The document discusses the characteristics and components of adaptive immunity. There are two main types: humoral immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells, and cellular immunity mediated by T cells. Humoral immunity responds to extracellular pathogens by generating antibodies that bind to antigens, while cellular immunity utilizes T cells to identify and destroy infected cells. The adaptive immune system has memory and can mount faster responses upon reexposure to pathogens.
immunity, types,Innate immunity and Adaptive Immunity, primary and secondary immune response, structure and functions of antibodies, immunoglobulins, hypergammaglobulinemia, multiple myeloma, bence jones protein, electrophoretic pattern of multiple myeloma.
The immune system has two main branches - innate immunity which provides broad and immediate protection against pathogens, and adaptive immunity which provides pathogen-specific protection through immune cells and antibodies. The adaptive immune system includes B cells that produce antibodies and T cells that identify and destroy infected cells. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that recognize pathogens by binding to them, marking them for destruction. They have a variable region that binds antigens and a constant region that activates immune responses. The classes of antibodies include IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE which have different structures and functions.
The document provides an overview of basic immunology. It discusses the immune system and its components, including innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system provides non-specific defenses and includes physical barriers, phagocytes, complement proteins, cytokines, and natural killer cells. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and provides long-lasting, pathogen-specific protection in the form of antibodies and T-cells. Key cellular responses include inflammation, antigen presentation, complement activation, and the roles of B-cells and T-cells in humoral and cellular immunity.
The document discusses key aspects of immunity and the immune system. It defines immunology as the study of the immune system, including its components, functions, and interactions. The immune system protects the body from pathogens using both innate, nonspecific responses and adaptive, antigen-specific responses. The system includes cells, tissues, organs, and molecular responses. It also outlines the development of the immune system from stem cells and the roles of B cells, T cells, antibodies, and the mechanisms of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
The document discusses the types of immunity provided by the immune system, including humoral immunity and cellular immunity. Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B cells, while cellular immunity is mediated by T cells and involves the destruction of infected cells. The mechanisms of innate immunity are also described, such as physical and chemical barriers, nonspecific resistance factors, and inflammation. Adaptive immunity provides antigen-specific immune responses through B and T cells.
This document provides an overview of specific immunity and the adaptive immune response. It discusses the third line of defense provided by adaptive immunity and the roles of B cells, T cells, antigens, and antibodies. The four main stages of the specific immune response are described: lymphocyte development, antigen presentation, challenge of lymphocytes by antigens, and the T cell and B cell responses. Key concepts like antigen processing, MHC presentation, and the structures of antibodies are also summarized.
The document discusses the characteristics and components of adaptive immunity. There are two main types: humoral immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells, and cellular immunity mediated by T cells. Humoral immunity responds to extracellular pathogens by generating antibodies that bind to antigens, while cellular immunity utilizes T cells to identify and destroy infected cells. The adaptive immune system has memory and can mount faster responses upon reexposure to pathogens.
immunity, types,Innate immunity and Adaptive Immunity, primary and secondary immune response, structure and functions of antibodies, immunoglobulins, hypergammaglobulinemia, multiple myeloma, bence jones protein, electrophoretic pattern of multiple myeloma.
The immune system has two main branches - innate immunity which provides broad and immediate protection against pathogens, and adaptive immunity which provides pathogen-specific protection through immune cells and antibodies. The adaptive immune system includes B cells that produce antibodies and T cells that identify and destroy infected cells. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that recognize pathogens by binding to them, marking them for destruction. They have a variable region that binds antigens and a constant region that activates immune responses. The classes of antibodies include IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE which have different structures and functions.
The document provides an overview of basic immunology. It discusses the immune system and its components, including innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system provides non-specific defenses and includes physical barriers, phagocytes, complement proteins, cytokines, and natural killer cells. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and provides long-lasting, pathogen-specific protection in the form of antibodies and T-cells. Key cellular responses include inflammation, antigen presentation, complement activation, and the roles of B-cells and T-cells in humoral and cellular immunity.
The document discusses key aspects of immunity and the immune system. It defines immunology as the study of the immune system, including its components, functions, and interactions. The immune system protects the body from pathogens using both innate, nonspecific responses and adaptive, antigen-specific responses. The system includes cells, tissues, organs, and molecular responses. It also outlines the development of the immune system from stem cells and the roles of B cells, T cells, antibodies, and the mechanisms of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
The document discusses the types of immunity provided by the immune system, including humoral immunity and cellular immunity. Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B cells, while cellular immunity is mediated by T cells and involves the destruction of infected cells. The mechanisms of innate immunity are also described, such as physical and chemical barriers, nonspecific resistance factors, and inflammation. Adaptive immunity provides antigen-specific immune responses through B and T cells.
