This document discusses the musculoskeletal and respiratory systems. It provides information on muscles, their relationships during movement, and types of muscle contractions. It also describes the main components and functions of the respiratory system, including how oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide discharged. The circulatory system is then covered, outlining the components of blood, structure and function of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and pulmonary and systemic circulation. Blood pressure measurement using a sphygmomanometer is also summarized.

6. Provide a fulcrum point for muscles to do work.
They are strong connections that join bones, teeth and cartilage of the
body to one another.

8. Flexion Extension
Abduction

9. Adduction

10. How many muscles are in the human body?
How do we determine the major muscles involved in a
movement and related joint action?

11. If Nikolina performs a narrow grip bench press while Chris uses a wide
grip are they working the same muscles?

13. • There are four main muscle
relationships:
• Agonists (prime movers)
• Antagonists
• Stabilizers
• assistors

14. Agonists (prime muscle mover)- the agonists are generally the
muscle being worked on
Antagonist- is the opposing muscle of the agonist
Stabilizers- are the muscles that control the joint and allow the
exercise to be performed without damaging the it
Assistors- help the agonist muscle during
the
exercise motion

15. • no change in length of the muscle that is contracting
• using your muscles to successfully push or pull an object.
Isotonic contractions are further divided into two types:
• muscle decreases in length against an opposing load, such as lifting a weight up.
• muscle increases in length as it resists a load, such as lowering a weight down in a
slow, controlled fashion.

18. The respiratory system is the system in the human body that enables
us to breathe.
• inhaling and exhaling
• absorption of oxygen from
• discharge of carbon dioxide

19. The respiratory system is divided into two parts:
This includes the nose, mouth, and the
beginning of the trachea (the section that takes air in and lets it out).
This includes the trachea, the bronchi,
broncheoli and the lungs (the act of breathing takes place in this part of the
system).

21. The chest contains two lungs, one on either side of it. Soft and
protected by the ribcage, the lungs have the following purpose:
Oxygen is a gas that provides us energy
while carbon dioxide is a waste product
or "exhaust" of the
body.

22. • the nose acts as a filter when
• breathing in
• coughing

23. Circulatory System

24. Components of Blood
Red Blood Cells:
 Carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body
 Remove waste from the blood e.g. carbon dioxide
 Transfusions of red blood cells are used to treat who suffer from
conditions such as: sever anaemia or patients who suffer severe
blood loss

25. Components of Blood
White Blood Cells
 Vital part of immune system, help body fight infection.
 Circulate in the blood so they can be transported to the area where
the infection has developed.
 Increase of white blood cell count is a sign of infection within the
body.

26. Components of Blood
Platelets:
Tiny plates that wedge together covering tears in the blood vessels
preventing blood from leaking into surrounding tissue.
 Assist in the blood clotting process
 Primary use is to help patients who suffer from various
cancers. Treatment of cancers can deplete a patients platelet
count.

27. Components of Blood
Plasma:
 Contains important nutrients and clotting factors which help to
prevent or stop bleeding
 Most versatile component of blood and is used to treat a number of
potentially life-threatening conditions including burns, creating
immunisation and helping haemophiliacs.

28. Heart: Structure and Function

29. Heart
Function:
 The heart pumps blood around the body. The heart is a double
pump made up of four chambers, with the flow of blood going in one
direction due to the presence of the heart valves.

30. Arteries
Function:
 Provide oxygenated blood to the body. Arteries divide like little tree
braches until they are slender.
 Also work in providing the deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the
pulmonary artery.

31. Veins
Function:
 Have one-way valves instead of muscles, to stop blood from running
back the wrong way.
 Carry deoxygenated blood from the body to heart, where it can be
sent to the lungs.

32. Capillaries
Function:
 Very small, blood cells only move through them one at a time.
 Oxygen and nutrients are passed from these capillaries to the cells.
 Capillaries are also connected to the veins, so waste from the cells
can be transferred to the blood.

33. Pulmonary and systemic
circulation

34. Pulmonary
System in which oxygen is added to the blood
Deoxygenated blood travels from heart to the lungs where it
becomes oxygenated again
Right atrium -right ventricle -pulmonary artery-lungs
Pulmonary system reverses role of arteries and veins

36. Systemic
Oxygenated blood travels throughout the body
Includes deoxygenated blood returning back to the heart from the body
Lungs-pulmonary veins-left atrium-left ventricle-aorta.

39. Blood pressure
Is the amount of pressure exerted by the circulating blood against the
arterial walls
Systolic: Pressure in arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction
Diastolic: Pressure when ventricles
are relaxed

40. Blood Pressure measurement
Most commonly measured with a sphygmomanometer, measured in
millimetres of mercury (mmHg)
Consists of rubber cuff, pressure gauge and is used with a stethoscope

41. Procedure
1) Cuff is strapped around left bicep, inflated to restrict blood blow.
2) Stethoscope is then placed under the cuff but over brachial artery.
3) Pressure of the cuff is slowly released.
Only two measurements are taken on the gauge:
• Very first heartbeat/sound heard (systolic)
• When no more sound is heard at all (diastolic)