific, No Ag specificity
A).humoral ; complement system.
B). cellular; by PMNs, Macrophages, natural killer cells, NK
2. Adaptive immunity , specific.; Ag specific
A).humoral; Ab formed by B lymphocytes
B). cellular mediated by T lymphocytes forming cytokines
• Lymphocytes appear morphologically homogenous group, but functionally are of 2
major types B.-lymphocytes which differentiate into plasma cells Abs production
& T- lymphocytes proliferate in contact with appropriate Ag, after that accessory cells
(PMNs¯ophages) play critical role in completion of the immunological reaction.
These 2 types can be only differentiated by immunological methods,B cells by specific
Ab secretion, T cells by surface molecule, monoclonal Ab according to cluster differen –
tiation(CD)
9. Macrophages are monocytes & tissues macrophages;Their functions are:
1. Ag recognition & presentation to B &T lymphocytes
2. Phagocytic action due to presence of surface receptor for Fc fragment of IgG&C3
complement
3. IL-1 production play a role in B&T cells differentiation.
4. Lysing action on tumor cells by toxic metabolites.
5. As effector cells in cell mediated immunity e.g. delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
Act as mediator of inflammation in release ot PGs ,,activation of coagulation factors&
in secretion of acute phase reactant proteins by the liver
• -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Human Leucocyte Antigen(HLA) System
It is not a component of Immunity system, but regulate it& play role in tissue matching
and transplantation, most transplantation genes are present in ch.6of all nucleated
cells of the body& platelets called Major Histocompatability Complex(MHC) or (HLA)
complex on loci A,B,C&D on P arm of ch 6 w marked variation in allelic gene in each
locus,so it is highly polymorphic
MHC divided into
1.Class I MHC Ag have loci as HLA A,B&C. CD8 lymphocytes carry receptor for Class I
HLA Ag and used to identify it
10. MHC
2. Class II MHC Ag has single locus HLA D w further 3 loci DR.DQ,DP..It is identified byB
cells&CD4+T or T helper cells.
3.ClassIII Ag: some component of complement system C2,C4.codedon HLA complex Ag ,it
doesn't associate w HLA expression(useless in T matching).The polymorphism of Class I&II by
numbered loci eg.HLA-A1,A2..etc.
Roles of HLA complex in
1) Organ transplantation 2)regulation of immune system, humoral & cellular immunity
A) I Ag regulates function of cytotoxic cells (CD8+} eg. Viral infection.
B) II Ag regulates function of helper T cells(CD 4)
3)Association of disease w HLA
a. inflam..ankylosing spondylitis
b. Autoimmune dis..Rheumatoid arthritis.
c. Inherited disorders of metabolism..idiopathic hemochromatosis
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Diseases of Immunity
Immunity = Resistance to protect the body
Hypersensitivity is interchangeable w allergy
Diseases of immunity are of 4 types
11. Diseases of Immunity
1. Immunodeficiency disorders: Primary ,or Secondary eg.AIDS.
2. Hypersensitivity Reactions an exagurated immune response leading to various types
of T injury.
3. Autoimmune diseases: failure to recognize self from non self( collagen diseases)
4. Possible immunity disorders: may be due to immunological disorder in their
etiopathogenesis eg. Amyloidosis.
Primary Immunodeficiency
1. Combined B & T cells and Igs (bone marrow disorders)
2. T cells defects, Thymic hypoplasia.
3. B cells defects, Ab deficiency diseases.
4. Common variable immunodeficiency,decrease Ab production.
Secondary immunodeficiency
1. Infections 2.cancer 3.lymphoid diseases 4.Malnutrition 5.sarcoidosis
6.Autoimmune disease 7.transplantation
AIDS /Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
,A human T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus,a s cytopathic virus has tropism to CD4 T
lymphocytes causing lysis of cells..it is of two types HIV1&HIV2.the viron consists
of core protein p24&p18,2 strands of RNA & the enz. reverse transcriptase
12. AIDS
WHO definition: existence of at least 2 major signs w at least one minor sign
Major signs: 1)wht loss >10% of body wht, 2) ch. diarrhea >1m, 3)fever >1m.