This document provides an overview of specific immunity and the adaptive immune response. It discusses the third line of defense provided by adaptive immunity and the roles of B cells, T cells, antigens, and antibodies. The four main stages of the specific immune response are described: lymphocyte development, antigen presentation, challenge of lymphocytes by antigens, and the T cell and B cell responses. Key concepts like antigen processing, MHC presentation, and the structures of antibodies are also summarized.
The document discusses the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity. It describes the three lines of defense in the immune system: physical and chemical barriers, nonspecific resistance, and specific resistance. The mechanisms of innate immunity include epithelial surfaces, antibacterial substances, cellular factors, inflammation, fever, and acute phase proteins. Adaptive immunity involves B cells, T cells, and immunological memory. The humoral immune response involves antibody production by B cells, while cell-mediated immunity involves T cell activation and cytotoxic T cells destroying infected cells.
The document provides an overview of immunity and the immune system. It defines key terms related to immunity and outlines three lines of defense - nonspecific, innate defenses as the first line; inflammatory response and phagocytes as the second line; and specific acquired immunity involving humoral and cell-mediated responses as the third line. It further describes concepts such as phagocytosis, immunoglobulins, and immune tolerance.
1. The document describes various screening methods used to evaluate immunopharmacological agents, including their ability to modulate the immune system.
2. In vitro screening methods include testing agents' ability to inhibit histamine release from mast cells, mitigate mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, and reduce chemiluminescence in macrophages stimulated by antigens or phorbol esters.
3. In vivo screening involves examining agents' effects on spontaneous autoimmune diseases in animals and models of hypersensitivity like adjuvant arthritis in rats.
The document summarizes basic concepts of immunology and immunity. It discusses the types of immunity including innate, adaptive, and passive immunity. It describes the cells and tissues involved in the immune system response including B cells, T cells, antibodies, and cytokines. It explains the mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. It also discusses immunization through active or passive immunization methods and provides examples of common vaccines.
Here are five things to know about coronavirus tests: PCR and antigen tests are the most common but they work differently. While antigen tests look for proteins ...
An antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. This means your immune system does not recognize the substance, and is trying to fight it off. An antigen may be a substance from th
This document provides an overview of the immune system and immunology. It discusses the immune response, functions of the immune system, types of immune cells, acquired immunity, humoral responses, B-cell activation and proliferation. The key points are: immunology studies the immune system and its response to protect the body from pathogens; the immune system recognizes foreign substances and acts to neutralize or destroy them; acquired immunity creates immunological memory to enhance response to subsequent exposures. B-cells play a major role in the humoral immune response by differentiating into plasma cells that secrete antibodies specific to antigens.
The immune system consists of myeloid cells like dendritic cells and macrophages that recognize pathogens. Dendritic cells present antigens to lymphocytes to initiate an adaptive immune response. Macrophages phagocytose pathogens and dead cells. Other components include neutrophils, NK cells, cytokines, antibodies, and the complement system. The immune response has both a specific component mediated by B and T cells, and a nonspecific augmentation involving myeloid cells and cytokines. Antibodies are produced by activated B cells, while T cells mediate cellular immunity through cytotoxicity and cytokine release.
Adaptive immunity can be acquired naturally through infection or artificially through immunoglobulin injection or vaccination. It involves two main mechanisms: humoral immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity mediated by T lymphocytes. Adaptive immunity is characterized by antigen specificity, diversity, immunological memory, self/non-self discrimination, and anamnestic responses. B and T lymphocytes develop and mature in the bone marrow and thymus, respectively, undergoing selection processes to respond appropriately to pathogens.
The document discusses the immune system. It describes that innate immunity provides immediate protection from birth through nonspecific responses like physical barriers and phagocytes. Acquired immunity develops after exposure through specific responses by B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies targeted to extracellular pathogens. T cells help activate other immune cells and cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells. The adaptive immune response involves clonal selection of lymphocytes and generation of memory cells that provide faster responses. Antibodies function by agglutination, opsonization, neutralization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity to eliminate pathogens.
Adaptive immunity can be acquired naturally through infection or artificially through immunoglobulin injection or vaccination. It involves two main mechanisms: humoral immunity where B cells produce antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity where T cells attack foreign material directly or through cytokine release. Adaptive immunity is characterized by antigen specificity, diversity, immunological memory, self/non-self recognition, and anamnestic responses. B and T cells develop through selection processes in the bone marrow and thymus respectively to respond appropriately to pathogens.
1. The immune system recognizes foreign bodies and responds with immune cells and proteins. It consists of innate and adaptive immunity.
2. Innate immunity provides immediate defenses and involves barriers and nonspecific responses. Adaptive immunity develops after exposure and involves specific responses using B and T cells with pathogen-specific receptors.
3. The lecture discusses the immune defenses of invertebrates and vertebrates, including barriers, phagocytes, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, and natural killer cells as part of innate immunity. Adaptive immunity provides specific responses through B and T cells and antibodies.
The document summarizes key concepts about immunity, including:
1. Immunity involves barriers, inflammation responses, and lymphocytes that provide specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
2. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that interact specifically with antigens through antigen binding sites.
3. Antigen-antibody interactions like neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and complement fixation help eliminate pathogens.
The document outlines the objectives and key concepts of innate and adaptive immunity. It discusses:
- The principal cells and tissues of the immune system, including lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
- The differences between innate and adaptive immunity, where innate immunity provides immediate response and adaptive immunity has immunological memory and is antigen-specific.
- How innate immunity involves epithelial barriers, phagocytes, natural killer cells, and plasma proteins while adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes and humoral or cell-mediated responses.
- How lymphocytes recognize antigens through membrane-bound antibodies on B cells or T cell receptors that recognize antigen peptides bound to MHC molecules.
Immune System - The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against infection.
The immune system keeps a record of every microbe it has ever defeated so it can recognize and destroy the microbe quickly if it enters the body again.
Abnormalities of the immune system can lead to allergic disease, immunodeficiencies and autoimmune disorders.
Antigen - Any factors or agents that can enter the body and create an immune response are called antigen.
Formation of immune cells - Immune cells are produced by hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells are self-renewing and reside in the medulla of the bone ( bone marrow ).
HSCs are divided into two main lineages, lymphoid progenitor cells or myeloid progenitor cells.
Myeloid cells - Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Mast cells, Monocyte, Macrophage, Dendritic Cell
Lymphoid cells - B Lymphocytes,
T Lymphocyte, NK Cells
Antigen presenting cells - Professional antigen presenting
cells : Macrophage, Dendritic cell, B Lymphocyte
Non professional antigen presenting cell: Non-professional antigen presenting cells include all nucleated cell types in the body.
Proteins of immune system - Set of serum proteins that co-operate with both Innate and adaptive immune system to eliminate blood and tissue pathogen.
Organs of immune cells - Spleen, Lymph node, Tonsils , MALT, Bone marrow, Thymus
Types of immunity -
Innate Immunity: Innate immune response is in born and is the first line of defense against pathogen
Adaptive immunity: Antigenic specificity. It have immunological memory
Immune Receptors - It is a specialized structures found in the cell membrane. They are mainly composed of proteins, which bind to pathogens and causes a response in immune system
The immune system protects the body from pathogens and other foreign substances. It has both innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate protection through barriers, chemicals, and cells. Acquired immunity develops from exposure through antibodies and lymphocytes. The components that work together in the immune response include lymphocytes like B and T cells, antibodies, lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues. Antigens are recognized by these immune cells, triggering a response to eliminate the pathogen.
The document summarizes immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the body's ability to resist harmful microbes and discusses the immune system's role in protecting the body from disease. The immune system uses both innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and inflammatory responses. Acquired immunity allows for specific pathogen recognition through B cells, T cells, and antibodies and provides immunological memory.
The document summarizes key concepts about the immune system, including innate immunity, acquired immunity, lymphocytes, antibodies, phagocytosis, and the roles of B cells, T cells, and macrophages. Innate immunity provides nonspecific defenses like skin, mucus, and antimicrobial proteins. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and produces targeted responses like antibodies. Lymphocytes include B and T cells that carry out humoral and cellular immunity.