Minor signs: 1) rec orapharyngeal candidiasis 2)persistant generalized
lymphadenopathy 3) persistent cough >1m
Mode of transmission; 1)sexual 75% 2) paranteral 25% 3) perinatal transmission
Virus isolated from; semen vaginal ,cervical secretion, breast milk, synovial ,pericardial
peritoneal and amniotic fluid
AIDS cannot transmitted by non sexual casual contact, or sharing household facilities.
Sterilization & disinfection: by usual chemical germicidal w low conc. As formaldehyde
5% , ethanol 70%,chlorine bleaching,gluteraldehyde2%.
Phases of AIDS are three
1. Acute HIV syndrome (3—12w) seroconversion illness.
a)viremia (high level) b)seroconversion in3-6 w(virus specific imm response),c) inc.
CD8+T cells, d) selflimited nonspecific viral infection(flue like).
2.Middle chronic phase (10—12 yr)competition bet HIV & immune system
a) Viremia b) ch stage ,duration depends on host imm syst, c) CD4+ T cells continue to
prolif but the end result is dec.in No ofCD4+T,d) CD8+T cell count remain high,
f) Clinically a stage of latency,(CDC stage II) or w constitutional sympt+persistant
gen.lymph (CDC stageIII)
13. AIDS. cont.
3)Final stage characterized by profound immunosuppression& onset of full-blownAIDS
w the following features a) marked inc in viremia,b) time fom inf to eull blown
stage is 7—10 yrs death.c)CD4+T cell count dec.(<200/ul),d)clinically the features
of 5 subgroups (CDC stage IV)
1.subgr.A constit sympt of fever>1m,wht loss>10% B Wht, ch diarrhea >1m.
2.Subgr B neurogenic disease( vir meningoencephalitis’aseptic meningitis,periph
neuropathy& AIDS dementia.
3. Subgr C secondary opportunistic inf.(viral,bact & fungal or parasitic)
4.Subgr D s econdary neoplasm; (Kaposi sar, HL&NHL,Burkitt lymphoblastoma,, prim
CNS lymphomas)
5. Subgr E: CD4+T cells<200 ,pul TB,& rec pneumonia.
Average survival at onset of stage 3=18—24 m.
PATHOLIGICAL CHANGES: morphological changes are stage dependent
1.Lymphoid tissues early,B cells hyperplasia(nonsp follicular hyperpl+ plaslacytosis in
medulla of LN
Full blown AIDS;universal lymphoid depletionappor inf&malig lymphoma
2.Wide spread apport inf
3.AIDs associated cancer,uterus vagina cervix anus
4.Neurological manifestations
5.AIDS nephropathy,segmental glomerulonephritis.
14. LAB DIAGNOSIS
1. initial testing forAb HIV by ELISA
2. Confirmation by Western blot OR immunofluorescent test.of 2 types
1) specific test, i.serologicaltest ELISA,Western blot,& immunofl.
Ii Ag detection tests using envelope&core pt of HIV by recombent DNA
technique
Iii.Virus isolation in culture
iv.Polymerasr chain reaction PCR
2)indirect tests ; iCD4&CD8 cells count,reversal CD4/CD8 ratio
ii.Lymphopenia iiiLN biopsy iv thrombocytopenia Vincrease
B2microglobulin.
AUTOIMMUNE DIDEASES
15. EXAMPLES
i.Systemic anaphylaxis
(antisera,drugs,sting)
ii.Local anphylaxis(hay fever,
br asthma,food allergy)
i.Autoim hemolytic an,ITP,
trasf reaction, eryth fetalis,
leucopenia, drug induced
ii. Mysth gravis, male sterility
iii. Tumor cells,parasites
i.ATS inj,farmer’s lung
ii.Glomerioneph, collagen dis,
sk dis,uveitis
Type IV I. Clasical delayed hypersensitivity i.tuberculin,TB,Tb leprosy,
(Cell mediated) mediated by CD4 + t lymphocytes typhoid, contact dermatitis
II.T cell mediated cytotoxicity by CD8+ ii virus infected cells,tumor
16. Autoimmune Diseases
Immune system fail to distinguish between self & non self,it is the opposite of immune
tolerance
immune tolerance is a normal phenomenon since fetal life, it is the ability to recognize
Self tissue antigens, Through
1. Clonal elimination of T lymphocytes