The document summarizes key concepts about the immune system, including innate immunity, acquired immunity, lymphocytes, antibodies, phagocytosis, and the roles of B cells, T cells, and macrophages. Innate immunity provides nonspecific defenses like skin, mucus, and antimicrobial proteins. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and produces targeted responses like antibodies. Lymphocytes include B and T cells that carry out humoral and cellular immunity.
The document discusses the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity. It describes the three lines of defense in the immune system: physical and chemical barriers, nonspecific resistance, and specific resistance. The mechanisms of innate immunity include epithelial surfaces, antibacterial substances, cellular factors, inflammation, fever, and acute phase proteins. Adaptive immunity involves B cells, T cells, and immunological memory. The humoral immune response involves antibody production by B cells, while cell-mediated immunity involves T cell activation and cytotoxic T cells destroying infected cells.
The document provides an overview of immunity and the immune system. It defines key terms related to immunity and outlines three lines of defense - nonspecific, innate defenses as the first line; inflammatory response and phagocytes as the second line; and specific acquired immunity involving humoral and cell-mediated responses as the third line. It further describes concepts such as phagocytosis, immunoglobulins, and immune tolerance.
1. The document describes various screening methods used to evaluate immunopharmacological agents, including their ability to modulate the immune system.
2. In vitro screening methods include testing agents' ability to inhibit histamine release from mast cells, mitigate mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, and reduce chemiluminescence in macrophages stimulated by antigens or phorbol esters.
3. In vivo screening involves examining agents' effects on spontaneous autoimmune diseases in animals and models of hypersensitivity like adjuvant arthritis in rats.
The document summarizes basic concepts of immunology and immunity. It discusses the types of immunity including innate, adaptive, and passive immunity. It describes the cells and tissues involved in the immune system response including B cells, T cells, antibodies, and cytokines. It explains the mechanisms of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. It also discusses immunization through active or passive immunization methods and provides examples of common vaccines.
Here are five things to know about coronavirus tests: PCR and antigen tests are the most common but they work differently. While antigen tests look for proteins ...
An antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. This means your immune system does not recognize the substance, and is trying to fight it off. An antigen may be a substance from th
This document provides an overview of the immune system and immunology. It discusses the immune response, functions of the immune system, types of immune cells, acquired immunity, humoral responses, B-cell activation and proliferation. The key points are: immunology studies the immune system and its response to protect the body from pathogens; the immune system recognizes foreign substances and acts to neutralize or destroy them; acquired immunity creates immunological memory to enhance response to subsequent exposures. B-cells play a major role in the humoral immune response by differentiating into plasma cells that secrete antibodies specific to antigens.
The immune system consists of myeloid cells like dendritic cells and macrophages that recognize pathogens. Dendritic cells present antigens to lymphocytes to initiate an adaptive immune response. Macrophages phagocytose pathogens and dead cells. Other components include neutrophils, NK cells, cytokines, antibodies, and the complement system. The immune response has both a specific component mediated by B and T cells, and a nonspecific augmentation involving myeloid cells and cytokines. Antibodies are produced by activated B cells, while T cells mediate cellular immunity through cytotoxicity and cytokine release.
Adaptive immunity can be acquired naturally through infection or artificially through immunoglobulin injection or vaccination. It involves two main mechanisms: humoral immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity mediated by T lymphocytes. Adaptive immunity is characterized by antigen specificity, diversity, immunological memory, self/non-self discrimination, and anamnestic responses. B and T lymphocytes develop and mature in the bone marrow and thymus, respectively, undergoing selection processes to respond appropriately to pathogens.
The document discusses the immune system. It describes that innate immunity provides immediate protection from birth through nonspecific responses like physical barriers and phagocytes. Acquired immunity develops after exposure through specific responses by B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies targeted to extracellular pathogens. T cells help activate other immune cells and cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells. The adaptive immune response involves clonal selection of lymphocytes and generation of memory cells that provide faster responses. Antibodies function by agglutination, opsonization, neutralization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity to eliminate pathogens.
Adaptive immunity can be acquired naturally through infection or artificially through immunoglobulin injection or vaccination. It involves two main mechanisms: humoral immunity where B cells produce antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity where T cells attack foreign material directly or through cytokine release. Adaptive immunity is characterized by antigen specificity, diversity, immunological memory, self/non-self recognition, and anamnestic responses. B and T cells develop through selection processes in the bone marrow and thymus respectively to respond appropriately to pathogens.
1. The immune system recognizes foreign bodies and responds with immune cells and proteins. It consists of innate and adaptive immunity.
2. Innate immunity provides immediate defenses and involves barriers and nonspecific responses. Adaptive immunity develops after exposure and involves specific responses using B and T cells with pathogen-specific receptors.
3. The lecture discusses the immune defenses of invertebrates and vertebrates, including barriers, phagocytes, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, and natural killer cells as part of innate immunity. Adaptive immunity provides specific responses through B and T cells and antibodies.
The document summarizes key concepts about immunity, including:
1. Immunity involves barriers, inflammation responses, and lymphocytes that provide specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
2. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that interact specifically with antigens through antigen binding sites.
3. Antigen-antibody interactions like neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and complement fixation help eliminate pathogens.
The document outlines the objectives and key concepts of innate and adaptive immunity. It discusses:
- The principal cells and tissues of the immune system, including lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
- The differences between innate and adaptive immunity, where innate immunity provides immediate response and adaptive immunity has immunological memory and is antigen-specific.
- How innate immunity involves epithelial barriers, phagocytes, natural killer cells, and plasma proteins while adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes and humoral or cell-mediated responses.
- How lymphocytes recognize antigens through membrane-bound antibodies on B cells or T cell receptors that recognize antigen peptides bound to MHC molecules.
Immune System - The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against infection.
The immune system keeps a record of every microbe it has ever defeated so it can recognize and destroy the microbe quickly if it enters the body again.
Abnormalities of the immune system can lead to allergic disease, immunodeficiencies and autoimmune disorders.
Antigen - Any factors or agents that can enter the body and create an immune response are called antigen.
Formation of immune cells - Immune cells are produced by hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells are self-renewing and reside in the medulla of the bone ( bone marrow ).
HSCs are divided into two main lineages, lymphoid progenitor cells or myeloid progenitor cells.
Myeloid cells - Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Mast cells, Monocyte, Macrophage, Dendritic Cell
Lymphoid cells - B Lymphocytes,
T Lymphocyte, NK Cells
Antigen presenting cells - Professional antigen presenting
cells : Macrophage, Dendritic cell, B Lymphocyte
Non professional antigen presenting cell: Non-professional antigen presenting cells include all nucleated cell types in the body.
Proteins of immune system - Set of serum proteins that co-operate with both Innate and adaptive immune system to eliminate blood and tissue pathogen.
Organs of immune cells - Spleen, Lymph node, Tonsils , MALT, Bone marrow, Thymus
Types of immunity -
Innate Immunity: Innate immune response is in born and is the first line of defense against pathogen
Adaptive immunity: Antigenic specificity. It have immunological memory
Immune Receptors - It is a specialized structures found in the cell membrane. They are mainly composed of proteins, which bind to pathogens and causes a response in immune system
The immune system protects the body from pathogens and other foreign substances. It has both innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate protection through barriers, chemicals, and cells. Acquired immunity develops from exposure through antibodies and lymphocytes. The components that work together in the immune response include lymphocytes like B and T cells, antibodies, lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues. Antigens are recognized by these immune cells, triggering a response to eliminate the pathogen.
The document summarizes immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the body's ability to resist harmful microbes and discusses the immune system's role in protecting the body from disease. The immune system uses both innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and inflammatory responses. Acquired immunity allows for specific pathogen recognition through B cells, T cells, and antibodies and provides immunological memory.
The document summarizes key concepts about the immune system, including innate immunity, acquired immunity, lymphocytes, antibodies, phagocytosis, and the roles of B cells, T cells, and macrophages. Innate immunity provides nonspecific defenses like skin, mucus, and antimicrobial proteins. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and produces targeted responses like antibodies. Lymphocytes include B and T cells that carry out humoral and cellular immunity.
The document summarizes key concepts about the immune system, including innate immunity, acquired immunity, lymphocytes, antibodies, phagocytosis, and the roles of B cells, T cells, and macrophages. Innate immunity provides nonspecific defenses like skin, mucus, and antimicrobial proteins. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and produces targeted responses like antibodies. Lymphocytes include B and T cells that carry out humoral and cellular immunity.
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publication_1_u8888875431453987_1596.pdf
1. Curriculum: Phase 1/ Semester2/ TOB / Session 10
Lecturer: Dr. Ayam mohammed salih.
Degrees: phD of Microbiology .
Email: ms_ay20@yahoo.com
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
2. Learning outcomes
Having revised this lecture you should be able to:
• Briefly describe the cellular and humoral components
of the innate and adaptive immune systems
• Describe the main differences between the innate and
adaptive immune responses
• Give examples of the cooperation and interdependence of the
innate and adaptive immune systems
3. immune system
• The body’s defense against disease
causing organisms. The immune system
recognizes foreign bodies by structures
on their cell walls and responds with the
production of immune cells and proteins
4. Innate immunity
• is present before any exposure to pathogens
and is effective from the time of birth
• It involves nonspecific responses to
pathogens
• Innate immunity consists of external barriers
plus internal cellular and chemical defenses
5. The First Line of Defense
Skin
- The dead, outer layer of skin, known as
the epidermis, forms a shield against
invaders and secretes chemicals that kill
potential invaders
6. Mucus and Cilia
- Breathe in, foreign particles
and bacteria bump into
mucus throughout your
respiratory system and
become stuck
- Hair-like structures called
cilia sweep this mucus into
the throat for coughing or
swallowing
7. Saliva
• Saliva contains many chemicals that break down bacteria
• Stomach Acid
- Swallowed bacteria are broken down by
strong acids in the stomach that break down
your food
9. • Cellular innate defenses also involve natural killer
cells
• These circulate through the body and detect
abnormal cells
• They release chemicals leading to cell death,
inhibiting the spread of virally infected or
cancerous cells
10. Cellular Innate Defenses
White Blood Cells
- If invaders actually get within the body, then your
white blood cells (WBCs) begin their attack
- WBCs normally circulate throughout the blood,
but will enter the body’s tissues if invaders are
detected
- A white blood cell engulfs a microbe, then fuses
with a lysosome to destroy the microbe
15. • Natural immunity present from birth
• Not specific for any particular microbial
substance
• Not enhanced by second exposure
• Has no memory
• Uses cellular and humoral components
• Is poorly effective without adaptive immunity
Innate immunity
16. • Immunity established to adapt to infection
• Learnt by experience
• Confers pathogen-specific immunity
• Enhanced by second exposure
• Has memory
• Uses cellular and humoral components
• Is poorly effective without innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
21. Lymphocyte antigen receptors
Until the 1960’s, lymphocytes had no known function.
T and B cells are essentially inactive until they
encounter antigen.
T and B cells express ANTIGEN RECEPTORS
Lyc
B
The B cell antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody
SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULIN
T
The T cell antigen receptor IS NOT membrane bound
antibody but a distinct molecule
T CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR
23. • Antigens: are substances that can elicit a response
from a B or T cell
• Exposure to the pathogen activates B and T cells
with antigen receptors specific for parts of that
pathogen
• The small accessible part of an antigen that binds to
an antigen receptor is called an epitope
• Antibody
– Y-shaped antigen receptor (protein), made only by B
cells, that binds only to the antigen that prompted its
synthesis
– Facilitates phagocytosis, or neutralizes pathogens or
toxins
26. Cytoplasm of B cell
Antigen-
binding
site
B cell
antigen
receptor
B cell
Light
chain
Disulfide
bridge
Antigen-
binding site
Variable
regions
Constant
regions
Transmembrane
region
Heavy
chains
Plasma
membrane
C C
Figure 43.9
27. Antigen Recognition by B Cells and
Antibodies
• Each B cell antigen receptor is a Y-shaped
molecule with two identical heavy chains and
two identical light chains
• The constant regions of the chains vary little
among B cells, whereas the variable regions
differ greatly
• The variable regions provide antigen
specificity
30. T cell
antigen
receptor
T cell Cytoplasm of T cell
Plasma
membrane
chain
chain
Disulfide
bridge
Antigen-
binding
site
Variable
regions
Constant
regions
Transmembrane
region
V V
C C
Figure 43.11
31. Pathogens
(such as bacteria,
fungi, and viruses)
INNATE IMMUNITY
• Rapid response
Recognition of traits shared
by broad ranges of
pathogens, using a small
set of receptors
•
Recognition of traits
specific to particular
pathogens, using a vast
array of receptors
•
• Slower response
Barrier defenses:
Skin
Mucous membranes
Secretions
Internal defenses:
Phagocytic cells
Natural killer cells
Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response
Humoral response:
Antibodies defend against
infection in body fluids.
Cell-mediated response:
Cytotoxic cells defend
against infection in body cells.
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Figure 43.2
